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E-raamat: Rainfall-Induced Soil Slope Failure: Stability Analysis and Probabilistic Assessment

(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology), (Harbin Institute of Technology, China), (Beijing Jiaotong University, China), (Tongji University, Shanghai, China), (Shanghai Jiaotong University, China)
  • Formaat: 398 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315351179
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Rainfall-Induced Soil Slope Failure: Stability Analysis and Probabilistic AssessmentSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 398 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315351179
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Rainfall-induced landslides are common around the world. With global climate change, their frequency is increasing and the consequences are becoming greater. Previous studies assess them mostly from the perspective of a single disciplinecorrelating landslides with rainstorms, geomorphology and hydrology in order to establish a threshold prediction value for rainfall-induced landslides; analyzing the slopes stability using a geomechanical approach; or assessing the risk from field records.







Rainfall Induced Soil Slope Failure: Stability Analysis and Probabilistic Assessment

integrates probabilistic approaches with the geotechnical modeling of slope failures under rainfall conditions with unsaturated soil. It covers theoretical models of rainfall infiltration and stability analysis, reliability analysis based on coupled hydro-mechanical modelling, stability of slopes with cracks, gravels and spatial heterogenous soils, and probabilistic model calibration based on measurement. It focuses on the uncertainties involved with rainfall-induced landslides and presents state-of-the art techniques and methods which characterize the uncertainties and quantify the probabilities and risk of rainfall-induced landslide hazards.Additionally, the authors cover:











The failure mechanisms of rainfall-induced slope failure Commonly used infiltration and stability methods The infiltration and stability of natural soil slopes with cracks and colluvium materials Stability evaluation methods based on probabilistic approaches The effect of spatial variability on unsaturated soil slopes and more

Arvustused

"The authors are to be commended for bringing together the many components related to rainfall induced landslides. I foresee that this book will be well-received by practicing engineers and researchers, and I believe that the book will form a reference book that is in demand in university libraries. I am sure that the book will be in demand and meet an important need." Delwyn G. Fredlund, Professor Emeritus, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

"This book concisely presents the fundamental mechanics behind rain-induced soil slope failures: rainfall infiltration in soil slopes, slope stability under rainfall infiltration, and hydro-mechanical coupled deformation. The concepts and analyses are presented clearly from the first principle with a strong physical sense. Some advanced topics, such as hydro-mechanical coupled numerical analysis in unsaturated soils, are approached in a plain manner with hand-on tutorials. The analysis of the stability of slopes with cracks is an excellent additionpractitioners are aware of the vital importance of cracks but few have the knowhow to quantify cracks and their effects. The book is therefore an excellent text for graduate students and a good reference for geologists and engineers." Limin Zhang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

"The book is an important contribution to unsaturated soil mechanics and slope stability analysis... The authors present state-of-the art techniques in analysis and provide an exhaustive bibliography."

