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"The algal industry is perhaps one of the least understood sectors of the world's aquaculture. Certainly, its economic and commercial aspects are among the most poorly documented. Yet it is an industry of considerable and, in many instances, rapidly growing proportions, with a total commercial value approaching US$6.0 billion per annum. The bio-refinery approach is proposed as a sustainable strategy to achieve this goal. There are many emerging technologies available to process algae, but optimization and more efficient developments are still required. Therefore, sustainable supply (without impacting the environment) along with increasing requirement of novel processing and extraction techniques for exploring and harnessing the immense potential of algaeformed the premise of this book. There is thus a need to document not only the traditional ways to extract algal bioactives, but also to know how novel processes that can be exploited industrially. Finding all this information in one expert monograph hasbeen problematical, which explains why hitherto there has never been a comprehensive book that covers health and nutraceutical aspects of algae"--

Recent Advances in Micro- and Macroalgal Processing

A comprehensive review of algae as novel and sustainable sources of algal ingredients, their extraction and processing

This comprehensive text offers an in-depth exploration of the research and issues surrounding the consumption, economics, composition, processing and health effects of algae. With contributions from an international team of experts, the book explores the application of conventional and emerging technologies for algal processing. The book includes recent developments such as drying and milling technologies along with advancements in sustainable greener techniques.

The text also highlights individual groups of compounds including polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, carotenoids, lipids and fibres from algae. The authors provide insightful reviews of the traditional and more recent applications of algae/algal extracts in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetics products. Offering a holistic view of the various applications, the book looks at the economic feasibility, market trends and considerations, and health hazards associated with algae for industrial applications. This important book:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of algal biomolecules and the role of emerging processing technologies
  • Explores the potential biological and health benefits of algae and their applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products
  • Includes a current review of algal bioactives and processing technologies for food and ingredient manufacturers
  • Contains contributions from leading academic and industrial experts

Written for food scientists, allied researchers and professional food technologists, Recent Advances in Micro- and Macroalgal Processing: Food and Health Perspectives offers a guide to the novel processing and extraction techniques for exploring and harnessing the immense potential of algae.

Acknowledgments v
About the IFST Advances in Food Science Book Series xvii
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxiii
Section I Composition And Extraction Technologies For Algal Bioactives
1 Algae: A Functional Food with a Rich History and Future Superfood
3(11)
Gaurav Rajauria
Yvonne V. Yuan
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 History of Macro- and Microalgae Consumption
4(2)
1.3 Economic Relevance of Macro- and Microalgae
6(1)
1.4 Book Objectives
7(1)
1.5 Book Structure
7(4)
