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E-raamat: Rare Earth Elements in Human and Environmental Health: At the Crossroads Between Toxicity and Safety

(University of Naples Federico II, Serino, Italy)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Dec-2016
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315341064
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Dec-2016
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315341064

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This book presents the multifaceted aspects of rare earth elements (REEs), focusing on both their potential benefits and adverse health effects. The adverse impacts of REEs on human and environmental health raise a growing concern not only in the scientific community but also among a number of stakeholders, potentially including students, media workers, and decision makers. The recognized and potential benefits arising from REE-related technological applications may envisage their further advantages.

A limited number of books have been devoted so far to REEs, and they mainly focus on REE-related chemistry, mineralogy, economy, and developing technologies for these elements. This book presents recent research achievements in REE-associated health effects, which have been mostly confined to journal reports on individual laboratory studies so far. It is an updated and balanced approach to REE research and technology. It provides novel yet established information as stated in the title "At the Crossroads between Toxicity and Safety," with particular emphasis on the hormesis phenomenon.

Arvustused

"Rare earth elements are involved in a number of essential technological applications. Their effects raise a number of challenges in environmental sciences and in human health. The present book provides an extensive and balanced survey of the manifoldadverse and favorableeffects associated with rare earth elements."

Prof. Dr. José L. Domingo, Rovira i Virgili University, Spain

"The present book is a valuable tool to gain insight into the complex and sometimes surprising health effects of rare earth elements. Especially interestingdue to my field of researchare the chapters addressed to the study of the changes in redox endpoints in a number of organisms and cell systems. This carefully edited book, with a multidisciplinary view of rare earth elements, is really an important scientific contribution."

Prof. Dr. Federico V. Pallardó, University of Valencia, Spain

"I congratulate the authors for this timely production of an extensive overview of an important topic in environmental and medical sciences: the risks and challenges that may be connected with increasing use and distribution of rare earth elements. It is essential to increase our knowledge about the environmental fate and biological effects of these technologically so important metals in order to prevent unforeseen long-term consequences of our doing. This book will surely become an important resource for scientists, engineers, and decision makers who understand the need of a sensible exploitation of this resource."

