Acknowledgements |
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vii | |
List of figures |
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xiii | |
List of tables |
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xv | |
List of abbreviations |
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xix | |
Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
Part 1. Theoretical and methodological premises |
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5 | (144) |
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6 | (41) |
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6 | (20) |
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7 | (14) |
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1.1.2 Relative constructions |
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21 | (5) |
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1.2 Theoretical framework |
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26 | (3) |
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1.3 'Standard' and 'non-standard' |
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29 | (8) |
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1.3.1 Defining 'standard. and 'non-standard' |
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29 | (5) |
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1.3.2 On the usefulness of distinguishing standard from non-standard in linguistic research |
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34 | (3) |
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1.4 Relative clauses in European languages: the state of the art |
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37 | (8) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (26) |
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2.1 Looking for non-standard constructions |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (3) |
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2.3 A review of data sources |
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55 | (18) |
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2.3.1 Linguistic evidence |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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2.3.7 Language corpora vs. the World Wide Web |
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68 | (2) |
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2.3.8 Historical evidence |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (76) |
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74 | (5) |
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79 | (33) |
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3.2.1 Simple relative elements |
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87 | (11) |
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3.2.2 Combined relative elements |
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98 | (14) |
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3.3 Syntactic positions relativized |
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112 | (3) |
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3.4 Correlating the parameters |
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115 | (7) |
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3.5 Classification problems |
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122 | (29) |
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3.5.1 How 'relative' are relative particles? |
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123 | (6) |
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3.5.2 The morphosyntactic status of Turkish ki |
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129 | (7) |
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3.5.3 Zero-marker or coordinate clauses'? |
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136 | (3) |
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3.5.4 Simple or combined? |
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139 | (2) |
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3.5.5 The status of adpositions |
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141 | (4) |
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3.5.6 One strategy or two? |
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145 | (4) |
Part 2. An areal study of non-standard relative constructions in European languages |
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149 | (222) |
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151 | (104) |
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151 | (21) |
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4.1.1 The postnominal strategy |
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152 | (6) |
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4.1.2 The correlative strategy |
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158 | (10) |
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4.1.3 The posiposed strategy |
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168 | (4) |
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172 | (44) |
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4.2.1 Inflected elements remain uninflected |
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172 | (10) |
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4.2.2 The syntactic role of the relativized item in the RC is not encoded |
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182 | (11) |
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4.2.3 The diffusion of relative particles |
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193 | (14) |
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4.2.4 Other phenomena related to relative elements |
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207 | (9) |
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4.3 Syntactic positions relativized |
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216 | (24) |
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218 | (4) |
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222 | (6) |
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228 | (5) |
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233 | (4) |
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4.3.5 Avoiding the relative clause |
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237 | (3) |
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4.4 Typological conclusions |
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240 | (11) |
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4.5 A functional account? |
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251 | (4) |
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255 | (42) |
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5.1 Non-standard vs. standard relative constructions: a sociolinguistic account |
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256 | (17) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (6) |
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5.1.3 Syntactic position relativized |
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269 | (4) |
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5.2 A scale of standardness for relative constructions in European languages |
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273 | (17) |
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5.2.1 The degree of standardness of individual strategies |
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277 | (6) |
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5.2.2 The relationship between strategies |
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283 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Factors influencing the position of languages on the scale |
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285 | (5) |
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5.3 Standard, non-standard and speakers' choices |
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290 | (7) |
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297 | (74) |
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6.1 Non-standard relative constructions: diachronic evidence . |
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298 | (4) |
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302 | (10) |
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6.2.1 Turkish ki and the postnominal strategy in Basque . |
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302 | (3) |
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6.2.2 The correlative strategy |
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305 | (6) |
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6.2.3 The postposed strategy |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (22) |
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312 | (9) |
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6.3.2 Specialized relative elements |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (5) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (3) |
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6.4 Syntactic positions relativized |
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334 | (12) |
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335 | (5) |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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6.5 The development of (non-)standard relative constructions: a proposal |
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346 | (21) |
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6.5.1 Stage 1: no endoglossic standard |
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350 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Stage 2: the formation of an endoglossic standard |
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351 | (7) |
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6.5.3 Stage 3: the continuum of standard and non-standard varieties |
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358 | (8) |
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6.5.4 Further developments |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (4) |
Part 3. Construction-based language-specific case studies |
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371 | (46) |
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7 Presentative constructions in German discussion forums |
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373 | (14) |
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373 | (1) |
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7.2 Preliminaries to the corpus analysis |
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373 | (5) |
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7.2.1 The constructions under investigation |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (1) |
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7.3 Postnominal vs. postposed relative clauses |
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378 | (3) |
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7.4 Relative pronoun vs. relative particle |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (4) |
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8 Relative constructions in a spoken Russian corpus |
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387 | (30) |
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387 | (1) |
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8.2 Preliminaries to the corpus analysis |
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388 | (11) |
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8.2.1 Russian linguistic varieties |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (5) |
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8.2.3 The constructions under investigation |
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395 | (4) |
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8.3 Quantitative analysis |
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399 | (3) |
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402 | (11) |
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413 | (3) |
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416 | (1) |
Summary and outlook |
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417 | (9) |
Appendix A The language sample |
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426 | (2) |
Appendix B The questionnaires |
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428 | (5) |
Notes |
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433 | (7) |
References |
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440 | (24) |
Index of languages |
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464 | (4) |
Index of authors |
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468 | (6) |
Index of subjects |
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474 | |