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E-raamat: Relative Constructions in European Non-Standard Varieties

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Cross-linguistic studies on relative constructions in European languages are often centred on standard varieties as described in reference grammars. This volume breaks with the tradition in that it investigates relative constructions in non-standard varieties from a multidisciplinary perspective and addresses a crucial question: what does Europe's typological panorama actually look like?

Adriano Murelli, Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, Germany.
Acknowledgements vii
List of figures xiii
List of tables xv
List of abbreviations xix
Introduction 1(4)
Part
1. Theoretical and methodological premises
5(144)
1 Theoretical background
6(41)
1.1 Basic definitions
6(20)
1.1.1 Relative relations
7(14)
1.1.2 Relative constructions
21(5)
1.2 Theoretical framework
26(3)
1.3 'Standard' and 'non-standard'
29(8)
1.3.1 Defining 'standard. and 'non-standard'
29(5)
1.3.2 On the usefulness of distinguishing standard from non-standard in linguistic research
34(3)
1.4 Relative clauses in European languages: the state of the art
37(8)
1.5 Aims of the study
45(2)
2 Data sources
47(26)
2.1 Looking for non-standard constructions
47(5)
2.2 Language sample
52(3)
2.3 A review of data sources
55(18)
2.3.1 Linguistic evidence
55(2)
2.3.2 Grammars
57(3)
2.3.3 Linguistic studies
60(2)
2.3.4 Questionnaires
62(3)
2.3.5 Language corpora
65(2)
2.3.6 The World Wide Web
67(1)
2.3.7 Language corpora vs. the World Wide Web
68(2)
2.3.8 Historical evidence
70(2)
2.3.9 Summary
72(1)
3 Data classification
73(76)
3.1 Word order
74(5)
3.2 Relative element
79(33)
3.2.1 Simple relative elements
87(11)
3.2.2 Combined relative elements
98(14)
3.3 Syntactic positions relativized
112(3)
3.4 Correlating the parameters
115(7)
3.5 Classification problems
122(29)
3.5.1 How 'relative' are relative particles?
123(6)
3.5.2 The morphosyntactic status of Turkish ki
129(7)
3.5.3 Zero-marker or coordinate clauses'?
136(3)
3.5.4 Simple or combined?
139(2)
3.5.5 The status of adpositions
141(4)
3.5.6 One strategy or two?
145(4)
Part
2. An areal study of non-standard relative constructions in European languages
149(222)
4 Typological issues
151(104)
4.1 Word order
151(21)
4.1.1 The postnominal strategy
152(6)
4.1.2 The correlative strategy
158(10)
4.1.3 The posiposed strategy
168(4)
4.2 Relative element
172(44)
4.2.1 Inflected elements remain uninflected
172(10)
4.2.2 The syntactic role of the relativized item in the RC is not encoded
182(11)
4.2.3 The diffusion of relative particles
193(14)
4.2.4 Other phenomena related to relative elements
207(9)
4.3 Syntactic positions relativized
216(24)
4.3.1 Decumulation
218(4)
4.3.2 Double encoding
222(6)
4.3.3 No encoding
228(5)
4.3.4 Case matching
233(4)
4.3.5 Avoiding the relative clause
237(3)
4.4 Typological conclusions
240(11)
4.5 A functional account?
251(4)
5 Sociolinguistic issues
255(42)
5.1 Non-standard vs. standard relative constructions: a sociolinguistic account
256(17)
5.1.1 Word order
262(1)
5.1.2 Relative element
263(6)
5.1.3 Syntactic position relativized
269(4)
5.2 A scale of standardness for relative constructions in European languages
273(17)
5.2.1 The degree of standardness of individual strategies
277(6)
5.2.2 The relationship between strategies
283(2)
5.2.3 Factors influencing the position of languages on the scale
285(5)
5.3 Standard, non-standard and speakers' choices
290(7)
6 Diachronic issues
297(74)
6.1 Non-standard relative constructions: diachronic evidence .
298(4)
6.2 Word order
302(10)
6.2.1 Turkish ki and the postnominal strategy in Basque .
302(3)
6.2.2 The correlative strategy
305(6)
6.2.3 The postposed strategy
311(1)
6.3 Relative element
312(22)
6.3.1 Relative pronouns
312(9)
6.3.2 Specialized relative elements
321(3)
6.3.3 Relative particles
324(5)
6.3.4 The zero-marker
329(2)
6.3.5 Combined elements
331(3)
6.4 Syntactic positions relativized
334(12)
6.4.1 Decumulation
335(5)
6.4.2 Double encoding
340(3)
6.4.3 No encoding
343(2)
6.4.4 Case matching
345(1)
6.5 The development of (non-)standard relative constructions: a proposal
346(21)
6.5.1 Stage 1: no endoglossic standard
350(1)
6.5.2 Stage 2: the formation of an endoglossic standard
351(7)
6.5.3 Stage 3: the continuum of standard and non-standard varieties
358(8)
6.5.4 Further developments
366(1)
6.6 Concluding remarks
367(4)
Part
3. Construction-based language-specific case studies
371(46)
7 Presentative constructions in German discussion forums
373(14)
7.1 Aims of the study
373(1)
7.2 Preliminaries to the corpus analysis
373(5)
7.2.1 The constructions under investigation
373(4)
7.2.2 The database
377(1)
7.3 Postnominal vs. postposed relative clauses
378(3)
7.4 Relative pronoun vs. relative particle
381(2)
7.5 Discussion
383(4)
8 Relative constructions in a spoken Russian corpus
387(30)
8.1 Aims of the study
387(1)
8.2 Preliminaries to the corpus analysis
388(11)
8.2.1 Russian linguistic varieties
388(2)
8.2.2 The corpus
390(5)
8.2.3 The constructions under investigation
395(4)
8.3 Quantitative analysis
399(3)
8.4 Qualitative analysis
402(11)
8.5 Discussion
413(3)
8.6 The informants
416(1)
Summary and outlook 417(9)
Appendix A The language sample 426(2)
Appendix B The questionnaires 428(5)
Notes 433(7)
References 440(24)
Index of languages 464(4)
Index of authors 468(6)
Index of subjects 474
Adriano Murelli, Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, Germany.