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E-raamat: Religious Freedom and the Australian Constitution: Origins and Future

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This book examines the origins of Australia’s constitutional religious freedom provision. It explores, on the one hand, the political activities and motives of religious leaders seeking to give the Australian Constitution a religious character and, on the other, the political activities and motives of a religious minority seeking to prevent the Australian Constitution having a religious character. The book also interrogates the argument advanced at the Federal Convention in favour of section 116, dealing with separation of religion and government, and argues that until now scholars and courts have misunderstood that argument. The book casts new light to show how the origins of the provision lead to section 116 being conceptualised as a safeguard against religious intolerance on the part of the Commonwealth. Written in an accessible style, the work has potential to influence the development of constitutional doctrine by the High Court through its challenge of historical assumptions on which the High Court’s current doctrine is based. Given the ongoing political debates concerning the interaction of discrimination law and religious freedom, the book will be of interest to academics and policy-makers working in the areas of law and religion, constitutional law and comparative law.

Arvustused

'As matters of religion become more contentious in Australia, Beck's thorough, clear and insightful analysis of the religion provisions of the Australian constitution is welcome and timely. This book provides a fascinating history of the legal, political and social aspects of one of the few rights provisions of the constitution.'

Carolyn Evans, the University of Melbourne, Australia

'The Australian Constitutions references to religion have long been misunderstood. This work of meticulous and engaging scholarship uncovers their true historical origins and explains their foundational meaning. In doing so, it throws light on Australias historical culture, underlining its significance for both legal and popular understanding of law and religion today. Becks book will change minds.'

Helen Irving, The University of Sydney, Australia

'Does Australia's Constitution protect religious freedom? Does it separate religion and state? Luke Beck has given us a genuinely original, meticulously-researched and eye-opening take on how the Constitution's religion clauses got there, and what they mean - with potentially far-reaching consequences. More, it's thoroughly readable!'

Marion Maddox, Macquarie University, Australia

Foreword: The Honourable Robert S. French AC, Chief Justice of Australia 2008--2017 x
Acknowledgements xvi
1 A sabbath breaker in the stocks
1(8)
2 Arguing for a religious character to the Australian Constitution
9(11)
A vague craving for official recognition of the authority of God
9(3)
The New South Wales Council of Churches and the campaign for constitutional recognition of God
12(3)
The church leaders' motives
15(5)
3 Arguing against a religious character to the Australian Constitution
20(12)
The Seventh Day Adventists sound a warning
20(1)
The Seventh Day Adventist campaign against constitutional recognition of God
21(2)
Familiar harpings from America
23(1)
The Seventh Day Adventists' legal reasoning
24(4)
The Seventh Day Adventists' theological reasoning
28(4)
4 A constitutional recognition of God
32(16)
Leaving prayer to its proper place
32(3)
Time to bombard Parliament with petitions
35(2)
The colonial parliaments endorse constitutional recognition of God
37(5)
The Federal Convention acquiesces
42(2)
What do the religious words of the preamble mean?
44(4)
5 A constitutional prohibition against religious laws
48(11)
Higgins alleges ulterior motives
48(3)
The first debate in the Federal Convention
51(1)
The second debate in the Federal Convention
52(6)
The Federal Convention agrees to a constitutional prohibition on religious laws
58(1)
6 The argument for section 116
59(19)
The standard account of Higgins' argument for section 116
59(2)
What did Higgins say?
61(2)
What was Church of the Holy Trinity really about?
63(3)
The Sunday Closing statute
66(2)
Higgins' thinking
68(4)
Higgins' argument reconsidered
72(3)
Section 116 as an exception to express powers
75(3)
7 The language of section 116
78(20)
Language matters
78(1)
Andrew Inglis Clark's draft Constitution
79(2)
Clark's provisions at the 1891 Convention
81(3)
The Seventh Day Adventists' petitions
84(2)
The Federal Convention's Adelaide language
86(2)
The Federal Convention's February language
88(4)
The Federal Convention's March language
92(4)
The Drafting Committee's final language
96(1)
The discordance between section 116's purpose and language
97(1)
8 The original understanding of section 116
98(16)
The word `for'
98(2)
Establishment
100(3)
Religious observance
103(2)
Free exercise
105(2)
Religious tests
107(2)
American jurisprudence
109(2)
The Federal Convention was not concerned with precise meanings
111(3)
9 Section 116 as a safeguard against religious intolerance
114(16)
What is the point of section 116?
114(1)
The neutrality theory
115(3)
The safeguard against religious intolerance theory
118(3)
Comparing the two theories
121(2)
Why the neutrality theory is wrong
123(5)
Why the safeguard against intolerance theory is right
128(2)
10 H V Evatt's attempts to amend section 116 in the 1940s
130(13)
Evatt's determination to expand section 116
130(1)
From shield to sword: the 1942 Referendum Bill
130(3)
The sword reverts to a shield: the 1942 Convention
133(4)
Evatt tries and fails again: the 1944 referendum
137(6)
11 Post-war attempts to amend section 116
143(13)
The Australian Constitutional Convention of 1973--1985
143(2)
Whitlam's attempt to extend section 116 to the States
145(3)
The Constitutional Commission of 1985--1988
148(4)
The 1988 rights and freedoms referendum
152(4)
12 The future of section 116
156(11)
How does section 116 provide a safeguard against religious intolerance?
156(2)
Section 116 is concerned with the practical operation of laws
158(3)
Section 116 should not be interpreted narrowly
161(2)
Section 116 should be interpreted to avoid religious intolerance on the part of the Commonwealth
163(2)
The future of Section 116
165(2)
Bibliography 167(9)
Index 176
Dr Luke Beck is Associate Professor at Monash University, Australia.