Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
About the Author |
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xxviii | |
Chapter 1 The Context of Social Work Research |
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1 | (27) |
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The Functions of Research in Social Work |
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6 | (5) |
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Promoting Science as a Way of Knowing |
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7 | (2) |
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Increasing Accountability |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Enhancing Access to Scarce Resources |
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10 | (1) |
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Case-In-Point: Research Proves Critical To Maintaining Home Visitation Programming |
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10 | (1) |
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Controversies in the History of Social Work Research |
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11 | (7) |
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Historical Controversy 1: Is Social Work a Profession? |
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11 | (1) |
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Historical Controversy 2: Do Social Workers Use Research? |
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12 | (1) |
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Historical Controversy 3: Is Research Relevant to Social Work? |
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13 | (4) |
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The Emergence of Logical Positivism |
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13 | (2) |
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Interpretivism: The Alternative to Positivism |
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15 | (1) |
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A Comparison of Positivist and Interpretivist Research |
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16 | (1) |
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Lessons Learned from the Controversies |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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Quick Guide 1: Guidelines For Incorporating Research Into Social Work |
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19 | (1) |
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National Association of Social Workers |
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19 | (1) |
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Council on Social Work Education |
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20 | (1) |
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Trends that Support Research Utilization |
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20 | (3) |
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21 | (1) |
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Government Performance and Results Act |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Research in Professional Social Work Practice |
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23 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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Research Opportunities for Entry-Level Social Workers |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
Chapter 2 The Politics and Ethics of Social Work Research |
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28 | (25) |
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Case-In-Point: Dismissive Attitudes Toward Data |
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31 | (1) |
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Social Work Research: The Means to Social Justice |
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31 | (1) |
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Funding for Social Work Research |
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32 | (3) |
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Research Priorities: What's Hot, What's Not |
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33 | (2) |
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Case-In-Point: The Politics Of Intervening |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (14) |
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Case-In-Point: Blood Victory Day |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (12) |
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Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) |
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38 | (2) |
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Case-In-Point: The Problem With Retractions |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (3) |
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Case-In-Point: Obtaining A High Rate Of Participation Through Active Consent |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Incentives for Participation |
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48 | (1) |
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Confidentiality and Anonymity |
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48 | (1) |
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The Ethics of Internet Research |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
Chapter 3 Research Problems and Research Questions |
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53 | (33) |
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Understanding the Research Process |
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54 | (2) |
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Identifying the Research Problem |
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56 | (8) |
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Defining the Real Problem |
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59 | (1) |
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Case-In-Point: Prevention Program Fails To Accurately Identify The Problem |
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59 | (1) |
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Making The Case To Study A Research Problem |
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60 | (4) |
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Find Relevant Information Sources |
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60 | (1) |
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Evaluate The Credibility Of Information Sources |
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61 | (1) |
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Striving For Cultural Proficiency |
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61 | (2) |
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Quick Guide 2: Framework For Evaluating The Credibility Of Information Sources |
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62 | (1) |
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Acknowledge Personal Biases |
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63 | (1) |
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Assess Bias in the Literature |
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63 | (1) |
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Assess Bias in Agencies and Organizations |
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63 | (1) |
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Acquire Prerequisite Knowledge |
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63 | (1) |
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Differentiate "Research for" From "Research on" |
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64 | (1) |
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Involve Members of the Cultural Group |
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64 | (1) |
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Refining the Research Question |
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64 | (19) |
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Formulating the General Research Question |
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64 | (6) |
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Avoid Value-Laden Questions |
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65 | (1) |
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Categorize Research Questions by Their Purpose |
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65 | (1) |
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Conduct a Literature Review |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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Case-In-Point: Three Theories Used To Formulate Research Questions About Relationships And The Internet |
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69 | (1) |
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Select The Right Research Question For The Study |
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69 | (1) |
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Formulating A Researchable, Specific Research Question |
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70 | (19) |
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Identify And Define Concepts |
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70 | (3) |
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Case-In-Point: Poverty: Outdated Definition Of Poverty Leads To More Specific Alternatives For Research |
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72 | (1) |
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Analyze The Feasibility Of How The Concept Is Defined |
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73 | (1) |
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Define The Unit Of Analysis |
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73 | (1) |
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Anchor The Question In Time And Place |
