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E-raamat: Refining Used Lubricating Oils

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(Pelindaba Associates, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada), (CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, USA)
  • Formaat: 466 pages
  • Sari: Chemical Industries
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Apr-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040072578
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Refining Used Lubricating OilsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 466 pages
  • Sari: Chemical Industries
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Apr-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040072578
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Used lubricating oil is a valuable resource. However, it must be re-refined mainly due to the accumulation of physical and chemical contaminants in the oil during service. Refining Used Lubricating Oils describes the properties of used lubricating oils and presents ways these materials can be re-refined and converted into useful lubricants as well as other products. It provides an up-to-date review of most of the processes for used lubricating oil refining that have been proposed or implemented in different parts of the world, and addresses feasibility and criteria for selecting a particular process.

The book begins with an overview of lubricating oil manufacturing, both petroleum-based and synthetic-based. It reviews the types and properties of lubricating oils and discusses the characteristics and potential of used lubricating oils. The authors describe the basic steps of used oil treatment including dehydration, distillation or solvent extraction, and finishing. They explore the combustion of used oil for use as fuel, covering chemistry and equipment, fuel oil properties, and combustion emissions.

The book considers alternative processing options such as refinery processing and re-refining. It also reviews the major refining processes that have been suggested over the years for used oil. These include acid/clay, simple distillation, combinations of distillation and hydrogenation, solvent extraction, filtration, and coking processes. The book addresses economic, life cycle assessment, and other criteria for evaluating the attractiveness of an oil recycling project, examining various costs and presenting an economic evaluation method using an Excel spreadsheet that can be downloaded from the publishers website. The book concludes with a chapter offering insights on how to choose the most suitable process technology.
Preface xiii
Authors xv
Chapter 1 Manufacture of Lubricating Oil 1(42)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Base Oil Manufacture from Petroleum Sources
2(13)
1.2.1 Base Oil Manufacture
2(9)
1.2.1.1 Distillation
3(3)
1.2.1.2 Chemical Refining Processes
6(1)
1.2.1.3 Hydroprocessing
7(1)
1.2.1.4 Solvent Refining Processes
8(2)
1.2.1.5 Solvent Dewaxing
10(1)
1.2.1.6 Catalytic Dewaxing aid Hydroisomerization
11(1)
1.2.2 Older Processes
11(2)
1.2.3 Finishing Processes
13(2)
1.3 Blending
15(2)
1.4 Composition and Properties
17(2)
1.5 Uses
19(2)
1.6 Synthetic Lubricating Oil
21(6)
1.6.1 Poly Alpha-Olefins
22(1)
1.6.2 Poly Internal-Olefins
23(1)
