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E-raamat: Recycling of Flexible Plastic Packaging

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(European Patent Office, Rijswijk, The Netherlands)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Plastics Design Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: William Andrew Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128166031
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Recycling of Flexible Plastic PackagingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Plastics Design Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: William Andrew Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128166031
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Recycling of Flexible Plastic Packaging presents thorough and detailed information on the management and recycling of flexible plastic packaging, focusing on the latest actual/potential methods and techniques and offering actionable solutions that minimize waste and increase product efficiency and sustainability. Sections cover flexible plastic packaging and its benefits, applications and challenges. This is followed by in-depth coverage of the materials, types and forms of flexible packaging. Other key discussions cover collection and pre-treatment, volume reduction, separation from other materials, chemical recycling, post-processing and reuse, current regulations and policies, economic aspects and immediate trends.

This information will be highly valuable to engineers, scientists and R&D professionals across industry. In addition, it will also be of great interest to researchers in academia, those in government, or anyone with an interest in recycling who is looking to further advance and implement recycling methods for flexible plastic packaging.

  • Presents state-of-the-art methods and technologies regarding the processing of flexible plastic packaging waste
  • Addresses the challenges currently associated with both waste management and available recycling methods
  • Opens the door to innovation, supporting improved recycling methods, manufacturing efficiency and industrial sustainability
Preface xi
1 Flexible Plastic Packaging and Recycling
1(20)
1.1 Definition of Flexible Packaging
1(1)
1.2 Flexible Packaging Categories
1(1)
1.3 Selection Criteria of Flexible Packaging
2(1)
1.4 Benefits of Flexible Plastic Packaging
3(1)
1.5 Flexible Packaging versus Rigid Packaging
4(1)
1.6 Limitations of Flexible Plastic Packaging
5(2)
1.6.1 The Problem of Flexible Multilayer Plastic Packaging
6(1)
1.7 Recycling
7(5)
1.7.1 Types of Recycling
10(2)
1.8 Life Cycle Analysis
12(5)
References
17(4)
2 Environmental and Socio-Economic Effects
21(36)
2.1 Description of the Problem
21(1)
2.2 Degradation of Plastics in the Environment
22(12)
2.2.1 Environmental Degradation Modes
22(1)
2.2.2 Hydrolytic Degradation
23(1)
2.2.3 Thermooxidative Degradation
24(1)
2.2.4 Photodegradation
24(3)
2.2.5 Biodegradation
27(5)
2.2.6 Mechanical Degradation
32(1)
2.2.7 Combined Degradation Processes
32(2)
2.3 Environmental Effects in Land
34(1)
2.4 Environmental Effects at Sea
34(7)
2.4.1 Entanglement
35(1)
2.4.2 Ingestion
36(3)
2.4.3 Rafting
39(1)
2.4.4 Loss of Biodiversity and Habitat
39(1)
2.4.5 Toxicity
40(1)
2.5 Socio-Economic Effects
41(3)
2.5.1 Tourism
42(1)
2.5.2 Aesthetics
43(1)
2.5.3 Human Health
44(1)
References
44(13)
3 Polymers Used in Flexible Packaging
57(40)
3.1 Types of Polymers
57(1)
3.2 Polyolefins
57(10)
3.2.1 Polyethylenes
58(5)
3.2.2 Polypropylene
63(4)
3.3 Polystyrene
67(1)
3.4 Chloropolymers
67(2)
3.4.1 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (Plasticized)
67(1)
3.4.2 Poly(Vinylidene Chloride)
68(1)
3.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol)
69(1)
3.6 Polyesters
70(3)
3.6.1 Aromatic Polyesters
70(1)
3.6.2 Aliphatic Polyesters
71(2)
3.7 Polyamides
73(3)
3.7.1 Polyamide6
74(1)
3.7.2 Polyamide66
75(1)
3.7.3 Nylon-MXD6
76(1)
3.8 Polysaccharides
76(4)
3.8.1 Cellulose and its Derivatives
78(1)
3.8.2 Starch
79(1)
3.8.3 Chitin/Chitosan
79(1)
3.9 Blends of Polymers
80(3)
3.10 Polymers Used as Adhesives and Tie Layers
83(1)
3.11 Polymers Used as Coatings/Sealants
83(3)