References
11(3)
2 Influence of Seasonal Variation on Chemical Composition and Nutritional Profiles of Macro- and Microalgae
14(58)
K. Suresh Kumar
Sushma Kumari
Kamleshwar Singh
Pratibha Kushwaha
2.1 Introduction
14(8)
2.2 Influence of Seasonal Variation on Biochemical Composition of Micro- and Macroalgae
22(2)
2.3 Pigments
24(7)
2.4 Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides
31(5)
2.5 Fiber Content
36(2)
2.6 Proteins
38(10)
2.6.1 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
46(1)
2.6.2 Phycobiliproteins and Lectins
47(1)
2.7 Lipids and PUFAs
48(4)
2.8 Inorganic Elements and Minerals
52(4)
2.9 Vitamins
56(1)
2.10 Phenolic Compounds
57(2)
2.11 Other Compounds
59(1)
2.12 Conclusion
59(1)
References
60(12)
3 Advances in Drying and Milling Technologies for Algae
72(24)
K.Y. Show
Y.G. Yan
Duu-Jong Lee
3.1 Introduction
72(2)
3.2 Algal Cell Drying Technologies
74(7)
3.2.1 Solar Drying
74(2)
3.2.2 Oven Drying
76(1)
3.2.3 Freeze Drying
77(1)
3.2.4 Rotary Drum Drying
77(1)
3.2.5 Incinerator Drying
78(1)
3.2.6 Spray Drying
78(1)
3.2.7 Heat Circulation Drying
79(1)
3.2.8 Microwave Drying
80(1)
3.2.9 Polypropylene Nonwoven Membrane Drying
80(1)
3.2.10 Refractance Window® Drying
81(1)
3.3 Algal Cell Milling Technologies
81(6)
3.3.1 Vortex-Bead Milling
81(2)
3.3.2 Shake-Bead Milling
83(1)
3.3.3 High-Pressure Homogenization
84(2)
3.3.4 High-Speed Homogenization
86(1)
3.3.5 Liquid Nitrogen Grinding
86(1)
3.4 Challenges and Prospects
87(2)
3.4.1 Processing Technology
87(1)
3.4.2 Energy Requirement
87(1)
3.4.3 Product Quality
88(1)
3.4.4 Environmental Impacts
88(1)
3.4.5 Future Directions
89(1)
3.5 Conclusion
89(1)
References
89(7)
4 Recent Advances in the Use of Greener Extraction Technologies for the Recovery of Valuable Bioactive Compounds from Algae
96(27)
Marco Garcia-Vaquero
Torres Sweeney
John O'Doherty
Gaurav Rajauria
4.1 Introduction
96(2)
4.2 Green Extraction Technologies and Applications
98(14)
4.2.1 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)
98(3)
4.2.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
101(5)
4.2.3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
106(2)
4.2.4 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
108(2)
4.2.5 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE)
110(2)
4.3 Combination Techniques
112(3)
4.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
115(1)
Acknowledgments
116(1)
References
116(7)
5 Extraction Technologies for Functional Lipids
123(18)
Calle Niemi
Francesco G. Gentili
5.1 Introduction
123(1)
5.2 Conventional Extraction Techniques for Functional Lipids
124(3)
5.3 Application of Novel Extraction Technologies for Functional Lipids
127(7)
5.3.1 Algal Cell Disruption Methods
127(2)
5.3.2 Novel Extraction Methods
129(5)
5.4 Future Recommendations
134(1)
Acknowledgments
134(1)
References
135(6)
6 Extraction Technologies for Proteins and Peptides
141(22)
Ariane Tremblay
Lucie Beaulieu
6.1 Introduction
141(3)
6.2 Conventional Extraction Techniques for Proteins and Peptides
144(7)
6.2.1 Cell Disruption Methods
144(3)
6.2.2 Chemical Extraction
147(1)
6.2.3 Enzymatic Processes
148(1)
6.2.4 Recovery/Enrichment Techniques
149(1)
6.2.5 Protein Extraction Methods in Proteomics
150(1)
6.3 Emerging Technologies for Proteins and Peptides
151(3)
6.3.1 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
151(1)
6.3.2 Pulsed Arc Technology
151(2)
6.3.3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
153(1)
6.3.4 Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
153(1)
6.3.5 High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and Ultra-high Pressure Extraction (UHP)
154(1)
6.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
154(1)
References
155(8)