--Wei Wu, Acta Geotechnica

Foreword xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
List of symbols
xix
PART I Stability analysis methods
1(226)
1 Introduction
3(12)
1.1 Slope failures under rainfall and failure mechanisms
3(3)
1.2 Recent advances and hot research topics
6(2)
1.3 Outline of the book
8(7)
References
8(7)
2 Infiltration and seepage analysis in soil slopes
15(50)
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Estimation of infiltration rate based on conceptual model
16(11)
2.2.1 Mechanism of infiltration in soils
16(1)
2.2.2 Green--Ampt model for infiltration of constant rainfall on a level ground
17(2)
2.2.3 Infiltration of constant rainfall on a sloping ground
19(3)
2.2.4 Infiltration of time-varied rainfall on a sloping ground
22(5)
2.3 Seepage analysis in unsaturated soil slopes based on physical governing equation
27(4)
2.3.1 Governing equation of water flow in unsaturated soil
27(1)
2.3.2 Hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils
28(1)
2.3.2.1 Soil--water characteristic curve
28(1)
2.3.2.2 Coefficient of permeability function
28(3)
2.4 Analytical solutions of the Richards equation
31(8)
2.4.1 Analytical solution of one-dimensional infiltration under constant rainfall
32(1)
2.4.2 Analytical solution of one-dimensional infiltration under time-varied rainfall
33(1)
2.4.3 Effect of soil properties, boundary conditions, and initial conditions
34(1)
2.4.3.1 Saturated permeability ks
34(2)
2.4.3.2 Desaturation coefficient αsy
36(1)
2.4.3.3 Effective water content θS -- θr
37(1)
2.4.3.4 Antecedent surface flux q0
37(1)
2.4.3.5 Rainfall intensity q1
37(2)
2.4.3.6 Thickness of soil layer L
39(1)
2.5 Numerical analysis of the Richards equation
39(7)
2.5.1 Standard formulations
39(1)
2.5.2 Spatial approximation and time discretization
40(1)
2.5.3 Nonlinear solution methods
41(1)
2.5.4 Numerical oscillation
41(4)
2.5.5 Rainfall infiltration boundary condition
45(1)
2.6 Typical pore-water pressure profiles under rainfall condition
46(2)
2.7 Soil conditions under which matric suction can be maintained
48(17)
2.7.1 Pore-water pressure profiles under steady-state conditions
50(4)
2.7.2 Pore-water pressure profiles under transient seepage conditions
54(1)
2.7.2.1 Effect of air-entry value on the wetting front
54(1)
2.7.2.2 Effect of the saturated coefficient of permeability
55(1)
2.7.2.3 Influence of water storage coefficient
56(2)
2.7.2.4 Effect of the groundwater boundary conditions
58(2)
2.7.3 Geotechnical engineering implications
60(1)
References
60(5)
3 Stability analysis of slope under rainfall infiltration based on limit equilibrium
65(36)
3.1 Introduction
65(1)
3.2 Infinite-slope stability analysis based on one-dimensional infiltration profile
65(10)
3.2.1 General equation of factor of safety for infinite unsaturated slope
65(1)
3.2.2 Simplified scenarios of various seepage conditions
66(1)
3.2.2.1 Steady-state condition with seepage parallel slope surface
66(2)
3.2.2.2 Transient condition with different shapes of wetting front
68(1)
3.2.3 Slope stability based on estimated nonlinear unsaturated shear strength
68(1)
3.2.3.1 Fredlund et al. nonlinear shear strength equation
69(1)
3.2.3.2 Vanapalli et al. nonlinear shear strength equation
70(1)
3.2.3.3 Vilar nonlinear shear strength equation
70(1)
3.2.3.4 Khalili and Khabbaz nonlinear shear strength equation
71(1)
3.2.3.5 Bao et al. nonlinear shear strength equation
71(4)
3.3 Slope stability analysis based on limit equilibrium methods
75(4)
3.4 Controlling factors for rainfall-induced landslides
79(10)
3.4.1 Soil shear strength properties
79(2)
3.4.2 Soil hydraulic properties
81(4)
3.4.3 Rainfall characteristics
85(4)
3.5 Spatially distributed model of hazard assessment of rainfall-induced landslides
89(12)
3.5.1 General methodology
90(1)
3.5.2 Performance Index
91(3)
References
94(7)
4 Coupled hydro-mechanical analysis for unsaturated soil slope
101(72)
4.1 Introduction
101(1)
4.2 Modeling of unsaturated soil based on continuity mechanics
101(24)
4.2.1 State variables
101(2)
4.2.2 Governing equations
103(1)
4.2.2.1 Force equilibrium
103(1)
4.2.2.2 Mass continuity of water phase
104(1)
4.2.3 Formulations based on elastic constitutive model
104(1)
4.2.3.1 Effective stress approach
104(3)
4.2.3.2 Two stress state variables approach
107(6)