3.12 Polymers Used as Inks
86(1)
References
86(7)
Patents
93(4)
4 Types, Forms, and Uses of Flexible Plastic Packaging
97(42)
4.1 Types of Flexible Plastic Packaging
97(8)
4.1.1 Monolayers
97(1)
4.1.2 Multilayers
98(5)
4.1.3 Metalized and Metal Foil Containing Films
103(2)
4.2 Forms of Flexible Plastic Packaging
105(17)
4.2.1 Bags
105(1)
4.2.2 Wraps
105(4)
4.2.3 Pouches, Sachets
109(5)
4.2.4 Air Pillows and Envelopes
114(1)
4.2.5 Labels and Sleeves
115(5)
4.2.6 Straps/Tapes/Six-Pack Rings
120(1)
4.2.7 Net Bags and Woven Bags/Sacks
120(1)
4.2.8 Coated/Printed Films
121(1)
4.3 Applications of Flexible Plastic Packaging
122(8)
4.3.1 Food and Beverage
123(1)
4.3.2 Cleaning Products
123(2)
4.3.3 Medical/Personal Care/Cosmetics
125(2)
4.3.4 Construction and Building
127(2)
4.3.5 E-Commerce
129(1)
References
130(4)
Patents
134(5)
5 Collection and Feedback
139(24)
5.1 Collection
139(1)
5.2 Sources of Flexible Plastic Packaging Waste
139(18)
5.2.1 Postconsumer Flexible Plastic Packaging
140(6)
5.2.2 Postcommercial Flexible Plastic Packaging
146(1)
5.2.3 Postindustrial Flexible Plastic Packaging
146(11)
References
157(3)
Patents
160(3)
6 Separation/Sorting and Volume Reduction
163(48)
6.1 Separation/Sorting
163(29)
6.1.1 Manual and Vacuum-Assisted Manual Sorting
164(2)
6.1.2 Air Separators
166(4)
6.1.3 Screens
170(1)
6.1.4 Grabbers
171(9)
6.1.5 Marking and Labeling Systems
180(5)
6.1.6 Optical Sorters
185(4)
6.1.7 Robotic Sorters
189(2)
6.1.8 Eddy Current Separators
191(1)
6.2 Volume Reduction
192(10)
6.2.1 Compacting
192(2)
6.2.2 Softening or Melting the Outer Surface of Compacted Waste
194(5)
6.2.3 Bales
199(3)
References
202(4)
Patents
206(5)
7 Solvent- and/or Chemical Agent-Based Separation
211(54)
7.1 Stripping
211(20)
7.2 Cleaning Solutions
231(3)
7.3 Selective Dissolution
234(18)
References
252(1)
Patents
253(12)
8 Post-processing and Reuse
265(78)
8.1 Cleaning
265(13)
8.1.1 Wet Cleaning
265(11)
8.1.2 Dry Cleaning
276(2)
8.2 Size Reduction
278(13)
8.2.1 Shredders
278(9)
8.2.2 Granulators
287(4)
8.3 Agglomeration
291(3)
8.4 Density/Gravity Techniques
294(7)
8.4.1 Float-Sink
295(2)
8.4.2 Hydrocyclones
297(4)
8.5 Extrusion
301(4)
8.6 Integrated Systems
305(5)
8.7 Blending
310(8)
8.7.1 Compatibilization
311(5)
8.7.2 Solid-State Shear Pulverization
316(2)
8.8 Compounding
318(3)
8.9 Reuse
321(5)
8.9.1 Recycled Products
321(4)
8.9.2 Commercial Uses
325(1)
References
326(4)
Patents
330(13)
9 Chemical Recycling
343(26)
9.1 Types of Chemical Recycling
343(1)
9.2 Solvolysis
344(4)
9.2.1 Hydrolysis
344(2)
9.2.2 Aminolysis/Ammoniolysis
346(1)
9.2.3 Alcoholysis
346(1)
9.2.4 Glycolysis
347(1)
9.3 Oxidative and Catalytic Depolymerization
348(2)
9.4 Chemical Pyrolysis
350(2)
9.5 Enzymatic Depolymerization
352(1)
9.6 Recovery Options
353(7)
9.6.1 Incineration
353(2)
9.6.2 Waste-to-Energy
355(1)
9.6.3 Pyrolysis
356(3)
9.6.4 Gasification
359(1)
References
360(2)
Patents
362(7)
10 Legislation and Regulatory Framework
369(26)
10.1 EU Packaging Waste Legislation
369(3)
10.2 EU Regulations on Plastic and Recycled Plastic Materials Intended to Come into Contact with Food
372(4)
10.3 Regulative Measures in Other Countries
376(3)
10.3.1 China
376(1)
10.3.2 India
377(1)
10.3.3 Southeast Asia
378(1)
10.3.4 United States
378(1)
10.3.5 United Kingdom
379(1)
10.4 Regulatory Frameworks
379(5)
10.4.1 Sustainable Materials Management
380(1)
10.4.2 Circular Economy
380(3)
10.4.3 Extended Producer Responsibility
383(1)
10.5 Awareness Raising
384(3)
References
387(8)
11 Economic Evaluation and Trends
395(44)
11.1 Market of Flexible Plastic Packaging
395(1)
11.2 Economic Evaluations of Recycling
395(1)
11.3 Markets of Recycled Flexible Plastic Packaging
396(2)
11.4 Trends and Proposals
398(22)
11.4.1 Redesign
398(6)
11.4.2 Increase Collection
404(1)
11.4.3 Improve Sorting
405(1)
11.4.4 New Recycling Technologies
406(2)
11.4.5 Bioplastics
408(8)
11.4.6 Recycled and Reused Packaging
416(3)
11.4.7 Legislative Initiatives and Policy Recommendations
419(1)
11.5 Projects
420(3)
11.6 Initiatives
423(4)
References
427(10)
Patents
437(2)
Index 439
European Patent Office, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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