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xxiii | |
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xliii | |
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Table of Arbitration Awards |
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lxiii | |
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lxxv | |
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A Global Dispute Resolution |
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1 | (18) |
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(a) The concept of arbitration |
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4 | (5) |
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(b) The standard form clause |
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9 | (3) |
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(c) The business perspective |
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12 | (2) |
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(d) Investment arbitration |
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14 | (2) |
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(e) Other specialist forms of arbitration |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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B Outline of an International Arbitration |
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19 | (42) |
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(a) The agreement to arbitrate |
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20 | (5) |
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(b) The place of arbitration |
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25 | (1) |
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(c) Commencement of an arbitration |
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26 | (5) |
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(d) Appointment of the arbitral tribunal |
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31 | (15) |
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(e) The arbitral proceedings |
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46 | (3) |
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(f) Ending the dispute: settlement or arbitral award |
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49 | (7) |
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(g) Enforcement of an award |
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56 | (5) |
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C The Legal Framework of International Arbitration |
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61 | (51) |
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(a) The object of international arbitration |
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62 | (1) |
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(b) What is meant by the word `international'? |
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63 | (9) |
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(c) What is meant by the word `commercial'? |
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72 | (4) |
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(d) The legal rules applicable to international arbitration |
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76 | (6) |
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(e) Is international arbitration autonomous? |
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82 | (10) |
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(f) National law and international conventions |
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92 | (6) |
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(g) The role of international conventions and the Model Law |
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98 | (14) |
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D ADR, Litigation, and Arbitration |
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112 | (38) |
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114 | (5) |
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(b) Multi-tiered dispute resolution provisions |
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119 | (3) |
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(c) The advantage of arbitration |
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122 | (7) |
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(d) Disadvantages of international arbitration |
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129 | (21) |
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E Ad hoc Arbitration and Institutional Arbitration |
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150 | (28) |
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152 | (3) |
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(b) Institutional arbitration |
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155 | (11) |
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(c) General considerations |
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166 | (6) |
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(d) Selection of arbitrators by the institution |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (3) |
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F Differentiating the Institutions |
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178 | (6) |
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G The Future of International Arbitration |
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184 | |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (1) |
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(b) Categories of arbitration agreement |
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2 | (6) |
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(c) International conventions |
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8 | (3) |
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(d) International standards |
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11 | (4) |
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B Validity of an Arbitration Agreement |
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15 | (18) |
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(a) Formal validity--need for writing |
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15 | (12) |
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(b) A defined legal relationship |
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27 | (4) |
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(c) A subject matter capable of settlement by arbitration |
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31 | (2) |
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C Parties to an Arbitration Agreement |
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33 | (37) |
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33 | (13) |
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(b) Third parties to the arbitration agreement |
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46 | (19) |
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(c) Joinder and intervention |
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65 | (5) |
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D Analysis of an Arbitration Agreement |
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70 | (55) |
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81 | (26) |
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107 | (13) |
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120 | (5) |
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125 | (54) |
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125 | (7) |
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(b) Categories of dispute for which questions of arbitrability arise |
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132 | (46) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (39) |
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(a) Privacy and confidentiality |
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181 | (2) |
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(b) Confidentiality--classical position |
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183 | (4) |
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(c) Confidentiality--the current trend |
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187 | (9) |
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196 | (6) |
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(e) Confidentiality in investor-state arbitrations |
