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E-raamat: Regulating the Use of Force in International Law: Stability and Change

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This book provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the nature, content and scope of the rules regulating the use of force in international law as they are contained in the United Nations Charter, customary international law and international jurisprudence.





The book's scope is broad and covers the prohibition on the threat or use of force; the use of force in self-defence; the use of force as part of the United Nations collective security system; the use of force by regional organisations; the use of force in peacekeeping operations; the use of force for humanitarian purposes; the use of force by invitation; armed reprisals; the use of force by and against non-State actors; and the use of force in cyberspace. The book takes an insightful look at the rules regulating the use of force as they are called upon to apply to changing and challenging circumstances such as the emergence of non-State actors, security risks, new technologies and moral considerations. Its arguments balance the interests of stability and change in order to enhance international law's regulatory potential regarding the use of force.





This book is an important resource for students and scholars of international law, the use of force and collective security and for practitioners involved in the interpretation and application of these legal frameworks.

Arvustused

The book is a worthwhile contribution to the literature on the legal regulation of the use of force and will be useful both to the expert and the relative novice in this field. Its contribution lies in the depth of argument on most issues and the expertise of the authors, alongside the clarity of their presentation of often complex issues in an accessible form. -- T D Gill, The British Yearbook of International Law 'Professors Buchan and Tsagourias have produced an exceptional exploration of how the international legal system regulates force. They expertly consider the subject from historical, contemporary and future perspectives. Students, scholars and practitioners alike will benefit from this full-spectrum study of how the UN Charter framework interacts and evolves with customary and other supplemental legal sources. They adroitly integrate political and moral considerations without compromising the rigour of their legal work to produce a formidable and lasting contribution to this challenging field of law.' -- Professor Sean Watts, United States Military Academy at West Point, US 'A compelling review and reassessment of the jus ad bellum, which fully takes account of the dramatically changing landscape of international relations, the erosion of state sovereignty and the emergence of new technologies.' -- Professor Nigel D. White, University of Nottingham, UK 'This is a lively, readable and concise account of the regulation of the use of force, bursting with contemporary examples. The use of force is perhaps the most contentious area of international law, its terms being loaded with presuppositions about law, politics and social relations. The authors present the material clearly for our assessment, while their present voice reminds us that there can be no finite answers to these difficult questions.' -- Professor Pål Wrange, Stockholm Centre for International Law and Justice, Stockholm University, Sweden

Table of cases
ix
Table of treaties and other documents
xii
Introduction xvi
1 Historical development of the jus ad bellum
1(15)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
1(2)
1.3 Middle Ages
3(2)
1.4 Early Modern Period
5(3)
1.5 The Hague Peace Conferences
8(1)
1.6 League of Nations
9(3)
1.7 Kellogg--Briand Pact
12(2)
1.8 United Nations
14(1)
1.9 Conclusion
15(1)
2 The prohibition on the threat or use of force
16(25)
2.1 Introduction
16(1)
2.2 The Principle of Non-use of Force under the UN Charter and Customary Law
17(2)
2.3 Use of Force
19(14)
2.3.1 Force
19(3)
2.3.2 Use of Force Threshold
22(2)
2.3.3 Indirect Force
24(1)
2.3.4 `Members Shall Refrain in their International Relations'
25(1)
2.3.5 `... against the Territorial Integrity or Political Independence of Any State'
26(2)
2.3.6 `... or in Any Other Manner Inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations'
28(2)
2.3.7 Mistake and the Use of Force
30(3)
2.4 Threat of Force
33(3)
2.5 The Principle of Non-use of Force and Jus Cogens
36(2)
2.6 Has Article 2(4) UN Charter Fallen into Desuetude?
38(2)
2.7 Conclusion
40(1)
3 The right of individual and collective self-defence
41(38)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 Self-defence: the UN Charter and Customary Law
42(1)
3.3 Armed Attack
43(22)
3.3.1 Gravity
43(7)
3.3.2 Object of the Armed Attack and the Protection of Nationals Abroad
50(3)
3.3.3 Self-defence and Non-State Actors
53(6)
3.3.4 Anticipatory and Preventive Self-defence
59(6)
3.4 Necessity and Proportionality
65(7)
3.5 Collective Self-defence
72(2)
3.6 The Security Council and Self-defence
74(4)
3.6.1 Reporting Obligation
75(2)
3.6.2 `... Measures Necessary to Maintain International Peace and Security'
77(1)
3.7 Conclusion
78(1)
4 Other forms of the use of force: humanitarian intervention, armed reprisals and intervention by invitation
79(35)
4.1 Introduction
79(1)
4.2 Humanitarian Intervention
79(18)
4.2.1 Humanitarian Intervention during the Cold War
81(4)
4.2.2 Humanitarian Intervention after the Cold War
85(12)
4.3 Armed Reprisals
97(9)
4.4 Intervention by Invitation
106(6)
4.5 Conclusion
112(2)
5 Cyber attacks, use of force and self-defence
114(18)
5.1 Introduction
114(1)
5.2 International Law and Cyberspace
115(3)
5.3 Cyber Attacks and Article 2(4) UN Charter
118(5)
5.4 Cyber Attacks and Self-defence
123(4)
5.5 Anticipatory and Preventive Self-defence
127(1)
5.6 `Defend Forward' and Automatic Self-defence
128(2)
5.7 Conclusion
130(2)
6 The United Nations collective security system and the use of force
132(20)
6.1 Introduction
132(1)
6.2 Article 39 UN Charter and the Collective Security Triggers
133(2)
6.3 Measures under Article 41 UN Charter: Non-forcible Measures
135(4)
6.4 Article 42 UN Charter and Peace Enforcement
139(6)
6.5 The Role of the General Assembly in the Use of Force
145(3)
6.6 Review of Security Council Decisions and the Veto
148(2)
6.7 Conclusion
150(2)
7 Regional organisations, collective security and the use of force
152(39)
7.1 Introduction
152(1)
7.2 Allocation of Powers Between the UN and Regional Organisations
152(3)
7.3 Definition of a `Regional' Organisation
155(3)
7.4 The Relationship Between Regional Organisations and the Security Council Regarding the Use of Force
158(1)
7.5 The Use of Force by the OAS, LAS, NATO, AU and EU and the Relationships Between Them and With the UN Regarding the Use of Force and Beyond
159(30)
7.5.1 Organization of American States
160(2)
7.5.2 League of Arab States
162(3)
7.5.3 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
165(4)
7.5.4 African Union and the African Peace and Security Architecture
169(11)
7.5.5 European Union
180(9)
7.6 Conclusion
189(2)
8 Peacekeeping operations
191(21)
8.1 Introduction
191(1)
8.2 The Nature of Peacekeeping and its Evolution
192(4)
8.3 Legal Basis of Peacekeeping
196(3)
8.4 The Peacekeeping Principles
199(11)
8.4.1 Consent
199(3)
8.4.2 Neutrality/Impartiality
202(2)
8.4.3 Use of Force in Self-defence
204(6)
8.5 Conclusion
210(2)
9 International law on the use of force: quo vadis?
212(15)
9.1 Introduction
212(1)
9.2 Projections on the Future of the Use of Force Regime
213(12)
9.2.1 The Return of Morality and the Use of Force
213(5)
9.2.2 Non-State Actors and the Use of Force
218(3)
9.2.3 Security Risks and the Use of Force
221(3)
9.2.4 New Technologies and the Use of Force
224(1)
9.3 Conclusion
225(2)
Bibliography 227(18)
Index 245
Russell Buchan, Professor of International Law, University of Reading and Nicholas Tsagourias, Professor of International Law, University of Sheffield, UK