| Introduction |
|
iii | |
|
|
| Historical Background |
|
v | |
|
|
|
|
| Preface |
|
vii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xi | |
| Contributors |
|
xiii | |
|
|
|
|
SECTION I: BASIC ASPECTS OF TUBERCULOSIS |
|
|
|
The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scale, Dynamics, and Prospects for Control |
|
|
1 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Global and Regional TB Epidemics: Scale and Dynamics |
|
|
2 | (4) |
|
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
Chemotherapy and the DOTS Strategy |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
Implementation and Impact of DOTS, 1991 to 2005 |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
Prospects for Tuberculosis Control, 2006 to 2015 and Beyond |
|
|
12 | (9) |
|
|
|
21 | (8) |
|
|
|
25 | (4) |
|
Bacteriology of Tuberculosis |
|
|
29 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
Bacterial Populations in Patients |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Bacteriological Diagnosis of Tuberculosis |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
Methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identification |
|
|
35 | (3) |
|
Detection of Drug Resistance |
|
|
38 | (9) |
|
|
|
42 | (5) |
|
Genomics and Evolution of Tubercle Bacille |
|
|
47 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
The Genome Sequence and Biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
Comparative Genomics and Evolution Within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Evolution of Mycobacterium bovis BCG |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
Population Structure and Clonal Evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
Ecotypes Within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Mycobacterium prototuberculosis: The Progenitor of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Orphan Clone |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
|
|
59 | (6) |
|
|
|
60 | (5) |
|
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis |
|
|
65 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
66 | (13) |
|
Administrative Epidemiology |
|
|
79 | (13) |
|
|
|
92 | (9) |
|
|
|
92 | (9) |
|
Overview of the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis from a Cellular and Molecular Perspective |
|
|
101 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
|
|
103 | (3) |
|
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
111 | (6) |
|
|
|
112 | (5) |
|
The Human Host: Immunology and Susceptibility |
|
|
117 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
The Natural History of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Humans |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Human Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
119 | (14) |
|
Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Tuberculosis Development |
|
|
133 | (5) |
|
Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection |
|
|
138 | (17) |
|
|
|
140 | (15) |
|
SECTION II: CLINICAL TUBERCULOSIS |
|
|
|
Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis |
|
|
155 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Medical History and Physical Examination |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Interferon Release Assays |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Specimen Sampling: AFB Smear and Culture |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Culture-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Clinical Use of Diagnostic Tests: Comparing Sensitivity and Specificity to PPV and NPV |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Using Newer Diagnostic Tests: Incorporating Clinical Suspicion of Tuberculosis |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
Newer Diagnostic Tests: NAA Assays |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
A Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm for the Diagnosis of TB Using Clinical Suspicion of TB with NAA Testing |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Creating New Diagnostic Tests Based on Older Technology: Serodiagnosis by Immunoassays |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
|
|
171 | (12) |
|
|
|
172 | (11) |
|
Treatment of Tuberculosis |
|
|
183 | (32) |
|
|
|
Tuberculosis Treatment as a Public Health Measure |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
History of Antituberculosis Chemotherapy |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
|
185 | (10) |
|
Promoting Adherence to Treatment |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Current Treatment Regimens |
|
|
196 | (5) |
|
Treatment in Special Situations |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
Adjunctive Treatments for Pulmonary Tuberculosis |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis |
|
|
205 | (4) |
|
New Drugs for Tuberculosis |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
|
|
210 | (5) |
|
Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection |
|
|
215 | (50) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
215 | (27) |
|
Chest X-ray (for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Interferon-γ Release Assays |
|
|
243 | (5) |
|
|
|
248 | (17) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (14) |
|
Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection |
|
|
265 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Efficacy of Treatment of LTBI |
|
|
266 | (13) |
|
Safety and Tolerability of Treatment of LTBI |
|
|
279 | (7) |
|
Treatment of LTBI in Special Populations |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