7 Extraction Technologies to Recover Dietary Polyphenols from Macro- and Microalgae
163(25)
M. Shanmugam
Abirami Ramu Ganesan
Gaurav Rajauria
7.1 Introduction
163(1)
7.2 Conventional Extraction Techniques for Polyphenols
164(2)
7.2.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
165(1)
7.2.2 Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE)
165(1)
7.3 Innovative Extraction Technologies for Isolation of Polyphenols from Macroalgae
166(12)
7.3.1 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
166(3)
7.3.2 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
169(1)
7.3.3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
170(1)
7.3.4 Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE)
171(3)
7.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
174(2)
7.3.6 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE)
176(2)
7.4 Factors Affecting Extraction
178(2)
7.4.1 pH
179(1)
7.4.2 Solvents
180(1)
7.5 Challenges and Future Recommendations
180(1)
Acknowledgments
180(1)
References
181(7)
8 Extraction Technologies for Bioactive Polysaccharides
188(23)
Rashida Qari
Rajeev Ravindran
8.1 Introduction
188(1)
8.2 Polysaccharides in Seaweed
189(3)
8.3 Conventional Technologies for Polysaccharide Extraction
192(8)
8.4 Advanced Technologies for Polysaccharide Extraction
200(3)
8.4.1 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
200(1)
8.4.2 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE)
201(1)
8.4.3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
202(1)
8.4.4 Enzyme Assisted Extraction (EAE)
203(1)
8.5 Conclusion
203(1)
References
203(8)
Section II Biological Properties Of Algal Derived Compounds
9 Potential Biological Activities Associated with Algal Derived Compounds
211(20)
Yvonne V. Yuan
9.1 Introduction
211(2)
9.2 Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic Activities of Macro- and Microalgal Constituents
213(11)
9.2.1 Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs)
214(4)
9.2.2 Scytonemins
218(2)
9.2.3 Pterins
220(1)
9.2.4 Carotenes and Xanthophylls
221(3)
9.3 Antiobesogenic Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents
224(1)
9.4 Antidiabetic Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents
224(2)
9.5 Prebiotic Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents
226(1)
9.6 Immune System Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents
227(1)
9.7 Conclusion and Future Work
227(1)
Acknowledgments
227(1)
References
228(3)
10 Algal Polysaccharides and Their Biological Properties
231(47)
Kit-Leong Cheong
Valentina Jesumani
Bilal Muhammad Khan
Yang Liu
Hong Du
10.1 Introduction
231(1)
10.2 Structure of Marine Algae Polysaccharides
232(8)
10.2.1 Agar
234(1)
10.2.2 Alginates
234(1)
10.2.3 Carrageenan
235(1)
10.2.4 Cellulose
235(1)
10.2.5 Fucoidans
236(1)
10.2.6 Laminarans
237(1)
10.2.7 Mannans
238(1)
10.2.8 Sulfated Rhamnans
239(1)
10.2.9 Ulvans
239(1)
10.2.10 Xylans
239(1)
10.3 Isolation and Purification of Polysaccharides from Algae
240(8)
10.3.1 Isolation
241(5)
10.3.2 Purification
246(2)
10.4 Health-Promoting Activities of MAP
248(15)
10.4.1 Antioxidant Activity
249(4)
10.4.2 Immunomodulatory Activity
253(3)
10.4.3 Anticancer Activity
256(1)
10.4.4 Antiviral Activity
257(3)
10.4.5 Antihyperlipidemic Activity
260(1)
10.4.6 Anticoagulant Activity
261(1)
10.4.7 Antimicrobial Activity
262(1)
10.5 Conclusion and Future Trends
263(1)
References
264(14)
11 Marine Algal Derived Phenolic Compounds and their Biological Activities for Medicinal and Cosmetic Applications
278(57)
Leslie Gager
Fanny Lalegerie
Solene Connan
Valerie Stiger-Pouvreau
11.1 Introduction
278(2)
11.2 Types and Structures of Phenolic Compounds from Algae
280(5)