1.6.3 Poly-Butenes
23(1)
1.6.4 Organic Esters
23(2)
1.6.5 Polyglycols
25(1)
1.6.6 Silicones
25(1)
1.6.7 Blended Oils
26(1)
1.6.8 Biolubricants
26(1)
1.7 Base Oil Properties
27(3)
1.7.1 Aniline Point
27(1)
1.7.2 Cloud Point
27(1)
1.7.3 Color
28(1)
1.7.4 Density and API Gravity
28(1)
1.7.5 Distillation
28(1)
1.7.6 Flash Point
28(1)
1.7.7 Pour Point
29(1)
1.7.8 Refractive Index and Refractivity Intercept
29(1)
1.7.9 Viscosity
29(1)
1.7.10 Viscosity-Gravity Constant
29(1)
1.7.11 Viscosity Index
30(1)
1.7.12 Volatility
30(1)
1.8 Additives
30(7)
1.8.1 Antifoaming Agents
32(1)
1.8.2 Antioxidants
32(1)
1.8.3 Antiwear Additives
33(1)
1.8.4 Corrosion and Rust Inhibitors
33(1)
1.8.5 Detergents and Dispersants
34(1)
1.8.6 Pour Point Depressants
35(1)
1.8.7 Viscosity Index Improvement
36(1)
1.9 Performance
37(1)
References
38(5)
Chapter 2 Types and Properties of Lubricating Oils 43(30)
2.1 Types of Lubricating Oils
43(2)
2.1.1 Lubricating Oils Derived from Mineral Oils
44(1)
2.1.2 Lubricating Oils Derived from Synthetic Sources
44(1)
2.2 Solid Lubricants and Greases
45(3)
2.2.1 Solid Lubricants
45(1)
2.2.2 Greases
45(3)
2.3 Use and Applications
48(7)
2.3.1 Automotive Engines
48(1)
2.3.2 Diesel Engines
49(1)
2.3.3 Tractors and Other Engines
50(1)
2.3.4 Aviation Oils
50(1)
2.3.5 Turbine Oils
51(2)
2.3.6 Compressor Oils
53(1)
2.3.7 Industrial Oils
53(1)
2.3.8 Marine Oils
54(1)
2.4 Properties of Lubricating Oils
55(15)
2.4.1 Viscosity and Its Temperature Dependence
55(3)
2.4.2 Viscosity Index
58(1)
2.4.3 Pressure Dependence of Viscosity
59(1)
2.4.4 Density
60(1)
2.4.5 Pour Point and Cloud Point
60(1)
2.4.6 Total Acid Number and Total Base Number
60(1)
2.4.7 Ash Formation
61(1)
2.4.8 Flash Point and Fire Point
62(1)
2.4.9 Volatility or Noack Evaporation Loss
62(1)
2.4.10 PONA Analysis
62(1)
2.4.11 API Lubricant Base Stock Oil Groups
63(1)
2.4.12 Additives to Base Stock Oils
63(6)
2.4.12.1 Antioxidant Additives
64(1)
2.4.12.2 Viscosity Modifier Additives
64(1)
2.4.12.3 Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives
65(1)
2.4.12.4 Friction Modifiers
66(1)
2.4.12.5 Detergents and Dispersants
66(1)
2.4.12.6 Corrosion Inhibitors
67(1)
2.4.12.7 Antifoaming Agents
67(1)
2.4.12.8 Pour Point Depressants
68(1)
2.4.12.9 Demulsifiers and Emulsifiers
68(1)
2.4.12.10 Dyes
68(1)
2.4.13 SAE/API Classification
69(1)
2.4.14 ILSAC Classification
69(1)
2.4.15 Classification by the Association des Constructeurs Europeens d'Automobiles
69(1)
2.4.16 Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) Classifications
70(1)
2.5 Use of Test Data
70(1)
References
71(2)
Chapter 3 Used Lubricating Oils 73(18)
3.1 Introduction
73(3)
3.2 Causes of Oil Degradation
76(1)
3.3 Amount of Used Oils
77(1)
3.4 Collection
78(2)
3.5 Types of Used Oils and Analyses
80(4)
3.6 Recycling and Re-Refining Capacities
84(3)
3.6.1 Re-Refining Capacities
84(1)
3.6.2 Used Oil Management
85(2)
3.7 Environmental Aspects of Used Oil Management
87(2)
3.8 Converting Used Oil into Useable Oil
89(1)
References
90(1)
Chapter 4 Composition and Treatment 91(24)
4.1 Introduction
91(4)
4.2 Primary Treatment
95(1)
4.3 Separation
96(2)
4.3.1 Chemical Separation
96(1)
4.3.2 Physical-Chemical Separation
97(1)
4.3.3 Physical Separation
97(1)
4.4 Finishing
98(3)
4.4.1 Clay Treatment
98(2)
4.4.2 Catalytic Processes
100(1)
4.5 Test Methods