4.2.4 Illustrative examples for elastic model
113(1)
4.2.4.1 Consolidation of unsaturated soil
113(3)
4.2.4.2 Heave of ground under evaporation
116(4)
4.2.5 Formulations based on plastic constitutive models
120(5)
4.3 Slope stability analysis based on coupled modeling
125(8)
4.3.1 Stress analysis
125(1)
4.3.1.1 Simplified approach
125(3)
4.3.1.2 Fully coupled approach
128(1)
4.3.2 Estimation of factor of safety for slope stability
129(4)
4.4 Illustrative examples
133(40)
4.4.1 A simple slope example based on elastoplastic model and effective stress concept
133(8)
4.4.2 Case study of 1976 Sau Mau Ping landslide
141(1)
4.4.2.1 FE model
142(2)
4.4.2.2 Soil properties
144(5)
4.4.2.3 Results and discussion
149(4)
4.4.3 Case study of a field test of rainfall-induced landslide
153(1)
4.4.3.1 Site description
153(1)
4.4.3.2 Experiment procedure
154(1)
4.4.3.3 Numerical model
155(1)
4.4.3.4 Soil properties
156(4)
4.4.3.5 Results and discussion
160(6)
References
166(7)
5 Stability of soil slope with cracks
173(34)
5.1 Introduction
173(1)
5.2 Prediction of unsaturated hydraulic functions of cracked soil
173(13)
5.2.1 Pore-size distribution of cracked soil
174(1)
5.2.2 Prediction of SWCC for desiccation crack networks
174(1)
5.2.2.1 A general method to estimate SWCC based on the capillary law
174(2)
5.2.2.2 SWCC for soil matrix with known pore-size distribution
176(1)
5.2.2.3 Water retention curve for cracks
177(1)
5.2.3 Prediction of SWCC for nondeformable cracked soil
178(1)
5.2.4 Prediction of tensorial permeability function for nondeformable cracked soil
179(1)
5.2.4.1 Saturated permeability of desiccation cracks
179(1)
5.2.4.2 Permeability function for desiccation cracks
179(2)
5.2.4.3 Prediction of permeability function for cracked soil
181(1)
5.2.5 Hysteresis models for SWCC and permeability function
182(2)
5.2.6 Prediction of SWCC and permeability function considering crack volume change
184(1)
5.2.6.1 Desiccation-induced crack volume change
184(1)
5.2.6.2 SWCC and permeability function for cracked soil considering crack volume change
185(1)
5.3 Example
186(11)
5.3.1 Prediction of S WCC and permeability function for cracked soils considering crack volume change
186(9)
5.3.2 Parametric study and discussions
195(2)
5.4 Stability of soil slope with cracks
197(10)
5.4.1 Methodology
197(2)
5.4.2 Results
199(4)
References
203(4)
6 Stability analysis of colluvium slopes
207(20)
6.1 Introduction
207(1)
6.2 Hydraulic properties of colluvial soils
207(4)
6.3 Shear strength of colluvial soils
211(1)
6.4 An example
212(15)
6.4.1 Methodology
212(1)
6.4.2 Seepage analysis results
213(1)
6.4.2.1 Slopes composed of soils with high fines fractions
214(5)
6.4.2.2 Slopes composed of colluvial soils with high coarse fractions
219(2)
6.4.3 Stability analysis results
221(3)
References
224(3)
PART II Probabilistic assessment
227(138)
7 Reliability analysis of slope under rainfall
229(70)
7.1 Introduction
229(1)
7.2 Fundamental concept of reliability
230(3)
7.3 Reliability methods and applications on slope stability
233(26)
7.3.1 First-order reliability method
233(1)
7.3.1.1 Mean first-order second-moment method
233(4)
7.3.1.2 Advanced first-order second-moment method
237(5)
7.3.1.3 Spreadsheet method
242(4)
7.3.2 Sampling methods
246(1)
7.3.2.1 Monte Carlo simulation
246(2)
7.3.2.2 Importance sampling
248(2)
7.3.2.3 Latin hypercube sampling
250(1)
7.3.2.4 Subset simulation
251(4)
7.3.3 Response surface method
255(4)
7.4 Uncertainties of soil properties
259(10)
7.4.1 Index, strength, and compressibility parameters
259(1)
7.4.2 Soil hydraulic properties
260(9)
7.5 Effects of uncertainty of hydraulic properties on infiltration and slope stability
269(8)
7.5.1 Uncertainty of hydraulic parameters of CDG and CDV soils
269(2)
7.5.2 Infiltration in CDG and CDV soil slopes
271(4)
7.5.3 Effects of correlation of hydraulic properties on slope reliability
275(2)
7.6 Reliability analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure: the Sau Mau Ping landslide
277(10)
7.6.1 Statistics of random variables
277(4)
7.6.2 Methodology of reliability analysis
281(1)
7.6.3 Results and discussion
281(1)
7.6.3.1 Uncertainty of pore-water pressure profiles and wetting fronts
281(1)
7.6.3.2 Uncertainty of safety factor
282(4)
7.6.3.3 Uncertainty analysis of horizontal displacement