Recommendations for the Treatment of LTBI |
|
|
288 | (4) |
|
Programmatic and Other Issues Related to the Treatment of LTBI |
|
|
292 | (4) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (10) |
|
|
|
297 | (10) |
|
|
|
307 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
|
|
309 | (5) |
|
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
Clinical Forms of Pediatric Tuberculosis |
|
|
316 | (9) |
|
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children |
|
|
325 | (4) |
|
|
|
329 | (7) |
|
|
|
336 | (9) |
|
|
|
336 | (9) |
|
Tuberculosis in the Elderly |
|
|
345 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Decline in Immunocompetence with Increasing Age |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Tuberculosis in Special Situations |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
Tuberculosis-HIV Coinfection: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Interventions |
|
|
371 | (46) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Risk of Tuberculosis in Persons with HIV Infection |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
Prevalence of HIV Infection Among Patients with Tuberculosis |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Influence of HIV Infection on the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis |
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
Influence of Tuberculosis on the Course of HIV Infection |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease |
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
Treatment of Tuberculosis in Patients with HIV |
|
|
385 | (7) |
|
Tuberculosis and HIV in Children |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Tuberculosis Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Organisms |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
Programs and Interventions |
|
|
399 | (18) |
|
|
|
404 | (13) |
|
Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis |
|
|
417 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Pathogenicity, Transmissibility, and Drug Resistance |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
Preventing the Evolution and Transmission of Drug Resistance |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Diagnosis |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment |
|
|
427 | (18) |
|
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and HIV (and Other Immunosuppressive States) |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Factors Associated with Good Treatment Outcomes |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (11) |
|
|
|
449 | (10) |
|
Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis |
|
|
459 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
|
|
462 | (5) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (11) |
|
|
|
479 | (4) |
|
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
SECTION III: CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS---BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TOOLS |
|
|
|
History of Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
483 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Compulsory Isolation and the Beginnings of TB Control in the United States |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
The Origins of the Tuberculosis Clinic |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Effective Chemotherapy |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Nonadherence and the Introduction of Directly Observed Treatment |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Preventive Treatment: Expanding the Role of Chemotherapy in the United States |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in Europe |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in Developing Countries |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
Advancing the Goals of Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
The Impact of Social Trends upon TB Control |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (5) |
|
|
|
497 | (4) |
|
Tuberculosis Control Interventions: A Stepwise Approach |
|
|
501 | (20) |
|
|
|
Concepts of Tuberculosis Control, Elimination, and Eradication |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Overview of Tuberculosis Control Interventions |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
The Global Stop TB Strategy |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
Case Management Intervention |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Case Management Impact on the Risk of Infection |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Case Management Impact on Morbidity Incidence |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Case Management Impact on Case Fatality and Mortality |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Specific Tuberculosis-Control Interventions Other than Case Management |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Bacille Calmette-Guerin Immunization |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
Nonspecific Tuberculosis-Control Interventions |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
A Stepwise Approach to Implementation of Tuberculosis-Control Interventions |
|
|
510 | (7) |
|
|
|
517 | (4) |
|
|
|
517 | (4) |
|
The Laboratory Network in Tuberculosis Control in High-Prevalence Countries |
|
|
521 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Concept of Diagnosis in Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
Diagnosis as a Strategy of the NTP |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
TB Laboratory Network Technical Profile |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