101(6)
4.6 Environmental Aspects
107(4)
References
111(4)
Chapter 5 Combustion of Used Engine Oil 115(26)
5.1 Introduction
115(3)
5.2 Direct Combustion: Use as a Fuel
118(1)
5.3 Combustion Chemistry and Equipment
119(6)
5.3.1 Fuels
120(1)
5.3.2 Combustion Chemistry
120(2)
5.3.3 Combustion Equipment
122(3)
5.3.3.1 Boilers
123(1)
5.3.3.2 Turbines
124(1)
5.3.3.3 Internal Combustion Engines
124(1)
5.4 Fuel Oil Properties
125(6)
5.4.1 API and Specific Gravity or Density
125(1)
5.4.2 Flash Point and Fire Point
125(1)
5.4.3 Viscosity
126(1)
5.4.4 Pour Point
126(1)
5.4.5 Cloud Point
127(1)
5.4.6 Sediment and Water Content
127(1)
5.4.7 Ash Content
128(1)
5.4.8 Carbon Residue
128(1)
5.4.9 Sulfur Content
128(1)
5.4.10 Distillation
129(1)
5.4.11 Corrosion
129(1)
5.4.12 Heat Content
129(1)
5.4.13 Stability
130(1)
5.4.14 Spot Test for Compatibility
131(1)
5.5 Environmental Risks
131(1)
5.6 Postcombustion Capture
131(1)
5.7 Used Oil Combustion
132(2)
5.7.1 Particulate Matter
133(1)
5.7.2 Sulfur Oxides
133(1)
5.7.3 Chlorinated Organics
133(1)
5.7.4 Flue Gas Treatment
133(1)
5.7.5 Control Technologies
134(1)
5.8 Combustion with Heavy Fuel Oil
134(3)
5.8.1 Particulate Matter Emissions
135(1)
5.8.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
135(1)
5.8.3 Chlorinated Organic Emissions
136(1)
5.8.4 Other Organic Emissions
136(1)
5.8.5 Control Technologies
136(1)
5.8.6 Conclusions
136(1)
5.9 Combustion in Cement Kilns
137(1)
5.10 Combustion in Hot-Mix Asphalt Plants
137(1)
References
138(3)
Chapter 6 Alternative Processing Options 141(14)
6.1 Introduction
141(3)
6.2 Refinery Processing
144(3)
6.2.1 General Options
145(1)
6.2.2 Conversion to Lubricating Oils
145(2)
6.3 Cogeneration
147(2)
6.3.1 Diesel Engine Coupled with a Generator
149(1)
6.3.2 Gas Turbine-Steam Turbine
149(1)
6.4 Regeneration Residues
149(2)
6.4.1 Analyses
150(1)
6.4.2 Road Oiling and Asphalt Additive
150(1)
6.5 Environmental Management
151(2)
References
153(2)
Chapter 7 Refining Processes for Used Oil Recycling to Base Oils or Fuels 155(118)
7.1 Introduction
155(1)
7.2 The Acid/Clay Processes
156(2)
7.3 Simple Distillation and Predistillation Processes
158(10)
7.3.1 The Sotulub Process
158(3)
7.3.2 The Mohawk Pretreatment Process
161(1)
7.3.3 The Enprotec Process
162(6)
7.4 Distillation/Clay Processes
168(7)
7.4.1 The Viscolube Italiana S.p.A. Process
168(3)
7.4.2 The Pesco-Beam Process
171(4)
7.5 Distillation and Hydrogenation Processes
175(25)
7.5.1 The Mohawk and Chemical Engineering Partners-Evergreen Processes
175(3)
7.5.2 The Phillips Petroleum (PROP) Process
178(8)
7.5.3 The Exxon/Imperial Oil Process
186(9)
7.5.4 The Kinetics Technology International B.V. (KTI) Process
195(3)
7.5.4.1 Version 1 with a Single Wiped Film Evaporator
197(1)
7.5.4.2 Version 2 with Two Wiped Film Evaporators
197(1)
7.5.5 The Viscolube/Axens Revivoil Process
198(2)
7.6 Distillation/Solvent Extraction Processes
200(45)
7.6.1 The Lubrizol Corporation Processes
200(1)
7.6.2 The Bartlesville Energy Research Center (BERC)/US Dept. of Energy (DOE) Process
201(4)
7.6.3 The Snamprogetti Processes
205(6)
7.6.4 The Texaco Inc. Process
211(1)
7.6.5 The Delta Central Refining Inc. Process
211(3)
7.6.6 The Krupp Koppers Process
214(4)
7.6.7 The Interline Hydrocarbon Inc. Process
218(3)
7.6.8 The Shell Upgrading Process
221(3)