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74 | (2) |
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Case-In-Point: Exploratory Research: Physical Activity And Young Children |
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75 | (1) |
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Developing Research Hypotheses |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Case-In-Point: Descriptive Research: Women And Contraception |
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79 | (1) |
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Formulating Culturally Proficient Research Questions And Hypotheses |
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79 | (3) |
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Case-In-Point: Explanatory Research: Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care |
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81 | (1) |
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Finding Research Questions and Hypotheses in Published Research |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
Chapter 4 Single Subject Research |
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86 | (29) |
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The Value of Single Subject Research |
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88 | (1) |
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The Single Subject Research Model |
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89 | (6) |
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Variables for Single Subject Research |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Single Subject Research Designs |
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95 | (6) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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Multiple Component Design |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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Changing Criterion Design |
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100 | (1) |
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Success in Single Subject Research |
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101 | (10) |
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Analysis of Single Subject Research |
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102 | (6) |
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102 | (2) |
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Analyzing the Standard Deviation |
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104 | (4) |
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Quick Guide 3: Excel Tutorial: Graphing The Results Of Single Subject Research |
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105 | (1) |
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Case-In-Point: Using Standard Deviation In SSR Graph Demonstrates Success In Improving Bedtime Behavior |
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106 | (2) |
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Benefits of Using Single Subject Research to Inform Practice |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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View of the Larger Context |
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109 | (1) |
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Promoting Critical Thinking |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Drawbacks of Using Single Subject Research to Inform Practice |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
Chapter 5 Research in Agencies and Communities |
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115 | (36) |
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Types of Program Evaluation |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (5) |
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Types of Information for Needs Assessment |
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119 | (2) |
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Research Methods in Needs Assessment |
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121 | (2) |
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Case-In-Point: Assessing Need For Rainn Online Sexual Assault Services |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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Foundations of Effective Program Structure |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Logic Model for Assessing Program Evaluability |
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125 | (1) |
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Implementation Evaluation |
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126 | (1) |
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Consumer Satisfaction Assessment |
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127 | (7) |
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Case-In-Point: Implementation Evaluation Improves Technology Program For Foster Children |
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128 | (2) |
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Obtaining the Information |
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130 | (2) |
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Understanding the Limitations |
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132 | (6) |
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Case-In-Point: Pop-Up Survey Rates Customer Satisfaction With Rainn Online Sexual Assault Hotline |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (4) |
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Case-In-Point: Program Evaluation Seeks To Determine Whether Dare Works |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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The Political Context of Program Evaluation |
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140 | (6) |
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Participatory Action Research and Evaluation |
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141 | (1) |
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Benefits of Program Evaluation |
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142 | (2) |
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Concerns Related to Program Evaluation |
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144 | (11) |
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Case-In-Point: Program Evaluator Addresses Political Concerns In Large-Scale Study Of Sexual Abstinence Program |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
Chapter 6 Qualitative Research |
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151 | (41) |
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Uses for Qualitative Methods |
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153 | (1) |
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Strengths of Qualitative Research |
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154 | (1) |
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Limitations of Qualitative Research |
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155 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Qualitative Data Collection |
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157 | (6) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Review of Existing Records |
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163 | (1) |
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Sampling in Qualitative Research |
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163 | (5) |
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Choosing a Purposive Sampling Method |
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163 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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Common Qualitative Methods |
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168 | (8) |
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168 | (3) |
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Case-In-Point: Case Study Of Inner-City Neighborhood Illuminates The Code Of The Street |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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Combined Research Approaches |
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174 | (2) |
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Case-In-Point: Example Mixed-Methods Approach |
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175 | (1) |
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Data Analysis and Results Reporting in Qualitative Research |
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176 | (12) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (7) |
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Organizing the Data into Concepts |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (2) |
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Maximizing Rigor by Validating the Conclusions |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
Chapter 7 Group Research Design |
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192 | (32) |
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A Purpose-Driven Approach to Selecting a Group Research Design |
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194 | (3) |
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Quick Guide 4: Choice Of Research Design Based On The Research Question |
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194 | (1) |
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Exploratory Research Questions |
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195 | (1) |
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Descriptive Research Questions |
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196 | (1) |
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Explanatory Research Questions |
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196 | (1) |