286(1)
7.7 Quantitative risk assessment of landslide and risk acceptance criteria
287(12)
7.7.1 Concept of quantitative risk assessment
287(1)
7.7.2 Method for quantitative risk assessment
288(1)
7.7.2.1 Likelihood of landslide
288(1)
7.7.2.2 Vulnerability analysis
289(1)
7.7.2.3 Elements at risk
289(1)
7.7.3 Risk acceptance criteria
290(3)
References
293(6)
8 Probabilistic assessment of randomly heterogeneous soil slopes
299(30)
8.1 Spatial variability of soils
299(1)
8.2 Random field theory
300(6)
8.2.1 Concept of random field
300(1)
8.2.2 Spatial-averaged soil properties
301(1)
8.2.3 Definitions in geostatistics
302(1)
8.2.4 Reported statistics of spatial variability
303(3)
8.3 Modeling of random field
306(5)
8.3.1 Covariance matrix decomposition method
306(1)
8.3.2 Fourier transformation methods
307(1)
8.3.3 Turning bands method
308(1)
8.3.4 Karhunen--Loeve expansion method
309(1)
8.3.5 LAS method
309(1)
8.3.6 Sequential simulation method
310(1)
8.4 Seepage and stability of a randomly heterogeneous slope under rainfall infiltration
311(18)
8.4.1 Slope geometry and boundary conditions
311(1)
8.4.2 Soil properties and generation of random field
311(4)
8.4.3 Methodology of stochastic modeling
315(1)
8.4.3.1 Seepage and slope stability analysis
315(1)
8.4.3.2 Mapping of saturated permeability on finite element seepage analysis
315(1)
8.4.3.3 Stochastic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation technique
315(1)
8.4.4 Results and discussion
316(1)
8.4.4.1 Influence of soil spatial variability on pressure head profiles
316(4)
8.4.4.2 Influence of soil spatial variability on variations of groundwater table
320(1)
8.4.4.3 Effects of correlation length of ln ks on factor of safety
321(2)
8.4.4.4 Groundwater conditions corresponding to the maximum and minimum factors of safety
323(1)
References
323(6)
9 Probabilistic model calibration
329(36)
9.1 Introduction
329(1)
9.2 Probabilistic model calibration within Bayesian framework
330(3)
9.2.1 Parameter estimation with known model error
330(1)
9.2.2 Simultaneous estimation of model error and input parameters
331(1)
9.2.3 Probabilistic parameter estimation based on time-varied measurement
332(1)
9.3 Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation method
333(3)
9.3.1 Metropolis algorithm
333(1)
9.3.2 Differential evolution adaptive metropolis algorithm
334(2)
9.4 Procedures for probabilistic model calibration and prediction
336(1)
9.4.1 Approximation of the implicit prediction model using response surface
336(1)
9.4.2 General procedures of probabilistic model calibration and prediction
337(1)
9.5 Example 1: A cut slope failure
337(9)
9.5.1 Model uncertainty and prior knowledge about uncertain parameters
338(1)
9.5.2 Construction of response surface
339(1)
9.5.3 Back analysis using the MCMC simulation
339(4)
9.5.4 Application in remediation design
343(2)
9.5.5 Effect of prior distribution
345(1)
9.5.6 Comparison with the method based on sensitivity analysis
345(1)
9.6 Example 2: 1997 Lai Ping Road landslide
346(4)
9.6.1 Introduction of the 1997 Lai Ping Road landslide
346(1)
9.6.2 Back analysis using the MCMC simulation
347(1)
9.6.3 Effect of uncertainty of model error
347(3)
9.6.4 Posterior analysis
350(1)
9.7 Example 3: An instrumented site of natural terrain in Hong Kong
350(15)
9.7.1 Introduction of the instrumented site
350(3)
9.7.2 Probabilistic parameter estimation
353(1)
9.7.3 Results and discussions
354(1)
9.7.3.1 Posterior distribution of input parameters
354(2)
9.7.3.2 Uncertainty in prediction for the calibration periods
356(1)
9.7.3.3 Uncertainty in prediction for the validation periods
357(2)
9.7.3.4 Uncertainty in predicted safety factor of the slope
359(1)
9.7.3.5 Predicted pore-water pressure at different locations
360(2)
9.7.4 Limitations and discussion
362(1)
References
362(3)
Index 365
Lulu Zhang Lulu is a professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University, China.



Jinhui Li is an associate professor at Harbin Institute of Technology, China.



Xu Li is an associate professor at Beijing Jiaotong University, China.



Jie Zhang is an associate professor at Tongji University, China.



Hong Zhu is a research assistant at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
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