7.6.9 The Sener Ingenieria y Sistemas S.A./Interline Process: The Ecolube Plant
224(3)
7.6.10 The Modified Sener Process
227(4)
7.6.11 Further Modification to the Sener Process
231(2)
7.6.12 Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) Process
233(4)
7.6.13 IFP/Snamprogetti Process
237(4)
7.6.14 The Bechtel Process
241(1)
7.6.15 The Mineraloel-Raffinerie Dollbergen GmbH Process
242(3)
7.7 Hydrogenation/Distillation Processes
245(7)
7.7.1 The Universal Oil Products Hylube Process
246(6)
7.8 Distillation/Filtration/Hydrogenation Processes
252(5)
7.8.1 The Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et Compagnie Frangaise de Raffinage Process
252(5)
7.9 Processes Producing Primarily a Fuel Product and Possibly a Base Oil Product
257(7)
7.9.1 Filtration Processes
257(6)
7.9.1.1 The Ciora and Liu Processes
258(5)
7.9.2 Cracking and Coking Processes
263(1)
7.9.2.1 The Alphakat Process
263(1)
7.10 Othtr Processes
264(1)
7.10.1 The CleanOil Ltd. Process
264(1)
Patents
265(6)
References
271(2)
Chapter 8 Economics and Other Evaluation Criteria 273(20)
8.1 Introduction
273(1)
8.2 Recycled Oil Collection Costs
274(1)
8.3 Capital Costs of the Plant
275(1)
8.4 Operating Cost Considerations for the Plant
276(1)
8.5 Economic Indicators
276(1)
8.5.1 Net Present Value
276(1)
8.5.2 Internal Rate of Return
277(1)
8.6 Excel Spreadsheet for a Recycling Plant
277(8)
8.6.1 Capital Cost Varies as the Feedrate Varies
284(1)
8.6.2 Operating Costs Vary as the Feedrate Varies
284(1)
8.6.3 Assumed Inflation Rate
285(1)
8.6.4 Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization
285(1)
8.6.5 NPV and IRR Functions in Excel
285(1)
8.7 Economic Evaluation of a Small and a Large Project
285(2)
8.7.1 Example 1: Low Vacuum Distillation with Subsequent Clay Treatment
285(1)
8.7.2 Example 2: Re-Refining in a Hydrogen-Rich Atmosphere
286(1)
8.8 Discussion of Some Results of the Economic Evaluation
287(1)
8.9 Comparison of Re-Refining with Production from Crude Oil
287(3)
8.9.1 Life Cycle Assessments
287(2)
8.9.2 Performance Criteria
289(1)
8.9.3 The United Nations Environmental Program's Sustainability Assessment of Technologies Evaluation
290(1)
References
290(3)
Chapter 9 Choice of a Process Technology 293(80)
9.1 Introduction
293(1)
9.2 Relevant Reports
294(74)
9.2.1 Process Screening for a Plant in India
294(1)
9.2.2 Basel Convention Guidelines on Waste Management
295(1)
9.2.3 Process Screening for a Plant in Saudi Arabia
296(1)
9.2.4 Manual on Re-Refined Lubricants Use in California
296(2)
9.2.5 Used Oil Management in New Zealand
298(1)
9.2.6 Overview of Re-Refining from Poland
299(2)
9.2.7 Overview of Re-Refining from Spain
301(1)
9.2.8 Taylor Nelson Sofres Report and Life Cycle Analysis Study on Re-Refining Processes
302(6)
9.2.9 The UK Used Oils Market 2001
308(4)
9.2.10 Process Simulation and Modelint
312(1)
9.2.11 Compendium of Regeneration Technologies
313(5)
9.2.11.1 Implemented Processes
314(1)
9.2.11.2 The Other Prototype or Pilot Plant Processes
315(1)
9.2.11.3 The Studies and Patents Processes
316(1)
9.2.11.4 Fuel Production Processes
317(1)
9.2.11.5 Prototypes and Other Processes for Fuels
317(1)
9.2.12 DEFRA Study on Used Oil Management in Italy and Germany
318(3)
9.2.12.1 Italy
318(1)
9.2.12.2 Germany
319(2)
9.2.13 California LCA Study on Re-Refining and Use as a Fuel
321(3)