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Notation and Terminology of Group Research Designs |
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197 | (8) |
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197 | (1) |
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The Intervention, or Experimental Condition (X) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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Assignment that is Not Random |
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201 | (1) |
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Terminology and Notation Describing Group Research Designs |
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201 | (4) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Number of Groups Involved |
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204 | (1) |
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Prospective and Retrospective Studies |
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204 | (1) |
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Types of Group Research Designs |
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205 | (11) |
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Case-In-Point: Variety Of Research Designs Contribute To Understanding The Role Of Home Visitation In Preventing Child Abuse And Neglect |
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207 | (1) |
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Pre-Experimental Research Designs |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Quasi-Experimental Group Research Designs |
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209 | (3) |
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One-Group, Pretest-Posttest |
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209 | (1) |
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Posttest-Only with Comparison Group |
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209 | (1) |
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Pretest-Posttest with Comparison Group |
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210 | (1) |
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Multigroup, Posttest-Only |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Time Series with Comparison Group |
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211 | (1) |
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Experimental Research Designs |
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212 | (4) |
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213 | (2) |
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Posttest-Only with Control Group |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Limitations of Group Research Designs |
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216 | (5) |
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Case-In-Point: A Good Experiment Goes Bad When The Healthy Start Program Being Studied Has Not Been Properly Implemented |
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217 | (1) |
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Threats to Internal Validity |
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218 | (2) |
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Threats to External Validity |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Sampling |
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224 | (26) |
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226 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Selecting a Sampling Approach |
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229 | (12) |
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Case-In-Point: Study Of Female Sexuality Flounders On Sampling Bias |
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230 | (1) |
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Probability Sampling Approaches |
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230 | (10) |
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232 | (2) |
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Systematic Random Sampling |
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234 | (1) |
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Stratified Random Sampling |
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235 | (1) |
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Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (2) |
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Case-In-Point: Cluster Sampling And The Annual Homeless Street Count |
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239 | (1) |
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Non probability Sampling Approaches |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Deciding on the Correct Sample Size |
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241 | (6) |
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Determine the Desired Precision |
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242 | (1) |
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Manage Variation in the Population |
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243 | (2) |
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Consider the Number of Variables to be Analyzed |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
Chapter 9 Measurement |
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250 | (38) |
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Measurement in Social Work Research |
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251 | (4) |
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The Role of Concepts in Measurement |
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252 | (1) |
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The Context of Measurement |
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253 | (1) |
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Measurement in Qualitative and Quantitative Research |
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254 | (1) |
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Sources of Measurable Data |
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255 | (8) |
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255 | (3) |
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Structured and Semi-Structured Surveys |
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256 | (2) |
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Limitations of Survey Research |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (5) |
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260 | (1) |
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How Researchers Use Standardized Instruments |
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260 | (2) |
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How Researchers Access Standardized Instruments and Questionnaires |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Principles of Measurement Design |
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263 | (12) |
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264 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (4) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (10) |
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276 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Criterion-Related Validity |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (3) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Parallel Forms Reliability |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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Measuring Change: Static and Dynamic Measures |
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283 | (1) |
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Measuring Personal Characteristics: Trait and State Measures |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
Chapter 10 Data Collection and Data Entry |
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288 | (43) |
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Selecting A Data Collection Method |
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290 | (11) |
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Methods for Administering Surveys |
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290 | (7) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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Survey Methods and the Objectives of Research |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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Quick Guide 5: Calculating Response Rates |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Recruiting Research Participants |
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301 | (11) |
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Using Six "Triggers" of Influence |
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301 | (5) |
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302 | (1) |
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Commitment and Consistency |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Tailoring Recruitment to the Target Participant |
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306 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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Define the Study in the Participant's Terms |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (4) |
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309 | (1) |
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Develop a Tracking System |
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310 | (1) |
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Minimize the Research Burden |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Preparing for Data Collection |
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312 | (6) |
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Developing a Data Collection Protocol |
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313 | (3) |
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Preparing Data Collectors |