Prof. Dr. Susanne Heise, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany

Preface xi
Introduction to Rare Earth Elements: Novel Health Hazards or Safe Technological Devices? 1(10)
1 Trends in Occupational Toxicology of Rare Earth Elements
11(36)
Kyung-Taek Rim
1.1 Industrial Use of REEs
12(8)
1.2 Evaluation of Workers' Health for REE-Related Hazards
20(8)
1.3 Recent Trends in Occupational Toxicology of REEs
28(6)
1.4 Additional Efforts to Promote REE Occupational Health
34(3)
1.5 Conclusions and Prospects
37(10)
2 Rare Earth Elements, Oxidative Stress, and Disease
47(22)
Paola Manini
2.1 Introduction
48(1)
2.2 Redox Chemistry of REEs
49(5)
2.2.1 Case of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
52(2)
2.3 Oxidative Stress and Diseases: Roles of REEs
54(7)
2.3.1 REE Adverse Effects
58(2)
2.3.2 REE Favorable Effects
60(1)
2.4 Conclusion
61(8)
3 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles--Associated Oxidant and Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms
69(38)
Lily L. Wong
3.1 Introduction
70(4)
3.2 Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Activities of Nanoceria Are Dictated by Their Synthesis Methods
74(8)
3.2.1 Additional Catalytic Activity and Effects of Buffers on CeNPs' Activities
80(1)
3.2.2 Synthesis Method and Characterization of CeNPs that Showed Beneficial Effects in Blinding Retinal Disease Models
81(1)
3.3 Biological Effects of Nanoceria: Antioxidative, Oxidative, and Modulation of Oxygen Level
82(11)
3.3.1 In Cell Culture Systems
82(1)
3.3.1.1 Study 1: Antioxidative Effect
82(1)
3.3.1.2 Study 2: Oxidative Effect
83(1)
3.3.1.3 Study 3: Neutral or Oxidative Effect Depending on Cell Types Used
84(1)
3.3.1.4 Study 4: Antioxidative Effect
85(1)
3.3.1.5 Limitations of Current Methodologies
85(1)
3.3.1.6 Study 5: Modulation of Oxygen Level
86(1)
3.3.2 In Animal Models
87(1)
3.3.2.1 Studies 1 and 2: Antioxidative Effect
87(2)
3.3.2.2 Study 3: Antioxidative Effect
89(1)
3.3.2.3 Studies 4--6: Antioxidative Effect and Nontoxic Effect in Normal Retinas
89(3)
3.3.2.4 Study 7: Oxidative Effect in Cancer Cells and Nontoxic to Normal Cells
92(1)
3.4 Catalytic Activity of Nanoceria in Biological Tissues
93(3)
3.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Nanoceria in Biological Systems
96(4)
3.6 Conclusion
100(1)
3.7 Acknowledgments
100(7)
4 Rare Earth Elements and Plants
107(20)
Franca Tommasi
Luigi d'Aquino
4.1 Introduction
108(1)
4.2 REEs in Mosses and Lichens
109(1)
4.3 REEs and Ferns
110(1)
4.4 REEs in Seed Plants
111(7)
4.4.1 REEs and Seeds
111(1)
4.4.2 REEs and Seedling Growth
112(1)
4.4.3 REEs and Wild Plants
112(2)
4.4.4 REEs and Crops
114(3)
4.4.5 REEs and Aquatic Plants
117(1)
4.5 Mechanisms of REE Effects
118(1)
4.6 Critical Remarks and Research Perspectives
118(9)
5 Rare Earth Elements and Microorganisms
127(16)
Luigi d'Aquino
Franca Tommasi
5.1 Introduction
128(1)
5.2 REEs and Microorganisms
129(6)
5.3 Conclusion
135(8)
6 Rare Earth Element Toxicity to Marine and Freshwater Algae
143(12)
Marco Guida
Antonietta Siciliano
Giovanni Pagano
6.1 Introduction
144(1)
6.2 REE-Associated Toxicity Database in Algae
144(3)
6.3 REE Uptake and Bioaccumulation in Algae
147(2)
6.4 Critical Remarks and Research Prospects
149(6)
7 Exposure to Rare Earth Elements in Animals: A Systematic Review of Biological Effects in Mammals, Fish, and Invertebrates
155(28)
Philippe J. Thomas
Giovanni Pagano
Rahime Oral
7.1 Rare Earth Elements: An Overview
156(3)
7.2 Methods
159(3)
7.2.1 Study Selection
159(1)
7.2.2 Evaluation and Inclusion Criteria
159(1)
7.2.3 Data Extraction
160(1)
7.2.4 Sources of Bias and Data Comparability
161(1)
7.3 Results
162(9)
7.3.1 Studies
162(8)
7.3.2 Endpoints
170(1)
7.3.3 Effects
170(1)
7.4 Discussion
171(3)
7.4.1 Assessment of Common Themes in Extracted Studies
171(1)
7.4.2 Pathways of Effect in Mammals
172(2)
7.4.3 Effects on Fish and Invertebrates
174(1)
7.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
174(9)
8 Hazard Assessment and the Evaluation of Rare Earth Element Dose--Response Relationships
183(12)
Marc A. Nascarella
Edward J. Calabrese
8.1 Risk-Based Standards and Dose--Response Assessment
184(1)
8.2 Features of the Hormetic Response
185(3)
8.3 REE Dose--Response
188(2)
8.4 Implications for REE Assessments
190(5)
9 Rare Earth Elements as Phosphate Binders: From Kidneys to Lakes
195(24)
Franz Goecke
Helmuth Goecke
9.1 Introduction
195(7)
9.1.1 The Essential Phosphorus
196(2)
9.1.2 Phosphorus as a Toxic Element
198(1)
9.1.2.1 For human health
198(2)
9.1.2.2 For the environment
200(1)
9.1.3 Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus
201(1)
9.2 The P-REE Relationship
202(9)
9.2.1 Oral Phosphate Binders: Uses in Medicine
202(2)
9.2.2 REE-Modified Clays: Uses in the Environment
204(4)
9.2.3 Logistical Considerations for Lanthanum-Modified Clays
208(1)
9.2.4 Economic Considerations of the Use of Lanthanum Oral Phosphate Binders and Chemically Modified Clays
209(1)
9.2.5 Environmental Considerations of the Use of La-Based Oral Phosphate Binders and La-Modified Clays
210(1)
9.3 Conclusion
211(8)
10 Rare Earth Elements: Modulation of Calcium-Driven Processes in Epithelium and Stroma
219(32)
James Varani
10.1 Introduction
219(1)
10.2 Growth Control in Epithelium and Stroma: Role(s) of Calcium
220(4)
10.2.1 Structure of Skin and Its Relationship to Calcium Levels
220(1)
10.2.2 Calcium Requirements for Keratinocyte and Fibroblast Function
221(1)
10.2.3 Cellular and Molecular Events Responsive to Calcium
222(2)
10.2.4 Calcium: Growth Control in Other Tissues
224(1)
10.3 REE: Modulation of Epithelial Cell Biology
224(5)
10.3.1 Cellular Molecules Responsive to REEs
224(1)
10.3.2 Modulation of Proliferation and Differentiation in Epithelial Cells by REEs
225(3)
10.3.3 REE Modulation of Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation: Potential Impact on Calcium Chemopreventive Activity in Colon
228(1)
10.4 REE and Stromal Cell Biology
229(11)
10.4.1 Fibroblast Proliferation in Response to REE Exposure
229(5)
10.4.2 REE Effects on Collagen Metabolism
234(3)
10.4.3 Intracellular Events in REE-Stimulated Fibroblasts
237(3)
10.5 Summary and Conclusion
240(11)
11 Rare Earth Elements Equilibria in Aqueous Media
251(16)
Marco Trifuoggi
Ermanno Vasca
Carla Manfredi
11.1 Hints to Chemical Speciation
251(2)
11.2 Equilibrium Analysis at a Glance
253(10)
11.3 Aspects of Cerium Oxides Nanoparticles Speciation in Biological Systems
263(4)
Conclusion: Identifying Main Research Priorities 267(6)
Index 273
Giovanni Pagano has 40 years experience in environmental research, including projects supported by grants from the European Commission and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He has been a senior scientist at the Italian National Cancer Institute in Naples, Italy, and a contractor scientist at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. He is a visiting professor in various universities of France, Greece, and Croatia. Prof. Pagano has published 105 journal articles and 22 book chapters, with 1900 ResearchGate citations.