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E-raamat: Radiowave Propagation and Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications

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Useful as a text as well as a reference, this is one of the first books of its kind to combine basic and advanced topics of radiowave propagation and smart antennas into a single volume. The book is interdisciplinary in nature and contains material drawn from the electromagnetics and communications areas. Physical phenomena leading to the modeling and prediction of path loss, and characterizing the small-scale and medium-scale fluctuations of the received signal, are treated in detail. Several new path loss models are included. Both narrowband and wideband radio channel characterizations are discussed. Statistical descriptions of geometrically based single bounce scattering models that are useful in developing spatial channel models for smart arrays are presented. Principles of diversity and smart antennas for reducing fading and co-channel interference are presented. Performance evaluation of these arrays in the presence of fading and shadowing is treated. Both TDMA and CMDA systems are considered. Effects of element mutual coupling and correlation in limiting the system performance are elaborated. Finally, principles of multiple-input multiple-output communication systems that are increasingly becoming attractive owing to their enormous bit rate capabilities are covered.
Several practical examples are worked out throughout the text. Additional problems that help the reader assimilate the material and advance to higher-level topics are included at the end of each chapter. Radiowave Propagation and Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications has been written for use in a graduate course on communications and represents a comprehensive reference for research scientists and practitioners working in fields related to the topic.
Preface xiii
Fundamentals of Cellular Radio
1(14)
Introduction
1(1)
The Cellular Concept
2(3)
Multiple Access Schemes
5(3)
Traffic Engineering
8(4)
Summary
12(3)
Principles of Radiowave Propagation
15(52)
Introduction
15(1)
Plane Waves
15(3)
Classification of Electromagnetic Media
18(2)
Free-Space Transmission
20(3)
Plane Wave Reflection from Planar Interface
23(12)
Surface Roughness
26(3)
Equivalent Impedance of a Random Rough Surface
29(2)
Fresnel Zones
31(4)
Radio Horizons
35(1)
Two Ray Model Over Flat Earth
35(4)
Effect of Obstacles
39(12)
Diffraction by Knife Edge
39(6)
Knife Edge Over Ground
45(4)
Rounded Hills
49(2)
3D Diffraction (UTD)
51(4)
Forward Propagation
55(9)
Summary
64(3)
Median Signal Predictions
67(32)
Introduction
67(1)
Scales of Fading
67(3)
Statistical Distribution of the Median Signal Level
70(6)
Effect of Vegetation
71(3)
Effect of Street Orientation
74(1)
Signal Attenuation in Tunnels
75(1)
Determination of Coverage Area from a Base Station
76(6)
Empirical Models for Path Loss
82(10)
Hata Model for Macrocells
82(2)
COST-231-Walfish-Ikegami Model
84(4)
Empirical Model for Suburban Areas
88(2)
Empirical Model for Microcells
90(2)
Longley-Rice Model:
92(4)
Calculation of Effective Antenna Heights
93(3)
Summary
96(3)
Characterization of Small Scale Fading
99(42)
Introduction
99(1)
Spatial Distribution of the Field
100(31)
Introduction
100(2)
Statistical Envelope Model
102(6)
Angle of Arrival and Signal Spectrum
108(9)
Autocorrelation and Spectrum of Signal Envelope
117(7)
Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration
124(4)
Random FM
128(1)
Ricean Fading
129(2)
Spatial Correlation of Field
131(6)
Summary
137(4)
Wideband Characterization of the Radio Channel
141(22)
Introduction
141(1)
A Simple Two-Ray Model
142(2)
Linear System Description
144(4)
Input Delay Spread Function
145(1)
Time Variant Transfer Function
146(1)
Output Doppler Spread Function
147(1)
Delay-Doppler Spread Function
147(1)
Random Time-Variant Communications Channels
148(1)
Classification of Channels
148(5)
Wide-Sense Stationary Channel
149(1)
Uncorrelated Scattering
149(1)
WSSUS Channels
150(1)
Scattering Function Description of Mobile Radio Channel
151(2)
Wideband Impulse Response of the Radio Channel
153(3)
Power Delay Profile
156(3)
Frequency Selectivity of Channel
159(1)
Summary
160(3)
Geometric Models for Angle and time of Arrival
163(22)
Introduction
163(1)
General Formulation
164(3)
Elliptical Scattering Model
167(4)
Circular Scattering Model
171(6)
Gaussian Scatter density
177(7)
Summary
184(1)
Spatial Diversity
185(34)
Introduction
185(1)
General Receive Array Theory
186(3)
Combining Techniques
189(3)
Selection Combining
192(3)
Maximal Ratio Combining
195(5)
Equal Gain Combining
200(2)
Diversity Gain
202(1)
Antenna Gain
203(2)
Effect of Branch Correlation
205(2)
Mutual Coupling
207(5)
Summary
212(7)
Smart Antennas
219(50)
Introduction
219(3)
Capacity Increase with Switched Beam Antenna
222(17)
Effect of Shadowing and Fading on Frequency Reuse
225(4)
Regions of Interference
229(2)
Six Co-channel Interferers
231(4)
Capacity of Switched Beam Antenna under Shadowing and Fading
235(4)
Adaptive Antennas
239(26)
Interference Cancellation
240(4)
Optimal Weights for Narrowband Case
244(7)
Statistics of the output CINR
251(7)
Capacity Improvement in CDMA
258(4)
Weight Generation
262(3)
Reference Signal Generation
265(1)
Summary
265(4)
Multiple Input Multiple Output Wireless Communications
269(10)
Introduction
269(1)
MIMO Channel Capacity
270(8)
SISO Channel
272(1)
N-Parallel Transmission Lines
273(2)
SIMO Channel
275(1)
General Rayleigh Faded Matrix Channel
276(2)
Practical Considerations
278(1)
summary
278(1)
Appendices 279(32)
A- Numerical Generation of a Random Process
279(8)
B- Wideband Channel Model for N-Element Array
287(6)
C- Distribution of Hermitian Quadratic Forms in Complex Gaussian Variates
293(18)
1. Matrix Preliminaries
293(1)
2. Transformation of Variables
294(2)
3. P.D.F. of Hermitian Quadratic Form
296(15)
Index 311