Foreword |
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ix | |
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Series Editor's Preface |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
About the Author |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
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1 The Origins and Evolution of Quality and Reliability |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Sixty Years of Evolving Electronic Equipment Technology |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Manufacturing Processes - From Manual Skills to Automation |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Component Placement Machines |
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5 | (1) |
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1.5 Automatic Test Equipment |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.8 Electronic System Reliability - Folklore versus Reality |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.10 The Truth about Arrhenius |
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13 | (2) |
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1.11 The Demise of MIL-HDBK-217 |
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15 | (3) |
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1.12 The Benefits of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Products |
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18 | (2) |
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1.13 The MoD Smart Procurement Initiative |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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1.15 The Importance of Understanding Physics of Failure (PoF) |
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23 | (4) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (2) |
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2 Product Lifecycle Management |
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27 | (26) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (5) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.7 A Process Capability Maturity Model |
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42 | (5) |
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2.8 When and How to Define The Distribution Strategy |
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47 | (1) |
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2.9 Transfer of Design to Manufacturing - The High-Risk Phase |
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48 | (1) |
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2.10 Outsourcing - Understanding and Minimising the Risks |
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49 | (1) |
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2.11 How Product Reliability is Increasingly Threatened in the Twenty-First Century |
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50 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (36) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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3.3 Potential Failure Mechanisms in Materials and Components |
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56 | (15) |
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3.4 Techniques for Failure Analysis of Components and Assemblies |
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71 | (4) |
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3.5 Transition from Tin-Lead to Lead-Free Soldering |
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75 | (2) |
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3.6 High-Temperature Electronics and Extreme-Temperature Electronics |
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77 | (2) |
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3.7 Some Illustrations of Failure Mechanisms |
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79 | (10) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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4 Heat Transfer - Theory and Practice |
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89 | (24) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (6) |
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96 | (4) |
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100 | (6) |
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106 | (1) |
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4.6 Principles of Temperature Measurement |
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106 | (4) |
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4.7 Temperature Cycling and Thermal Shock |
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110 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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5 Shock and Vibration - Theory and Practice |
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113 | (36) |
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113 | (1) |
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5.2 Sources of Shock Pulses in the Real Environment |
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114 | (1) |
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5.3 Response of Electronic Equipment to Shock Pulses |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (4) |
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5.5 Product Shock Fragility |
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120 | (6) |
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5.6 Shock and Vibration Isolation Techniques |
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126 | (7) |
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5.7 Sources of Vibration in the Real Environment |
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133 | (1) |
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5.8 Response of Electronic Equipment to Vibration |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
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5.10 Vibration-Test Fixtures |
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139 | (10) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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6 Achieving Environmental-Test Realism |
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149 | (36) |
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149 | (1) |
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6.2 Environmental-Testing Objectives |
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150 | (2) |
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6.3 Environmental-Test Specifications and Standards |
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152 | (5) |
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157 | (1) |
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6.5 The Role of the Test Technician |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (5) |
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164 | (4) |
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6.8 Chemical and Biological Testing |
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168 | (1) |
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6.9 Combined Environment Testing |
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169 | (6) |
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6.10 Electromagnetic Compatibility |
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175 | (4) |
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6.11 Avoiding Misinterpretation of Test Standards and Specifications |
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179 | (6) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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7 Essential Reliability Technology Disciplines in Design |
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185 | (32) |
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185 | (1) |
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7.2 Robust Design and Quality Loss Function |
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186 | (6) |
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192 | (3) |
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7.4 Concept, Parameter and Tolerance Design |
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195 | (4) |
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7.5 Understanding Product Whole Lifecycle Environment |
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199 | (4) |
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7.6 Defining User Requirement for Failure-Free Operation |
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203 | (2) |
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7.7 Component Anatomy, Materials and Mechanical Architecture |
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205 | (1) |
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7.8 Design for Testability |
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206 | (5) |
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7.9 Design for Manufacturability |
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211 | (2) |
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7.10 Define Product Distribution Strategy |
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213 | (4) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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8 Essential Reliability Technology Disciplines in Development |
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217 | (34) |
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217 | (1) |
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8.2 Understanding and Achieving Test Realism |
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218 | (1) |
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8.3 Qualification Testing |
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219 | (1) |
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8.4 Stress Margin Analysis and Functional Performance Stability |
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219 | (10) |
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8.5 Premature Failure Stimulation |
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229 | (1) |
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8.6 Accelerated Ageing vs. Accelerated Life Testing |
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229 | (3) |
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8.7 Design and Proving of Distribution Packaging |
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232 | (19) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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9 Essential Reliability Technology Disciplines in Manufacturing |
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251 | (40) |
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251 | (1) |
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9.2 Manufacturing Planning |
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252 | (1) |
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9.3 Manufacturing Process Capability |
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253 | (4) |
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9.4 Manufacturing Process Management and Control |
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257 | (10) |
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9.5 Non-invasive Inspection Techniques |
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267 | (2) |
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9.6 Manufacturing Handling Procedures |
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269 | (10) |
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9.7 Lead-Free Soldering - A True Perspective |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (6) |
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9.9 Production Reliability Acceptance Testing |
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287 | (4) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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10 Environmental-Stress Screening |
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291 | (46) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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10.3 Thermal-Stress Screening |
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294 | (19) |
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10.4 Developing a Thermal-Stress Screen |
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313 | (2) |
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10.5 Vibration-Stress Screening |
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315 | (2) |
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10.6 Developing a Vibration-Stress Screen |
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317 | (9) |
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10.7 Combined Environment-Stress Screening |
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326 | (1) |
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10.8 Other Stress Screening Methodologies |
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327 | (1) |
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10.9 Estimating Product Life Consumed by Stress Screening |
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328 | (1) |
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10.10 An Environmental-Stress Screening Case Study |
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329 | (8) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (30) |
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337 | (3) |
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11.2 Thermal Expansion Stresses Generated within a PTH Due to Temperature Cycling |
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340 | (2) |
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11.3 Shear Tear-Out Stresses in Through-Hole Solder Joints |
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342 | (4) |
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11.4 Axial Forces on a Through-Hole Component Lead Wire |
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346 | (2) |
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11.5 SMC QFP - Solder-Joint Shear Stresses |
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348 | (9) |
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11.6 Frequency and Peak Half-Amplitude Displacement Calculations |
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357 | (1) |
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11.7 Random Vibration - Converting G2/Hz to GRMS |
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358 | (2) |
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11.8 Accelerated Ageing - Temperature Cycling and Vibration |
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360 | (3) |
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11.9 Stress Screening - Production Vibration Fixture Design |
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363 | (4) |
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365 | (2) |
Appendix 1 Physical Properties of Materials |
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367 | (10) |
Appendix 2 Unit Conversion Tables |
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377 | (6) |
Index |
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383 | |