| Preface |
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xi | |
| Introduction to Rare Earth Elements: Novel Health Hazards or Safe Technological Devices? |
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1 | (10) |
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1 Trends in Occupational Toxicology of Rare Earth Elements |
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11 | (36) |
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1.1 Industrial Use of REEs |
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12 | (8) |
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1.2 Evaluation of Workers' Health for REE-Related Hazards |
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20 | (8) |
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1.3 Recent Trends in Occupational Toxicology of REEs |
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28 | (6) |
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1.4 Additional Efforts to Promote REE Occupational Health |
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34 | (3) |
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1.5 Conclusions and Prospects |
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37 | (10) |
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2 Rare Earth Elements, Oxidative Stress, and Disease |
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47 | (22) |
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48 | (1) |
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2.2 Redox Chemistry of REEs |
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49 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Case of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles |
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52 | (2) |
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2.3 Oxidative Stress and Diseases: Roles of REEs |
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54 | (7) |
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2.3.1 REE Adverse Effects |
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58 | (2) |
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2.3.2 REE Favorable Effects |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (8) |
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3 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles--Associated Oxidant and Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms |
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69 | (38) |
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70 | (4) |
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3.2 Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Activities of Nanoceria Are Dictated by Their Synthesis Methods |
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74 | (8) |
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3.2.1 Additional Catalytic Activity and Effects of Buffers on CeNPs' Activities |
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80 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Synthesis Method and Characterization of CeNPs that Showed Beneficial Effects in Blinding Retinal Disease Models |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3 Biological Effects of Nanoceria: Antioxidative, Oxidative, and Modulation of Oxygen Level |
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82 | (11) |
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3.3.1 In Cell Culture Systems |
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82 | (1) |
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3.3.1.1 Study 1: Antioxidative Effect |
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82 | (1) |
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3.3.1.2 Study 2: Oxidative Effect |
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83 | (1) |
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3.3.1.3 Study 3: Neutral or Oxidative Effect Depending on Cell Types Used |
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84 | (1) |
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3.3.1.4 Study 4: Antioxidative Effect |
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85 | (1) |
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3.3.1.5 Limitations of Current Methodologies |
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85 | (1) |
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3.3.1.6 Study 5: Modulation of Oxygen Level |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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3.3.2.1 Studies 1 and 2: Antioxidative Effect |
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87 | (2) |
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3.3.2.2 Study 3: Antioxidative Effect |
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89 | (1) |
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3.3.2.3 Studies 4--6: Antioxidative Effect and Nontoxic Effect in Normal Retinas |
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89 | (3) |
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3.3.2.4 Study 7: Oxidative Effect in Cancer Cells and Nontoxic to Normal Cells |
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92 | (1) |
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3.4 Catalytic Activity of Nanoceria in Biological Tissues |
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93 | (3) |
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3.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Nanoceria in Biological Systems |
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96 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (7) |
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4 Rare Earth Elements and Plants |
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107 | (20) |
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108 | (1) |
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4.2 REEs in Mosses and Lichens |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (7) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.4.2 REEs and Seedling Growth |
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112 | (1) |
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4.4.3 REEs and Wild Plants |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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4.4.5 REEs and Aquatic Plants |
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117 | (1) |
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4.5 Mechanisms of REE Effects |
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118 | (1) |
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4.6 Critical Remarks and Research Perspectives |
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118 | (9) |
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5 Rare Earth Elements and Microorganisms |
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127 | (16) |
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128 | (1) |
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5.2 REEs and Microorganisms |
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129 | (6) |
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135 | (8) |
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6 Rare Earth Element Toxicity to Marine and Freshwater Algae |
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143 | (12) |
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144 | (1) |
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6.2 REE-Associated Toxicity Database in Algae |
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144 | (3) |
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6.3 REE Uptake and Bioaccumulation in Algae |
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147 | (2) |
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6.4 Critical Remarks and Research Prospects |
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149 | (6) |
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7 Exposure to Rare Earth Elements in Animals: A Systematic Review of Biological Effects in Mammals, Fish, and Invertebrates |
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155 | (28) |
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7.1 Rare Earth Elements: An Overview |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Evaluation and Inclusion Criteria |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Sources of Bias and Data Comparability |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (9) |
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162 | (8) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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7.4.1 Assessment of Common Themes in Extracted Studies |
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171 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Pathways of Effect in Mammals |
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172 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Effects on Fish and Invertebrates |
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174 | (1) |
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7.5 Conclusion and Future Directions |
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174 | (9) |
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8 Hazard Assessment and the Evaluation of Rare Earth Element Dose--Response Relationships |
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183 | (12) |
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8.1 Risk-Based Standards and Dose--Response Assessment |
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184 | (1) |
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8.2 Features of the Hormetic Response |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (2) |
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8.4 Implications for REE Assessments |
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190 | (5) |
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9 Rare Earth Elements as Phosphate Binders: From Kidneys to Lakes |
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195 | (24) |
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195 | (7) |
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9.1.1 The Essential Phosphorus |
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196 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Phosphorus as a Toxic Element |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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9.1.2.2 For the environment |
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200 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus |
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201 | (1) |
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9.2 The P-REE Relationship |
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202 | (9) |
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9.2.1 Oral Phosphate Binders: Uses in Medicine |
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202 | (2) |
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9.2.2 REE-Modified Clays: Uses in the Environment |
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204 | (4) |
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9.2.3 Logistical Considerations for Lanthanum-Modified Clays |
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208 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Economic Considerations of the Use of Lanthanum Oral Phosphate Binders and Chemically Modified Clays |
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209 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Environmental Considerations of the Use of La-Based Oral Phosphate Binders and La-Modified Clays |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (8) |
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10 Rare Earth Elements: Modulation of Calcium-Driven Processes in Epithelium and Stroma |
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219 | (32) |
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219 | (1) |
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10.2 Growth Control in Epithelium and Stroma: Role(s) of Calcium |
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220 | (4) |
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10.2.1 Structure of Skin and Its Relationship to Calcium Levels |
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220 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Calcium Requirements for Keratinocyte and Fibroblast Function |
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221 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Cellular and Molecular Events Responsive to Calcium |
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222 | (2) |
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10.2.4 Calcium: Growth Control in Other Tissues |
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224 | (1) |
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10.3 REE: Modulation of Epithelial Cell Biology |
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224 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Cellular Molecules Responsive to REEs |
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224 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Modulation of Proliferation and Differentiation in Epithelial Cells by REEs |
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225 | (3) |
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10.3.3 REE Modulation of Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation: Potential Impact on Calcium Chemopreventive Activity in Colon |
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228 | (1) |
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10.4 REE and Stromal Cell Biology |
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229 | (11) |
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10.4.1 Fibroblast Proliferation in Response to REE Exposure |
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229 | (5) |
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10.4.2 REE Effects on Collagen Metabolism |
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234 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Intracellular Events in REE-Stimulated Fibroblasts |
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237 | (3) |
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10.5 Summary and Conclusion |
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240 | (11) |
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11 Rare Earth Elements Equilibria in Aqueous Media |
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251 | (16) |
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11.1 Hints to Chemical Speciation |
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251 | (2) |
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11.2 Equilibrium Analysis at a Glance |
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253 | (10) |
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11.3 Aspects of Cerium Oxides Nanoparticles Speciation in Biological Systems |
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263 | (4) |
| Conclusion: Identifying Main Research Priorities |
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267 | (6) |
| Index |
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273 | |