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316 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (7) |
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Determining the Order of Variables |
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319 | (1) |
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Deciding on a Unique Identifier |
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320 | (2) |
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Developing the Data Codebook |
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322 | (1) |
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Accounting for Missing Data |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
Chapter 11 Descriptions of Quantitative Data |
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331 | (38) |
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Verifying Quantitative Data |
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334 | (14) |
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Case-In-Point: Coding Errors Produce False Picture Of Girls' Pregnancies |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (3) |
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Frequency Distributions at the Nominal Level |
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335 | (1) |
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Frequency Distributions at the Ordinal Level |
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336 | (2) |
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Frequency Distributions at the Interval and Ratio Levels |
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338 | (1) |
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Examining the Data Graphically |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (2) |
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Computing Scales by Combining Multiple Variables |
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342 | (6) |
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Assessing Internal Consistency |
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|
343 | (3) |
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Calculating a Total Scale Score |
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|
346 | (2) |
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Describing Quantitative Data |
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348 | (18) |
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349 | (4) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (3) |
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Minimum, Maximum, and Range |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (5) |
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356 | (4) |
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Quick Guide 6: Mathematical Properties Of The Normal Distribution |
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|
358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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Descriptive Analyses in Reports |
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361 | (10) |
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Designing Effective Tables |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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|
367 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Bivariate Statistics and Statistical Inference |
|
369 | (42) |
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|
371 | (1) |
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Statistical Significance Testing |
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371 | (5) |
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372 | (3) |
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373 | (1) |
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Assessing the Impact of Sample Size |
|
|
374 | (1) |
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Errors of Statistical Inference |
|
|
375 | (1) |
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Statistical Significance Testing in |
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|
|
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376 | (1) |
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Common Bivariate Statistical Tests |
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376 | (28) |
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378 | (6) |
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Correlation Direction and Line of Best Fit |
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|
379 | (2) |
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Curvilinear Relationships |
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|
381 | (1) |
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Correlation Strength and Pearson's r |
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381 | (2) |
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Quick Guide 7: Guidelines For Describing The Strength Of A Correlation Coefficient |
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383 | (1) |
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Coefficient of Determination |
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|
383 | (1) |
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Hypothesis Testing with Pearson's r |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (8) |
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Hypothesis Testing with Chi-square |
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386 | (1) |
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Expected Frequencies and Observed Frequencies |
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387 | (2) |
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Chi-square Statistic and Degrees of Freedom |
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389 | (3) |
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Case-In-Point: User Differences In An Online Rape Crisis Hotline |
|
|
392 | (1) |
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t-Tests: Comparing the Difference Between Two Means |
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392 | (7) |
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Independent Samples t-Test |
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393 | (2) |
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|
395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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|
399 | (2) |
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Six Common Pitfalls to Avoid in Significance Testing |
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|
401 | (12) |
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Equating Statistical Significance with Importance |
|
|
401 | (1) |
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Inferring the Magnitude of the Results from the Size of the p-Value |
|
|
402 | (1) |
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Mistaking Rejection of Null Hypothesis for Confirmation of Research Hypothesis |
|
|
403 | (1) |
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Fishing for Statistically Significant Relationships |
|
|
403 | (1) |
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Inferring Causation from Statistical Significance |
|
|
403 | (1) |
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Failing to Consider Statistical Power |
|
|
403 | (1) |
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Conventions for Reporting Statistical Findings |
|
|
404 | (2) |
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Quick Guide 8: Summary Of Select Bivariate Statistical Tests |
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|
405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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|
408 | (3) |
Chapter 13 A Researcher's Writing and Presentation Tools |
|
411 | (27) |
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413 | (6) |
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Goals of a Research Proposal |
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|
413 | (1) |
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Sections of a Research Proposal |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (3) |
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Quick Guide 9: Rating Sheet For Evaluating Grant Proposals |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (7) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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Manuscripts for Publication in Professional Journals |
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420 | (6) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (5) |
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Quick Guide 10: Checklist For Evaluating A Research Manuscript |
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424 | (2) |
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Presentations at Conferences and Professional Meetings |
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|
426 | (5) |
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Presentations of Research Papers |
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|
427 | (2) |
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429 | (1) |
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|
430 | (1) |
|
The Ethics and Politics of Research Reports |
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|
431 | (3) |
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|
431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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|
433 | (1) |
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|
433 | (1) |
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|
434 | (1) |
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|
434 | (1) |
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|
435 | (1) |
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|
435 | (3) |
References |
|
438 | (8) |
Glossary |
|
446 | (18) |
Index |
|
464 | |