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202 | (9) |
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(f) Revisions to rules of arbitration |
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211 | (6) |
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217 | (1) |
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G Defective Arbitration Clauses |
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218 | (8) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (3) |
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H Waiver of the Right to Arbitrate |
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226 | (8) |
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I Multiparty Arbitrations |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (12) |
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(b) Court-ordered consolidation |
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246 | (3) |
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(c) Consolidation by consent |
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249 | (6) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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(b) A complex interaction of laws |
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5 | (2) |
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(B) Law Governing the Agreement to Arbitrate |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (5) |
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(b) The applicable choice of law rules |
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12 | (6) |
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(c) The law of the contract as the applicable law of the arbitration agreement |
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18 | (9) |
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(d) Law of the seat of the arbitration |
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27 | (9) |
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(e) Delocalisation--a French `third way' |
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36 | (4) |
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(f) Combining several approaches--a Swiss model |
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40 | (2) |
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C Law Governing the Arbitration |
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42 | (63) |
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42 | (5) |
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(b) What is the lex arbitrtt |
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47 | (16) |
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63 | (19) |
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(d) Where an award is made |
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82 | (4) |
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86 | (19) |
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D Law Applicable to the Substance |
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105 | (120) |
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105 | (6) |
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(b) Autonomy of the parties |
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111 | (10) |
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(c) The choice of applicable substantive law |
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121 | (104) |
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E Conflict Rules and the Search for the Applicable Law |
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225 | (24) |
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225 | (3) |
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(b) Implied or tacit choice |
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228 | (5) |
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(c) Choice of forum as choice of law |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (4) |
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(e) Does an international arbitral tribunal have a lex fori'? |
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239 | (3) |
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(f) International conventions, rules of arbitration, and national laws |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (3) |
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E Specific Issues, Other Applicable Rules, and Guidelines |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (6) |
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255 | (8) |
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263 | |
|
4 Establishment and Organisation of an Arbitral Tribunal |
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1 | (4) |
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B Commencement of an Arbitration |
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5 | (6) |
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5 | (3) |
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(b) Commencement of an arbitration under institutional rules |
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8 | (2) |
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(c) Commencement of an ad hoc arbitration under the applicable law |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (5) |
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16 | (9) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (5) |
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22 | (2) |
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(d) More than three arbitrators |
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24 | (1) |
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E Appointment of Arbitrators |
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25 | (16) |
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(a) Agreement of the parties |
|
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26 | (2) |
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(b) Appointment by arbitral institutions |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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(d) Appointment by co-arbitrators of the presiding arbitrator |
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32 | (1) |
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(e) Professional institution |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (4) |
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38 | (1) |
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(h) Designation by the Secretary-General of the PCA |
|
|
39 | (2) |
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E Qualities Required in International Arbitrators |
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41 | (28) |
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41 | (2) |
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(b) Restrictions imposed by the contract |
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43 | (2) |
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(c) Restrictions imposed by the applicable law |
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45 | (1) |
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(d) Professional qualifications |
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46 | (5) |
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51 | (1) |
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(f) Experience, diversity, and outlook |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (6) |
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(i) Education and training |
|
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62 | (3) |
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(j) Interviewing prospective arbitrators |
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65 | (4) |
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G Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators |
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69 | (33) |
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69 | (9) |
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78 | (10) |
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88 | (14) |
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H Challenge and Replacement of Arbitrators |
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102 | (80) |
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102 | (3) |
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(b) Grounds for challenge |