9.2.14 Preview of the Institut fur Energie and Umweltforschung 2005 LCA Study
324(1)
9.2.15 Nigeria Pilot Study on Used Oils
325(1)
9.2.16 Nigeria Workshop on Used Oil Management in Africa
326(2)
9.2.17 LCA Study of Re-Refining and Use as a Fuel
328(4)
9.2.18 Improving Markets for Used Oils
332(2)
9.2.19 Critique of the Canadian UOMA Program Review of 2005
334(2)
9.2.20 Catalan Waste Agency Position on an LCA Study
336(1)
9.2.21 Re-Refining Processes Viewed from India
337(1)
9.2.22 Used Oil Management in Scotland
338(1)
9.2.23 API Perspective on Re-Refining
339(1)
9.2.24 Used Engine Oils: Re-Refining and Energy Recovery
340(1)
9.2.25 Design Data for a Re-Refining Plant
340(1)
9.2.26 GEIR Statistics for Lubricants and Re-Refining in the EU in 2006
340(7)
9.2.27 A Re-Refining Process from Iran
347(1)
9.2.28 Emissions Data due to Used Lubricating Oils in the UK
347(1)
9.2.29 DOE Used Oil Re-Refining Study
348(2)
9.2.30 Case Study for Greece of Re-Refining Benefits
350(1)
9.2.31 Processing Possibilities for Used Oil: Hungarian Summary Part I
350(1)
9.2.32 Improving Used Oil Recycling in California
351(2)
9.2.33 Processing Possibilities for Used Oil: Hungarian Summary Part II
353(1)
9.2.34 Re-Refining in Europe
354(1)
9.2.35 Solvent Extraction Process Study in Pakistan
355(1)
9.2.36 Policy and Technical Considerations for a Potential Re-Refining Plant in Western Australia
356(4)
9.2.37 Used Oil Recycling in Taiwan
360(1)
9.2.38 GEIR Used Oil Statistics in Europe in 2006
361(1)
9.2.39 Screening Process for a Re-Refining Plant in Turkey
361(6)
9.2.40 Compendium of Recycling and Destruction Technologies for Waste Oils
367(1)
9.3 Future Developments
368(1)
References
369(4)
Glossary 373(56)
Appendix A 429(2)
Appendix B 431(2)
Appendix C 433(10)
Index 443
James G. Speight earned a BSc and a PhD in chemistry from the University of Manchester, England. Since 1998, he has been employed at CD&W Inc. as a consultant/author/lecturer on energy and environmental issues. Dr. Speight has more than 40 years of experience in areas associated with the properties and recovery of reservoir fluids. His work has also focused on the environmental effects and remediation technologies related to fossil fuel and synthetic fuel processing. Dr. Speight is the author of more than 400 publications, reports, and presentations and has taught more than 70 courses. He is the author and coauthor of more than 50 books and bibliographies related to fossil fuels, synthetic fuels, biofuels, fuel processing, and environmental issues. He is also the recipient of several awards.

Douglas I. Exall, P.Eng., is an engineering consultant in oil and gas production and processing technologies. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Natal in South Africa. He has published journal articles, industrial R&D reports, conference papers, and patents, and has experience teaching in most areas of chemical engineering. Dr. Exall has worked as a research manager in the oil and gas industry and research organizations in Canada, and as a professor or adjunct professor at universities in several countries. His consulting work has included reviewing options for the re-refining of lubricating oils, the available processes and technologies, and their economic viability.
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