11.2.1 Phenolic Compounds from Marine Cyanobacteria and Microalgae
281(1)
11.2.2 Phenolic Compounds from Green and Red Macroalgae
282(1)
11.2.3 Phenolic Compounds from Brown Macroalgae
283(1)
11.2.4 Variability of Phenolic Content in Space and Time
284(1)
11.3 Isolation and Purification of Phenolic Compounds from Algae
285(5)
11.3.1 Importance of the Pretreatment of the Biomass
285(1)
11.3.2 Extraction Procedures
286(3)
11.3.3 Quantification and Analyses of Phenolic Compounds
289(1)
11.4 Biological Properties of Phenolic Compounds in Health, Well-Being, and Cosmetics
290(16)
11.4.1 Antioxidant Properties
290(3)
11.4.2 Antiallergenic and Anti-inflammatory Properties
293(3)
11.4.3 Antidiabetic, Antiobesity Properties and Cardiovascular Protection
296(2)
11.4.4 Antiproliferative and Anticancer Properties
298(1)
11.4.5 Antimicrobial and Antiparasite Properties
299(2)
11.4.6 Antiviral Activities
301(1)
11.4.7 Mineralogenic and Osteogenic Activities
302(1)
11.4.8 Photoprotective Properties
303(1)
11.4.9 Biological Properties Specific to Cosmetics or Cosmeceuticals
304(2)
11.5 Potential Commercial Applications
306(2)
11.5.1 Interest in Health and Nutraceutical Ingredients
306(1)
11.5.2 Interest in Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Ingredients
307(1)
11.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
308(2)
Acknowledgments
310(1)
References
310(25)
12 Algal Carotenoids: Recovery and their Potential in Disease Prevention
335(35)
V. Sivamurugan
D. Radhika
Abirami Ramu Ganesan
S. Murugesan
12.1 Introduction
335(2)
12.2 Types and Structure of Carotenoids in Microalgae
337(6)
12.2.1 General Occurrence
337(1)
12.2.2 Carotenoids Isolated from Seaweeds
337(6)
12.3 Isolation and Purification of Carotenoids from Algae
343(6)
12.3.1 Conventional SLE
343(1)
12.3.2 Microwave and Ultrasound Promoted Extraction
344(1)
12.3.3 SCF Extraction
345(1)
12.3.4 Adsorbent Assisted Carotenoid Extraction
346(1)
12.3.5 Ionic Liquid Mediated Carotenoid Extraction
347(1)
12.3.6 Surfactant Assisted Extraction Method
347(2)
12.4 Biological Properties of Carotenoids and Possible Health Effects
349(5)
12.4.1 Cancer Prevention
349(1)
12.4.2 Antioxidant Activities
350(1)
12.4.3 Antidiabetic Activity
351(1)
12.4.4 Skin Diseases
352(1)
12.4.5 Antimicrobial Activities
352(1)
12.4.6 Wound Healing
353(1)
12.4.7 Miscellaneous Biological Activities
353(1)
12.5 Potential Commercial Applications
354(4)
12.5.1 Microalgal Carotenoids in Commercial Applications
355(1)
12.5.2 Commercial Applications of Astaxanthin and Lutein
355(1)
12.5.3 Macroalgal Carotenoids in Commercial Applications
356(1)
12.5.4 Nutraceutical Supplements
357(1)
12.5.5 Commercial Application of Algal Carotenoids in Feed
357(1)
12.6 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
358(1)
Acknowledgments
358(1)
References
358(12)
13 Algal Derived Functional Lipids and their Role in Promoting Health
370(48)
Nolwenn Terme
Benoit Chenais
Mathilde Foumiere
Nathalie Bourgougnon
Gilles Bedoux
13.1 Introduction
370(1)
13.2 Types and Structures of Fatty Acids from Algae
371(7)
13.3 Isolation and Purification of FAs from Algae
378(6)
13.3.1 Isolation of FAs from Algae
378(1)
13.3.2 Purification of FAs from Algae
378(6)
13.4 Health Properties of FAs
384(12)
13.4.1 Lipids, FAs from Seaweeds and Cosmetic or Cosmeceutical Uses
384(3)
13.4.2 Preventive Effects of n-3 PUFAs on CVD and Metabolic Syndrome
387(3)
13.4.3 Contribution of n-3 PUFAs in Cancer Risk Factor Prevention and/or Therapy
390(6)
13.4.4 Antiviral Activities
396(1)
13.5 Potential Commercial Applications
396(1)
13.6 Conclusion and Future Trends
397(1)
Acknowledgments
398(1)
References
398(20)
14 Algal Proteins and Peptides: Current Trends and Future Prospects