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105 | (14) |
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(c) Procedure for challenge |
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119 | (9) |
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(d) Principal bases for challenge |
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128 | (31) |
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159 | (7) |
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(f) Conclusion on challenges |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (8) |
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(i) Procedure following the filling of a vacancy |
|
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178 | (4) |
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I Organisation of the Arbitral Tribunal |
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182 | (37) |
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182 | (1) |
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(b) Meetings and hearings |
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183 | (8) |
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(c) Administrative aspects |
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191 | (14) |
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205 | (3) |
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(e) The tribunal secretary |
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208 | (11) |
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J Fees and Expenses of the Arbitral Tribunal |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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(c) Methods of assessing fees |
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221 | (5) |
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(d) Negotiating arbitrators' fees |
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226 | (2) |
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(e) Commitment or cancellation fees |
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228 | (3) |
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(f) Expenses of the arbitral tribunal |
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231 | (6) |
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(g) Securing payment of the fees and expenses of the arbitral tribunal |
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237 | |
|
5 Powers, Duties, and Jurisdiction of an Arbitral Tribunal |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (2) |
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(b) Practical considerations |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (44) |
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6 | (2) |
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(b) Sources of arbitrators' powers |
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8 | (6) |
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(c) Common powers of arbitral tribunals |
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14 | (34) |
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(d) Supporting powers of the courts |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (47) |
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50 | (1) |
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(b) Duties imposed by the parties |
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51 | (3) |
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(c) Duties imposed by law |
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54 | (32) |
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86 | (11) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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(b) Challenges to jurisdiction |
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99 | (6) |
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(c) Autonomy (or separability) of the arbitration clause |
|
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105 | (12) |
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117 | (7) |
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(e) Procedural aspects of resolving issues of jurisdiction |
|
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124 | (1) |
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(f) Options open to the respondent |
|
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125 | (9) |
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(g) International agreements on the jurisdiction of national courts |
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|
134 | |
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6 Conduct of the Proceedings |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (2) |
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(c) Limitations on party autonomy |
|
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9 | (10) |
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(d) International practice |
|
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19 | (3) |
|
(e) Procedural shape of a typical international arbitration |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (15) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (3) |
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(c) Fast-track procedures |
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30 | (6) |
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(d) Early, or summary, determinations |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (25) |
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40 | (12) |
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52 | (13) |
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65 | (9) |
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65 | (6) |
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71 | (2) |
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(c) Time and length limits |
|
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (139) |
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74 | (13) |
|
(b) Categories of evidence |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (34) |
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(d) Fact witness evidence |
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124 | (14) |
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138 | (15) |
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(f) Inspection of the subject matter of the dispute |
|
|
153 | (9) |
|
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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(b) Organisation of hearings |
|
|
165 | (16) |
|
(c) Procedure at hearings |
|
|
181 | (23) |
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204 | (9) |
|
G Proceedings After the Hearing |
|
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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(c) Introduction of new evidence |
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|
216 | |
|
7 Role of National Courts during the Proceedings |
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1 | (8) |
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(a) The increasing independence of arbitration |
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4 | (2) |
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(b) Limitations on independence |
|
|
6 | (1) |
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|
7 | (2) |
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B At the Beginning of the Arbitration |
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|
9 | (9) |
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(a) The enforcement of the arbitration agreement |
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10 | (5) |
|
(b) Establishing the arbitral tribunal |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
(c) Challenges to jurisdiction |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
C During the Arbitral Proceedings |
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18 | (50) |
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(a) Interim measures--powers of the arbitral tribunal |
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19 | (9) |
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(b) Interim measures--powers of the competent court |
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28 | (10) |
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(c) Measures relating to the attendance of witnesses |
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38 | (5) |
