Preface |
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xiii | |
Acronyms |
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xv | |
About the Companion Website |
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xxiii | |
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1 Introduction to Remote Sensing |
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1 | (10) |
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1.1 How Remote Sensing Works |
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4 | (5) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (22) |
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2.1 Computation of Elliptical Orbits |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (7) |
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2.3 Geosynchronous Orbits |
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23 | (5) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.5 Satellite Orbit Prediction |
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29 | (1) |
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2.6 Satellite Orbital Trade-offs |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (66) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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3.3 Radiometric Sensor Response |
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37 | (4) |
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37 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Example Sensor Response Calculations |
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40 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Response of a Sensor with a Partially-Filled FOV |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (4) |
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3.4.1 Planck's Radiation Law |
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41 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Microwave Blackbody |
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42 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Limits |
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43 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law |
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43 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Wein's Displacement Law |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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3.4.7 Equivalent Blackbody Temperature |
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44 | (1) |
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3.5 IR Sea Surface Temperature |
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45 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Contributors to Infrared Measurements |
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45 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Correction of Low-Altitude Infrared Measurements |
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46 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Correction of High-Altitude Infrared Measurements |
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48 | (1) |
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3.6 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer |
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49 | (5) |
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3.7 Propagation in Seawater |
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54 | (4) |
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3.8 Smooth Surface Reflectance |
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58 | (2) |
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3.9 Rough Surface Reflectance |
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60 | (3) |
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3.10 Ocean Thermal Boundary Layer |
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63 | (3) |
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3.11 Operational SST Measurements |
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66 | (11) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (2) |
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3.11.3 AVHRR SST Algorithms |
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70 | (1) |
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3.11.4 Example AVHRR Images |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.12 Land Temperature - Theory |
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77 | (3) |
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3.13 Operational Land Temperature |
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80 | (6) |
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3.14 Terrestrial Evapotranspiration |
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86 | (1) |
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3.15 Geologic Remote Sensing |
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87 | (4) |
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3.15.1 Linear Mixture Theory and Spectral Unmixing |
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90 | (1) |
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3.16 Atmospheric Sounding |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (4) |
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4 Optical Sensing - Ocean Color |
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99 | (44) |
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4.1 Introduction to Ocean Color |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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4.4 Water-Leaving Radiance |
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107 | (3) |
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4.5 Water Column Reflectance |
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110 | (5) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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4.6 Remote Sensing Reflectance |
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115 | (2) |
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4.7 Ocean Color Data - Case 1 Water |
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117 | (2) |
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4.7.1 Other Uses of Ocean Color |
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118 | (1) |
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4.8 Atmospheric Corrections |
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119 | (5) |
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4.9 Ocean Color Satellite Sensors |
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124 | (11) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (2) |
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4.10 Ocean Chlorophyll Fluorescence |
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135 | (5) |
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140 | (3) |
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5 Optical Sensing - Land Surfaces |
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143 | (36) |
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143 | (1) |
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5.2 Radiation over a Lambertian Surface |
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143 | (4) |
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5.3 Atmospheric Corrections |
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147 | (1) |
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5.4 Scattering from Vegetation |
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147 | (6) |
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5.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index |
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153 | (5) |
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5.6 Vegetation Condition and Temperature Condition Indices |
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158 | (1) |
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5.7 Vegetation Indices from Hyperspectral Data |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (3) |
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5.9 High-resolution EO sensors |
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164 | (12) |
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164 | (1) |
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5.9.2 First-Generation Systems |
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164 | (4) |
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5.9.3 Second-Generation Systems |
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168 | (4) |
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5.9.4 Third-Generation Systems |
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172 | (2) |
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5.9.5 Commercial Smallsat Systems |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (50) |
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6.1 Introduction to Microwave Radiometry |
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179 | (1) |
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6.2 Microwave Radiometers |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (4) |
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182 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Antenna Temperature |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.5 Passive Microwave Sensing of the Ocean |
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188 | (10) |
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6.5.1 Atmospheric Transmission |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Seawater Emissivity |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Fresnel Reflection Coefficients, Emissivity, and Skin Depth |
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190 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Sky Radiometric Temperature |
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191 | (2) |
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6.5.5 Sea Surface Brightness Temperature |
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193 | (4) |
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6.5.6 Wind Direction from Polarization |
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197 | (1) |
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6.6 Satellite Microwave Radiometers |
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198 | (9) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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6.6.3 SSM/I Wind Algorithm |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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6.7 Microwave Radiometry of Sea Ice |
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207 | (6) |
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213 | (5) |
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6.9 Microwave Radiometry of Land Surfaces |
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218 | (4) |
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6.10 Atmospheric Sounding |
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222 | (4) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (22) |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (5) |