418(28)
Abirami Ramu Ganesan
Shanmugam Munisamy
Rajeev Bhat
Palaniappan Seedevi
Kannan Mohan
Shingo Matsukawa
14.1 Introduction
418(1)
14.2 Isolation and Purification of Proteins from Algae
419(2)
14.3 Structural Characteristics of Micro- and Macroalgae Peptides
421(3)
14.3.1 Structures of Peptides from Microalgae
421(2)
14.3.2 Structure of Protein and Peptides from Macroalgae
423(1)
14.4 Protein and Peptide Extraction Methods from Algae
424(7)
14.4.1 Physical Processes
424(3)
14.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
427(1)
14.4.3 Enzyme Assisted Extraction (EAE)
428(1)
14.4.4 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction
428(1)
14.4.5 Pulsed Electric Field
429(1)
14.4.6 Microwave Assisted Extraction
429(1)
14.4.7 Membrane Filtration
430(1)
14.4.8 High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP)
430(1)
14.5 Biological Properties of Micro- and Macroalgal Peptides and Possible Health Effects
431(5)
14.5.1 Antihypertensive Peptides
431(1)
14.5.2 Anticancer Peptides and Proteins
431(1)
14.5.3 Antioxidant Micro- and Macroalgal Peptides
432(1)
14.5.4 Anti-Inflammatory Peptides
432(1)
14.5.5 Algal Proteins and Peptides on Immunomodulation
433(1)
14.5.6 Antiobesity Peptides
434(1)
14.5.7 Antidiabetic Proteins and Peptides
434(1)
14.5.8 Antimicrobial Algal Peptides
435(1)
14.5.9 Biological Value of Algal Proteins in Human Nutrition
435(1)
14.6 Potential Commercial Applications of Micro- and Macroalgal Peptides and Proteins
436(1)
14.6.1 Microalgae Peptides and Proteins in Commercial Applications
436(1)
14.6.2 Macroalgal Peptides and Proteins in Commercial Applications
437(1)
14.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
437(1)
Acknowledgments
438(1)
References
438(8)
15 Algal Dietary Fiber and its Health Benefits
446(21)
Shakeel Ramzan
Muhammad Mushtaq
Sumia Akram
Ahmad Adnan
15.1 Introduction
446(1)
15.2 Dietary Fiber
447(5)
15.2.1 Algae as a Source of Dietary Fiber
449(2)
15.2.2 Marine Algal Polysaccharides
451(1)
15.3 Physical Properties of Dietary Fiber (Dispersibility, Viscosity, Binding Capacity, Fermentability)
452(4)
15.3.1 Dispersibility
452(1)
15.3.2 Viscosity (ii)
453(1)
15.3.3 Binding Capacity
454(1)
15.3.4 Fermentability
455(1)
15.4 Therapeutic Effect of Algal Dietary Fibers
456(2)
15.4.1 Antihypertensive Effects
456(1)
15.4.2 Antiobesity Attributes
457(1)
15.4.3 Diabetes Control
457(1)
15.5 Potential Commercial Applications
458(1)
15.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
459(1)
References
460(7)
Section III Application Of Algae And Algal Components
16 Applications of Algae and Algae Extracts in Human Food and Feed
467(20)
Sara Amiri Samani
Maryam Jafari
Sayed Mohammad Sahafi
Shahin Roohinejad
16.1 Introduction
467(1)
16.2 Nutritional Composition of Algae
468(1)
16.3 Application of Whole Algae in Food Products
468(5)
16.3.1 Muscle-Based Foods
468(1)
16.3.2 Dairy Products
469(2)
16.3.3 Cereal-Based Food Products
471(2)
16.3.4 Beverages
473(1)
16.4 Application of Whole Algae in Feed
473(2)
16.5 Algal Extracts as Ingredients in Food Products
475(6)
16.5.1 Proteins
475(2)
16.5.2 Polysaccharides
477(1)
16.5.3 Lipids
478(1)
16.5.4 Pigments
479(1)
16.5.5 Phenolic Compounds
480(1)
16.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
481(1)
References
481(6)
17 Role of Algal Compounds for Human Health
487(19)
Sidra Ehsan
Sumia Akram
Zohaib Saeed
Muhammad Pervaiz
Muhammad Mushtaq
17.1 Introduction
487(1)
17.2 Classification of Algae
488(2)
17.2.1 Euglenophyta
488(1)
17.2.2 Chrysophyta
489(1)
17.2.3 Pyrrophyta
489(1)
17.2.4 Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
489(1)
17.2.5 Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
490(1)