TB Laboratory Network Organizational Profile |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Resources of the NTP Laboratory Network |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
Management of Laboratory Supplies |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Training and Human Resource Development |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Quality Assurance in the Laboratory Network |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
BCG Vaccines: History, Efficacy, and Policies |
|
|
541 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
History of Bacille Calmette Guerin Development |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (6) |
|
Global Immunization Practices |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
World Health Organization Bacille Calmette Guerin Policy |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
|
551 | (4) |
|
|
|
552 | (3) |
|
The Role of Contact Tracing in Low- and High-Prevalence Countries |
|
|
555 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Contact-Tracing Objectives |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Contact Tracing in Low-Prevalence Countries |
|
|
558 | (10) |
|
Contact Tracing in High-Prevalence Countries |
|
|
568 | (6) |
|
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
|
|
576 | (7) |
|
|
|
577 | (6) |
|
Managing Tuberculosis Patients: The Centrality of Nurses |
|
|
583 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
Role of Nurses in Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
586 | (9) |
|
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
Involving Community Members in Tuberculosis Care and Control |
|
|
597 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
Review of Published Experience |
|
|
601 | (5) |
|
Principles of Community Contribution to Tuberculosis Care as Part of NTP Activities |
|
|
606 | (5) |
|
|
|
611 | (6) |
|
|
|
613 | (4) |
|
Molecular Epidemiology: Its Role in the Control of Tuberculosis |
|
|
617 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (9) |
|
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units---Variable Number of Tandem Repeats |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
Molecular Epidemiology in Suspected Outbreaks |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
|
|
633 | (9) |
|
Concluding Thoughts and Future Directions |
|
|
642 | (7) |
|
|
|
644 | (5) |
|
Economic and Financial Aspects of Global Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
649 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
649 | (5) |
|
Overview of Economic and Financial Analyses Related to TB Control Undertaken in Recent Years |
|
|
654 | (11) |
|
Major Results from Two Recent Cost-Effectiveness Studies |
|
|
665 | (6) |
|
Recent Trends in Financing of TB Control and Projected Needs for the Decade 2006-2015 |
|
|
671 | (6) |
|
What New Work Is Needed in the Next 5 to 10 Years? |
|
|
677 | (8) |
|
|
|
680 | (5) |
|
Advancing and Advocating Tuberculosis Control Globally Through the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership |
|
|
685 | (20) |
|
|
|
Marcos A. Espinal Fuentes |
|
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Role of Partnerships and Advocacy |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization |
|
|
687 | (3) |
|
The Stop Tuberculosis Partnership |
|
|
690 | (4) |
|
Characteristics of a Successful Partnership |
|
|
694 | (7) |
|
|
|
701 | (4) |
|
|
|
701 | (4) |
|
The Global Drug Facility: A Revolution in Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
705 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Operating Mechanisms of the GDF |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (3) |
|
Future Challenges and Opportunities |
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
|
|
713 | |
|
|
|
714 | |
| Index |
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
SECTION IV: CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS---TAILORING TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL |
|
|
|
Fundamentals of Tuberculosis Control: The DOTS Strategy |
|
|
717 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Principles of Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
How the DOTS Strategy Has Been Expanded: From the London Meeting to the Global DOTS Expansion Plan |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
The Expanded DOTS Framework for Effective Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
721 | (3) |
|
The Success of the DOTS Strategy Well Applied |
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
Threats to Progress in the Fight Against Tuberculosis and the Way Forward |
|
|
726 | (5) |
|
|
|
727 | (4) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in the Countries of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union |
|
|
731 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Historical Review of TB Control in the Countries of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (3) |
|
Adaptation to the International Standards |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Applying International Standards |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Policy Development with Examples from Countries |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
739 | (4) |
|
|
|
743 | (4) |
|
|
|
743 | (4) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in Low-Prevalence Countries of Europe |
|
|
747 | (20) |
|
Giovanni Battista Migliori |
|
|
|
|
The Framework for Tuberculosis Control: An Evolving Strategy |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Context: New Challenges for Tuberculosis Control in Low-Incidence Countries |