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244 | (1) |
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7.6 Example Terrestrial Radars |
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245 | (4) |
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245 | (3) |
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7.6.2 HF Surface Wave Radar |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (30) |
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8.1 Introduction to Altimeters |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (3) |
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8.4 Altimeter Significant Wave Height |
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260 | (3) |
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8.5 Altimeter Sea Surface Height |
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263 | (5) |
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263 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Pulse-limited vs Beam-limited Altimeter |
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263 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Altimeter Pulse Timing Precision |
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264 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Altimeter Range Corrections |
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264 | (4) |
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8.6 Sea Surface Topography |
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268 | (6) |
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8.7 Measuring Gravity and Bathymetry |
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274 | (1) |
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8.8 Delay-Doppler Altimeter |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (28) |
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281 | (6) |
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287 | (4) |
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9.3 RCS Dependence on Wind |
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291 | (2) |
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9.4 Scatterometer Algorithms |
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293 | (4) |
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9.5 Fan-Beam Scatterometers |
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297 | (3) |
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9.6 Conical-Scan Pencil-Beam Scatterometers |
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300 | (4) |
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9.7 Conical-Scan Fan-Beam Scatterometers |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (2) |
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10 Synthetic Aperture Radar |
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309 | (84) |
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309 | (4) |
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10.2 SAR Azimuth Resolution |
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313 | (7) |
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10.2.1 Doppler Time History |
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313 | (3) |
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10.2.2 Azimuth Extent, Integration Time, and Doppler Bandwidth |
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316 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Azimuth Resolution |
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316 | (2) |
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10.2.4 SAR Timing, Resolution, and Swath Limits |
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318 | (1) |
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10.2.5 The Magic of SAR Exposed |
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319 | (1) |
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10.3 SAR Image Formation and Image Quality |
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320 | (2) |
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10.4 SAR Imaging of Moving Scatterers |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (4) |
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10.6.1 Polarimetric Response of Canonical Targets |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Compact Polarimetry |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (9) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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10.7.8 Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (7) |
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10.8.1 Cross-Track Interferometry |
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339 | (2) |
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10.8.2 Along-Track Interferometry |
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341 | (3) |
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10.8.3 Differential Interferometry |
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344 | (1) |
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10.8.4 Tomographic Interferometry |
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344 | (1) |
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10.8.5 High-Resolution, Wide-Swath SAR |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (42) |
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10.9.1 SAR Ocean Surface Waves |
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347 | (6) |
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353 | (7) |
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360 | (4) |
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10.9.4 SAR Ocean Internal Waves |
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364 | (6) |
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370 | (4) |
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10.9.6 SAR Oil Slicks and Ship Detection |
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374 | (6) |
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10.9.7 SAR Land Mapping Applications and Distortions |
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380 | (6) |
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10.9.8 SAR Agricultural Applications |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (5) |
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393 | (20) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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11.2.1 Direct vs Coherent Detection |
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394 | (1) |
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11.3 Processes Driving Lidar Returns |
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395 | (2) |
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11.3.1 Elastic Scattering |
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395 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Inelastic Scattering |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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11.4 Lidar Range Equation |
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397 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Point Scattering Target |
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397 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Lambertian Surface |
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398 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Elastic Volume Scattering |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (2) |
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11.5 Lidar Receiver Types |
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400 | (2) |
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11.5.1 Linear (full waveform) Lidar |
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400 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Single Photon Lidar |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (3) |
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11.6.1 NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper |
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402 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Space-Based Lidar Altimeters (IceSat-1 & 2) |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (1) |
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11.7 Lidar Atmospheric Sensing |
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405 | (6) |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (3) |
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411 | (2) |
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12 Other Remote Sensing and Future Missions |
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413 | (46) |
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12.1 Other Types of Remote Sensing |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (5) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (2) |
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Appendix B Definitions of Common Angles |
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423 | (4) |
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Appendix C Example Radiometric Calculations |
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427 | (6) |
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Appendix D Optical Sensors |
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433 | (14) |
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D.1 Example Optical Sensors |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (2) |
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D.1.2 Charge-Coupled Devices |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (1) |
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D.1.4 Bolometers and Microbolometers |
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440 | (2) |
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D.2 Optical Sensor Design Examples |
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442 | (1) |
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D.2.1 Computing Exposure Times |
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442 | (2) |
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D.2.2 Impact of Digitization and Shot Noise on Contrast Detection |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (2) |
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Appendix E Radar Design Example |
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447 | (8) |
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Appendix F Remote Sensing Resources on the Internet |
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455 | (2) |
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F.1 Information and Tutorials |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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F.3 Data Processing Tools |
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456 | (1) |
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F.4 Satellite and Sensor Databases |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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Appendix G Useful Trigonometric Identities |
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457 | (2) |
Index |
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459 | |