17.2.6 Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
490(1)
17.2.7 Xanthophyta
490(1)
17.3 Proximate Composition of Algae
490(10)
17.3.1 Algal Carbohydrates
490(4)
17.3.2 Proteinaceous Biomolecules in Algae
494(2)
17.3.3 Algal Lipids
496(3)
17.3.4 Algal Minerals
499(1)
17.3.5 Algal Vitamins
500(1)
17.4 Commercial Importance of Macroalgae in Human Nutrition
500(2)
References
502(4)
18 Advancements in Algae in Nutraceutical and Functional Food
506(31)
Froylan M.E. Escalante
Daniel A. Perez-Rico
18.1 Introduction
506(1)
18.2 Algal Derived Molecules
507(17)
18.2.1 Carbohydrates
507(4)
18.2.2 Lipids
511(2)
18.2.3 Proteins
513(4)
18.2.4 Pigments
517(7)
18.3 Perspectives
524(2)
References
526(11)
19 Role of Algal Derived Compounds in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics
537(67)
Maria Lourdes Mourelle
Carmen P. Gomez
Jose L. Legido
19.1 Introduction
537(1)
19.2 Algae as a Source of Active Ingredients for Pharmaceutical Products
538(21)
19.2.1 Sulfated Polysaccharides and Other Phycocolloids
539(10)
19.2.2 Phlorotannins and Other Polyphenols
549(3)
19.2.3 Sterols
552(2)
19.2.4 PUFAs and Other Lipidic Compounds
554(2)
19.2.5 Carotenoids and Other Pigments
556(1)
19.2.6 Peptides and Proteins
557(1)
19.2.7 Other Bioactive Compounds
558(1)
19.3 Potential Pharmaceutical Formulations from Algae
559(8)
19.3.1 Potential Anticancer, Cytotoxic, and Antiproliferative Pharmaceutical Formulations
559(2)
19.3.2 Potential Antithrombotic, Anticoagulant, and Antihypertensive Pharmaceutical Formulations
561(1)
19.3.3 Potential Antilipidemic and Anticholesterolemic Pharmaceutical Formulations
562(1)
19.3.4 Potential Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Pharmaceuticals Formulations
562(2)
19.3.5 Potential Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Pharmaceutical Formulations
564(1)
19.3.6 Potential Immunomodulatory Anti-Inflammatory Pharmaceutical Formulations
565(1)
19.3.7 Potential Neuroprotective Pharmaceutical Formulations for Healthy Nervous System
565(1)
19.3.8 Other Potential Pharmacological Formulations from Algae
566(1)
19.4 Algae as a Source of Active Ingredients for Cosmeceuticals
567(13)
19.4.1 Polysaccharides
568(7)
19.4.2 Phenols and Polyphenols
575(1)
19.4.3 Terpenes
576(1)
19.4.4 Pigments
576(1)
19.4.5 PUFAs and Other Lipid Compounds
577(1)
19.4.6 Proteins and Amino Acids
577(1)
19.4.7 Other Compounds
578(1)
19.4.8 Algal Extracts
579(1)
19.5 Potential Cosmeceutical Formulations from Algae
580(3)
19.5.1 Moisturizing Cosmeceutical Formulations
581(1)
19.5.2 Antiaging and Photoageing Cosmeceutical Formulations
581(1)
19.5.3 Skin Whitening Cosmeceutical Formulations
582(1)
19.5.4 Other Potential Cosmeceutical Formulations
582(1)
19.6 Conclusion and Future Trends
583(1)
References
584(20)
20 Economic Status of Seaweed: Production, Consumption, Commercial Applications, Hazards, and Legislations
604(13)
Anushree Priyadarshini
Akanksha Pnyadarshini
Gaurav Rajauria
20.1 Introduction
604(1)
20.2 World Seaweed Utilization
605(6)
20.2.1 World Seaweed Production
605(1)
20.2.2 Trends in Seaweed Production and Consumption
605(5)
20.2.3 Economic Relevance of Seaweed
610(1)
20.3 Commercial Usage of Seaweed and Seaweed Functional Components
611(1)
20.3.1 Food Applications of Seaweed
611(1)
20.3.2 Nonfood Applications of Seaweed
612(1)
20.4 Hazards Associated with Seaweed Applications
612(1)
20.5 Legislation
613(1)
20.6 Conclusion
614(1)
References
614(3)
Index 617
About the Editors

Gaurav Rajauria, Natural Product Chemist, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Ireland

Yvonne V. Yuan, Associate Professor, School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
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