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(d) Measures related to the preservation of evidence |
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43 | (2) |
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(e) Measures related to documentary disclosure |
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45 | (6) |
|
(f) Measures aimed at preserving the status quo |
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51 | (5) |
|
(g) Interim relief in respect of parallel proceedings |
|
|
56 | (7) |
|
(h) Court enforcement of tribunal-ordered interim measures |
|
|
63 | (5) |
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D At the End of the Arbitration |
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68 | (1) |
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|
69 | |
|
8 Arbitration under Investment Treaties |
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1 | (15) |
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16 | (48) |
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(a) Existence of an applicable treaty |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (11) |
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(c) Protected investments |
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30 | (17) |
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(d) Consent and conditions to access investment treaty arbitration |
|
|
47 | (9) |
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(e) Bilateral investment treaties and contractual dispute resolution clauses |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
(f) Parallel claims before local courts |
|
|
59 | (5) |
|
C Law Applicable to the Substance of the Dispute |
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64 | (16) |
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80 | (63) |
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(a) No expropriation without prompt, adequate, and effective compensation |
|
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81 | (16) |
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(b) `Fair and equitable treatment' and the international minimum standard |
|
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97 | (18) |
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(c) Full protection and security |
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115 | (5) |
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(d) No arbitrary or discriminatory measures impairing the investment |
|
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120 | (6) |
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(e) National and `most favoured nation' treatment |
|
|
126 | (5) |
|
(f) Free transfer of funds related to investments |
|
|
131 | (7) |
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(g) Observance of specific investment undertakings |
|
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138 | (5) |
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E Measures of Compensation |
|
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143 | (5) |
|
(a) Expropriation remedies |
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148 | (13) |
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(b) Compensation for other treaty breaches |
|
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161 | (5) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (2) |
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(e) Costs and attorneys' fees |
|
|
171 | |
|
|
|
|
1 | (18) |
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(a) Destination of an international arbitration--the award |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
(b) Definition of an award |
|
|
5 | (4) |
|
(c) Which decisions have the status of an award? |
|
|
9 | (6) |
|
(d) Rendering an internationally enforceable award |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
|
19 | (22) |
|
|
20 | (10) |
|
(b) Foreign and domestic awards |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
(e) Consent awards and termination of proceedings without an award |
|
|
35 | (6) |
|
|
41 | (61) |
|
(a) Monetary compensation |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
(b) Punitive damages and other penalties |
|
|
45 | (6) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (5) |
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|
57 | (2) |
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
(h) Filling gaps and adaptation of contracts |
|
|
64 | (6) |
|
|
70 | (14) |
|
|
84 | (17) |
|
(k) Requirements imposed by national law |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
D Deliberations and Decisions of the Tribunal |
|
|
102 | (39) |
|
|
102 | (13) |
|
|
115 | (4) |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
|
121 | (9) |
|
(e) Concurring and dissenting opinions |
|
|
130 | (11) |
|
E Form and Content of Awards |
|
|
141 | (51) |
|
|
141 | (3) |
|
|
144 | (12) |
|
(c) Contents of the award |
|
|
156 | (10) |
|
|
166 | (9) |
|
(e) Notification of awards |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
(f) Registration or deposit of awards |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (4) |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
(d) Effect of award on third parties |
|
|
188 | (4) |
|
G Proceedings After the Award |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
(b) Under rules of arbitration |
|
|
196 | (5) |
|
(c) Review procedures other than by national courts |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
(d) Review of the award by way of settlement |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
(e) Publication of awards |
|
|
205 | |
|
10 Challenge of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
|
|
1 | (9) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
(b) Preconditions to challenge |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
(c) Time limits for challenge |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (79) |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
(b) Correction and interpretation of awards; additional awards; remission of awards |
|
|
14 | (7) |
|
(c) Recourse to the courts |
|
|
21 | (9) |
|
(C) Grounds for Challenge |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
(a) Grounds under the Model Law |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
|
36 | (11) |
|
|
47 | (14) |
|
|
61 | (25) |
|
(D) Procedures for Bringing a Challenge |
|
|
86 | (3) |
|
|
89 | (4) |
|
F State Responsibility for Wrongful Setting Aside |
|
|
93 | |
|
11 Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
|
|
1 | (38) |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
(b) Performance of awards |
|
|
4 | (12) |
|
(c) General principles governing recognition and enforcement |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
(d) Difference between recognition and enforcement |
|
|
18 | (5) |
|
(e) Place of recognition and enforcement |
|
|
23 | (5) |
|
(f) Methods of recognition and enforcement |
|
|
28 | (4) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
(h) Consequences of refusal of recognition or enforcement |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
(i) Role of the international conventions |
|
|
34 | (5) |
|
B Enforcement under the New York Convention |
|
|
39 | (93) |
|
|
39 | (15) |
|
(b) Refusal of recognition and enforcement |
|
|
54 | (8) |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
(d) First ground for refusal--incapacity; invalid arbitration agreement |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
(e) Second ground--no proper notice of appointment of arbitrator or of the proceedings; lack of due process |
|
|
69 | (9) |
|
(f) Third ground--jurisdictional issues |
|
|
78 | (4) |
|
(g) Fourth ground--composition of tribunal or procedure not in accordance with arbitration agreement or the relevant law |
|
|
82 | (8) |
|
(h) Fifth ground--award suspended, or set aside |
|
|
90 | (16) |
|
|
106 | (4) |
|
|
110 | (20) |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
C Enforcement under the ICSID Convention |
|
|
132 | (7) |
|
D Enforcement under Regional Conventions |
|
|
139 | (13) |
|
(a) Middle Eastern and North African Conventions and enforcement regimes |
|
|
139 | (5) |
|
|
144 | (5) |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
(d) Other regional conventions |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
E Defence of State Immunity |
|
|
152 | (461) |
|
(a) Jurisdictional immunity |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
(b) Immunity from execution |
|
|
157 | (456) |
Index |
|
613 | |