|
|
750 | (5) |
|
Aims of the Elimination Strategy |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
Approach to Control and Eliminate Tuberculosis |
|
|
755 | (3) |
|
Prerequisites to Implementation of the European Framework |
|
|
758 | (5) |
|
|
|
763 | (4) |
|
|
|
764 | (3) |
|
Tuberculosis in the United States: Toward Elimination? |
|
|
767 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Factors Associated with the Tuberculosis Epidemic in the United States |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
The Response to the Epidemic and Associated Reversal in Trend |
|
|
769 | (6) |
|
The Choice Between Elimination and Stagnation: Another Cycle of Neglect? |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
|
|
776 | (7) |
|
|
|
783 | (10) |
|
|
|
784 | (9) |
|
Tuberculosis Transmission and Infection Control in Congregate Settings |
|
|
793 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
793 | (3) |
|
Tuberculosis Transmission |
|
|
796 | (7) |
|
TB Infection Control in Low-Prevalence, Resource-Rich Settings |
|
|
803 | (8) |
|
High-Risk, Resource-Limited Settings |
|
|
811 | (4) |
|
TB Infection Control in Prisons |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
|
|
816 | (7) |
|
|
|
817 | (6) |
|
Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World |
|
|
823 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
823 | (2) |
|
Extent of the Worldwide Drug Resistance Problem |
|
|
825 | (7) |
|
Drug-Resistance Surveillance |
|
|
832 | (2) |
|
Causes of (Multi)drug Resistance and Risk Factors for Its Development |
|
|
834 | (4) |
|
Role of the Laboratory Activities in Drug-Resistance Surveillance |
|
|
838 | (7) |
|
|
|
840 | (5) |
|
Programmatic Control of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis |
|
|
845 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
Kitty Lambregts-van Weezenbeek |
|
|
|
|
Background and Introduction |
|
|
845 | (2) |
|
Drug-Resistant TB: Definitions and Program Implications |
|
|
847 | (3) |
|
Etiology of Drug Resistance and Program Implications |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis |
|
|
851 | (4) |
|
The Global Response to Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis |
|
|
855 | (3) |
|
The Framework for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
858 | (3) |
|
Emerging Issues in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Control Programs |
|
|
861 | (3) |
|
|
|
864 | (5) |
|
|
|
865 | (4) |
|
Tuberculosis Control and Migration |
|
|
869 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
History of Migration of TB |
|
|
870 | (2) |
|
|
|
872 | (12) |
|
Contribution of Migration to Transmission in the Host Country |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
|
885 | (10) |
|
Legal Aspects of TB Control Among Immigrants |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
|
895 | (12) |
|
|
|
896 | (11) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in Refugee and Displaced Populations |
|
|
907 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
The Changing Context of Conflict Situations |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
|
|
909 | (2) |
|
Constraints to Implementing TB Control Programs for Refugee and Displaced Populations |
|
|
911 | (3) |
|
Management of TB in Refugee and Displaced Populations |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
TB Control Successes in Refugee and Displaced Populations |
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
Challenges for the Future |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (4) |
|
|
|
918 | (3) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in Prisons |
|
|
921 | (28) |
|
|
|
Introduction: Two Sides of the Wall |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
Access to Adequate TB Care and Human Rights in Prisons |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Prisons as Special Communities |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
Epidemiology of TB in Prisons: The Convergence of Risk Groups and a Disproportionate Burden of Disease |
|
|
923 | (5) |
|
The Revolving Door of Prisons and Links to the General Community |
|
|
928 | (2) |
|
Establishing DOTS Programs in Prisons |
|
|
930 | (14) |
|
Conclusions and Challenges Ahead |
|
|
944 | (5) |
|
|
|
945 | (4) |
|
Tuberculosis Control in Mines |
|
|
949 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
949 | (1) |
|
|
|
950 | (7) |
|
|
|
957 | (3) |
|
|
|
960 | (7) |
|
|
|
961 | (6) |
|
SECTION V: NEW CHALLENGES FOR A NEW CENTURY |
|
|
|
Programmatic Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus--Associated Tuberculosis |
|
|
967 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Global Burden of TB and HIV Infection |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Current Interaction Between Tuberculosis and AIDS Programs |
|
|
968 | (4) |
|
Strategic Work to Decrease the Burden of TB--HIV |
|
|
972 | (1) |
|
Principles, Policies, and Guidelines for Implementing Collaborative TB--HIV Activities |
|
|
972 | (5) |
|
General Overview of Initiatives to Scale Up Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Poor Countries |
|
|
977 | (2) |
|
TB as an Entry Point to Antiretroviral Therapy: Benefits and Risks for TB Control |
|
|
979 | (6) |
|
|
|
980 | (5) |
|
Engaging Private Providers in Tuberculosis Control: Public-Private Mix for DOTS |
|
|
985 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
985 | (1) |
|
|
|
986 | (3) |
|
What Makes Public-Private Mix for DOTS Work? |
|
|
989 | (5) |
|
|
|
994 | (4) |
|
|
|
998 | (1) |
|
Scaling Up Public-Private Mix for DOTS |
|
|
999 | (2) |
|
Public-Private Mix for DOTS and the Millennium Development Goals |
|
|
1001 | (4) |
|
|
|
1002 | (3) |
|
Controlling Tuberculosis in Large Metropolitan Settings |
|
|
1005 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
Rapid Urbanization and Sprawling Slums |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
|
1007 | (3) |
|
Major Barriers to TB Control in Large Cities |
|
|
1010 | (3) |
|
Two Examples of TB Control in Large Cities |
|
|
1013 | (7) |
|
A Provisional Framework for TB Control in Large Cities |
|
|
1020 | (9) |
|
|
|
1024 | (5) |
|
Health Education and Social Mobilization in Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
1029 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
Health Education in TB Control |
|
|
1030 | (2) |
|
Social Mobilization in TB Control |
|
|
1032 | (3) |
|
Promoting Social Mobilization: The Experience of the National TB Control Program of Mexico |
|
|
1035 | (2) |
|
The Impact of Social Mobilization |
|
|
1037 | (4) |
|
|
|
1038 | (3) |
|
Workforce Constraints in Tuberculosis Control |
|
|
1041 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1041 | (1) |
|
Global Tuberculosis Control and Health Workforce Constraints |
|
|
1041 | (1) |
|
Human Resources for Health Constraints and Tuberculosis Control Targets |
|
|
1042 | (3) |
|
Positioning Tuberculosis Programs Within the Health System |
|
|
1045 | (4) |
|
Strategies and Policies Required |
|
|
1049 | (6) |
|
|
|
1055 | (4) |
|
|
|
1057 | (2) |
|
The Practical Approach to Lung Health Strategy for Integrated Respiratory Care |
|
|
1059 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1059 | (1) |
|
Burden of Respiratory Illnesses in Populations |
|
|
1060 | (1) |
|
Demand of Care for and Management of TB and Other Respiratory Illnesses in PHC Settings |
|
|
1061 | (3) |
|
Objectives of the PAL Strategy |
|
|
1064 | (1) |
|
Components of the PAL Strategy |
|
|
1065 | (1) |
|
Adaptation of the PAL Strategy |
|
|
1066 | (1) |
|
Steps to Introduce the PAL Strategy in Countries |
|
|
1067 | (8) |
|
Preliminary Results from Country Experiences |
|
|
1075 | (3) |
|
Perspectives of the PAL Strategy |
|
|
1078 | (1) |
|
|
|
1079 | (4) |
|
|
|
1080 | (3) |
|
The Responsibilities of Medical and Nursing Schools in Tuberculosis Care and Control in Countries with Medium and High Tuberculosis Incidence |
|
|
1083 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1083 | (1) |
|
The Social Responsibility of Training Institutes |
|
|
1084 | (1) |
|
Limitations of the Traditional Approach to the Teaching of TB |
|
|
1084 | (1) |
|
Introducing Innovative Teaching Techniques in TB Control |
|
|
1085 | (2) |
|
Basic Training for Health-Care Workers |
|
|
1087 | (3) |
|
|
|
1090 | (3) |
|
Participation in Continuous Training |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
Building Partnerships to Assess the Impact of Training on the Performance of National Programs |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
Enhancing the Quality of Training and Stemming the Outflow of Trained Staff |
|
|
1094 | (3) |
|
|
|
1094 | (3) |
|
Tuberculosis in the Poverty Alleviation Agenda |
|
|
1097 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1097 | (2) |
|
Associations Between TB and Poverty |
|
|
1099 | (7) |
|
TB Control and the Poverty-Reduction Agenda |
|
|
1106 | (4) |
|
|
|
1110 | (5) |
|
|
|
1111 | (4) |
|
SECTION VI: BUILDING THE FUTURE |
|
|
|
New Diagnostics for Tuberculosis: An Essential Element for Global Control and Elimination |
|
|
1115 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1115 | (1) |
|
The Need for Improved Diagnostics |
|
|
1116 | (2) |
|
Obstacles to TB Diagnostic Development |
|
|
1118 | (2) |
|
|
|
1120 | (2) |
|
Characteristics of Needed Tests |
|
|
1122 | (1) |
|
TB Diagnostics Currently in the Development Pipeline |
|
|
1122 | (6) |
|
Public-Private Partnerships and a Development Strategy |
|
|
1128 | (2) |
|
|
|
1130 | (5) |
|
|
|
1130 | (5) |
|
New Drugs for Tuberculosis |
|
|
1135 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1135 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Active Tuberculosis |
|
|
1135 | (1) |
|
|
|
1136 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Active TB in Individuals Infected with HIV |
|
|
1137 | (1) |
|
|
|
1137 | (1) |
|
The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development |
|
|
1137 | (1) |
|
The Drug Development Process |
|
|
1138 | (1) |
|
The Emerging Global Tuberculosis Drug Portfolio |
|
|
1139 | (9) |
|
Future Prospects in TB Drug Development |
|
|
1148 | (5) |
|
|
|
1149 | (4) |
|
The Future of Tuberculosis Vaccinology |
|
|
1153 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
The TB Vaccine Challenge: To Improve on Bacille Calmette-Guerin |
|
|
1153 | (2) |
|
The Genome and New Vaccine Candidates |
|
|
1155 | (6) |
|
|
|
1161 | (8) |
|
|
|
1164 | (5) |
|
Research Priorities in Tuberculosis |
|
|
1169 | (58) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Background and Introduction |
|
|
1169 | (7) |
|
Specific TB Research Priority Areas |
|
|
1176 | (51) |
|
|
|
1223 | (4) |
|
The New Stop TB Strategy of WHO: Reaching Global Targets |
|
|
1227 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1227 | (1) |
|
Challenges and Opportunities |
|
|
1228 | (2) |
|
|
|
1230 | (2) |
|
Components of the Stop TB Strategy |
|
|
1232 | (9) |
|
Measuring Global Progress and Impact |
|
|
1241 | (2) |
|
|
|
1243 | |
|
|
|
1244 | |
| Index |
|
1 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta