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E-raamat: Research in Landscape Architecture: Methods and Methodology

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  • Formaat: 330 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781315396897
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Research in Landscape Architecture: Methods and MethodologySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 330 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781315396897
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Defining a research question, describing why it needs to be answered and explaining how methods are selected and applied are challenging tasks for anyone embarking on academic research within the field of landscape architecture. Whether you are an early career researcher or a senior academic, it is essential to draw meaningful conclusions and robust answers to research questions.

Research in Landscape Architecture provides guidance on the rationales needed for selecting methods and offers direction to help to frame and design academic research within the discipline. Over the last couple of decades the traditional orientation in landscape architecture as a field of professional practice has gradually been complemented by a growing focus on research. This book will help you to develop the connections between research, teaching and practice, to help you to build a common framework of theory and research methods.

Bringing together contributions from landscape architects across the world, this book covers a broad range of research methodologies and examples to help you conduct research successfully. Also included is a study in which the editors discuss the most important priorities for the research within the discipline over the coming years. This book will provide a definitive path to developing research within landscape architecture.

Arvustused

Landscape architecture is a potentially powerful profession and discipline: a field poised to transform the planet for the better. This possibility will only be realized through a more robust research agenda. The authors of Research in Landscape Architecture have produced just such a framework. They present a helpful, thoughtful roadmap for landscape architecture scholars.

Frederick Steiner, Dean and Paley Professor, School of Design, University of Pennsylvania

As a practice-led discipline, landscape architecture faces a challenge when trying to impose methodology on a somewhat theory-resistant subject. This new book presents cases of landscape architecture research in their methodical context. We learn how landscape architecture research questions are formulated and how evidence for answering them can be found. We live in an era of ever increasing complexity on the one hand and strong specialisation on the other. Where to position the holistic perspective of this domain? This book will give valuable orientation for anybody looking for systematic knowledge production in landscape architecture. It will inspire especially early-career researchers.

Ellen Fetzer, Nürtingen-Geislingen University, Germany, International Master of Landscape Architecture (IMLA)

List of figures vii
List of tables ix
List of contributors x
Introduction 1(8)
Adri Van Den Brink
Diedrich Bruns
Simon Bell
Hilde Tobi
Part I: Raising Awareness 9(26)
1 Advancing landscape architecture research
11(13)
Diedrich Bruns
Adri Van Den Brink
Hilde Tobi
Simon Bell
2 A process approach to research in landscape architecture
24(11)
Hilde Tobi
Adri Van Den Brink
Part II: Setting The Stage 35(68)
3 The role of theory
37(17)
Ian H. Thompson
4 The relationship between research and design
54(11)
Sanda Lenzholzer
Ingrid Duchhart
Adri Van Den Brink
5 The challenge of publication
65(20)
Maggie Roe
6 Assessing research priorities and quality
85(18)
Jurian Meijering
Hilde Tobi
Adri Van Den Brink
Diedrich Bruns
Part III: Selected Approaches And Methods 103(106)
7 Case studies
105(15)
Simon Swaffield
8 Landscape biography
120(16)
Jan Kolen
Hans Renes
Koos Bosma
9 Social media
136(25)
Ron Van Lammeren
Simone Theile
Boris Stemmer
Diedrich Bruns
10 Virtual environments
161(18)
Sigrid Hehl-Lange
Eckart Lange
11 Walking
179(15)
Henrik Schultz
Rudi Van Etteger
12 Design guidelines
194(15)
Martin Prominski
Part IV: Addressing Some Of The Grand Challenges 209(98)
13 Cultural landscape meanings and values
211(24)
Ken Taylor
14 Landscape and health
235(28)
Catharine Ward Thompson
15 Thermally comfortable urban environments
263(22)
Robert D. Brown
Terry J. Gillespie
16 The urban water challenge
285
Antje Backhaus
Ole Fryd
Torben Dam
Index 307
9780128021002
About the Authors xi
Chapter 1 Shale Gas: Introduction, Basics, and Definitions 1(26)
1 Introduction
1(2)
2 Natural Gas and Gas Reservoir Basics
3(2)
3 Types of Natural Gas
5(4)
4 What Are Shale and Shale Gas?
9(2)
5 Types and Origin of Shale Gas
11(1)
6 Occurrence and History of Shale Gas
12(2)
7 Important Parameters in the Shale Gas Context
14(3)
8 Shale Gas Reserves
17(6)
9 Shale Gas Production Trend
23(1)
10 Key Challenges in Shale Gas Production and Exploration
24(1)
11 Shale Gas Importance
24(1)
12 Applications of Shale Gas
25(1)
References
25(2)
Chapter 2 Shale Gas Characteristics 27(54)
1 Introduction
27(2)
2 Characterization of Gas Shale: Background
29(2)
3 Characterization of Gas Shale: Methods
31(5)
4 Petrophysical Characteristics of Gas Shales
36(7)
5 Composition of Shale Gas
43(1)
6 Ranges of Temperature, Pressure, and Depth
44(3)
7 Shale Gas Viscosity and Density
47(1)
8 Thermal Properties of Gas Shales
47(7)
9 PVT Behavior of Shale Gas Mixture
54(1)
10 Petrology and Geochemistry of Gas Shale
55(2)
11 Estimation of Gas in Place Volume
57(1)
12 Geological Description of Gas Shale Formations
58(2)
13 Porosity and Permeability: Theory and Experimental
60(4)
14 Porosity and Permeability Measurements: Practical Methodologies
64(4)
15 Pore Size Distribution in Gas Shales
68(2)
16 Challenges in Shale Gas Characterization
70(3)
17 Hot Topic Research
73(4)
References
77(4)
Chapter 3 Exploration and Drilling in Shale Gas and Oil Reserves 81(42)
1 Introduction
81(1)
2 Exploration Techniques
81(1)
3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Exploration Techniques
82(3)
4 Challenges and Risks in Shale Gas and Oil Formations
85(1)
5 Typical Exploration Costs
85(2)
6 Surface Mining
87(1)
7 Underground Mining
87(1)
8 Drilling Technologies
88(2)
9 Horizontal, Vertical, and Directional Drilling
90(7)
10 Hydraulic Fracturing
97(14)
11 Exploration Wells
111(8)
References
119(4)
Chapter 4 Shale Gas Production Technologies 123(30)
1 Introduction
123(1)
2 Production of Shale Gas
124(5)
3 Rock Properties
129(2)
4 Production Methods
131(4)
5 Drilling Methodology
135(1)
6 Optimization
135(1)
7 Limitations
136(1)
8 Gas Liquid Separation
137(2)
9 Corrosion Issues
139(1)
10 Transportation and Storage
140(2)
11 Mathematical Formulas for Transport Flow
142(2)
12 Shale Gas Production
144(1)
13 Research and Development
145(1)
14 Future Prospects
146(2)
15 Economic Considerations
148(2)
16 Conclusions
150(1)
References
151(2)
Chapter 5 Shale Gas Processing 153(40)
1 Introduction
153(1)
2 Shale Gas Processing: Background
154(2)
3 Description of Gas Processing Stages
156(2)
4 Hydrate Formation and Inhibition
158(2)
5 Gas Dehydration Process and Technologies
160(7)
6 Gas Sweetening
167(14)
7 Process Design of Gas Processing Plants
181(2)
8 Modeling and Optimization of Equipment or/and Units in Gas Processing Plants
183(2)
9 Transport Phenomena in Gas Processing
185(1)
10 Corrosion in Gas Processing Plants
185(3)
11 Typical Costs for Shale Gas Processing
188(2)
References
190(3)
Chapter 6 Shale Oil: Fundamentals, Definitions, and Applications 193(38)
1 Introduction
193(2)
2 Types of Crude Oil and Oil Reservoirs
195(1)
3 Shale Oil
196(2)
4 Shale Oil Composition
198(3)
5 Kerogen and Its Composition
201(3)
6 Types and Source of Shale Oil
204(2)
7 Occurrence and History of Shale Oil
206(7)
8 Definitions of Main Factors and Parameters in Shale Oil Framework
213(1)
9 Oil Shale Reservoirs
214(4)
10 Production History of Shale Oil Reservoirs
218(2)
11 Estimates of Recoverable Shale Oil Resources
220(1)
12 Importance of Oil Shale
221(1)
13 Short Descriptions of Main Companies Involved in Oil Shale Development
221(4)
14 Energy Implication of Shale Oil
225(3)
References
228(3)
Chapter7 Properties of Shale Oil 231(54)
1 Introduction
231(1)
2 Shale Oil Utilization
232(1)
3 Oil Shale Formations
233(2)
4 Kerogen: Types, Structure, and History
235(3)
5 Characterization Methods for Shale Oil
238(11)
6 Extraction Processes for Shale Oil
249(5)
7 Characteristics of Shale Oil
254(16)
8 Characteristics of Oil Shales
270(10)
9 Pressure on Configuration of Oil and Gas Markets
280(1)
References
281(1)
Further Reading
282(3)
Chapter 8 Production Methods in Shale Oil Reservoirs 285(36)
1 Introduction
285(2)
2 History of Shale Oil Production Development
287(2)
3 Production Methods for Oil Reservoirs
289(2)
4 Production Techniques for Shale Oil Reservoirs
291(6)
5 Effect of Rock Properties on Oil Production From Oil Shales
297(1)
6 Shale Oil Wellhead and Gathering
298(2)
7 Limitations for Production From Oil Shale: Operational Problems
300(1)
8 Examples of Production Techniques Implication in Real Oil Shale Cases
301(1)
9 Governing Equations to Model Shale Oil Production Methods
301(2)
10 Modeling and Optimization of Production Techniques in Shale Oil Reservoirs
303(3)
11 Screen Criteria for Oil Production in Oil Shale
306(1)
12 Advantages and Limitations of Oil Production Technology in Shale Oil Reservoirs
307(1)
13 Technical and Economic Aspects of Oil Production in Shale Oil Reservoirs
308(2)
14 Typical Costs to Conduct Oil Production Processes in Oil Shale
310(1)
15 Environmental/Public Support Issues With Shale Oil
311(3)
16 Opposing Views Regarding Shale Oil
314(1)
17 Future Prospects of Oil Shale Production
315(1)
18 Research and Technology Development in Shale Oil Production
316(1)
19 Conclusions and Recommendations
317(1)
References
317(4)
Chapter 9 Shale Oil Processing and Extraction Technologies 321(36)
1 Introduction
321(1)
2 Description of Oil Shale Processing
322(1)
3 What Is Oil Shale Retorting?
322(1)
4 Chemistry of Oil Shale Retorting
322(2)
5 Chemistry of Kerogen Decomposition
324(1)
6 Chemistry of Carbonate Decomposition
324(1)
7 Pyrolysis or Retorting of Oil Shale: Experiments, Apparatus, Methodology
325(1)
8 Optimal Retorting Conditions
326(2)
9 Kinetics of Pyrolysis or Retorting of Oil Shale
328(2)
10 Isothermal and Nonisothermal Kinetics Measurement and Expressions for Shale Oil
330(2)
11 Ex Situ Retorting Techniques
332(5)
12 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ex Situ Processes
337(1)
13 In Situ Retorting Techniques
338(1)
14 Wall Conduction
339(1)
15 Externally Generated Hot Gas
339(1)
16 ExxonMobil Electrofrac
340(1)
17 Volumetric Heating
340(1)
18 Advantages and Disadvantages of In Situ Processes
341(1)
19 Shale Oil Refining and Upgrading Processes
342(1)
20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Refining and Upgrading Techniques
343(1)
21 Supercritical Extraction of Oil From Shale
344(1)
22 Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Oil Shale: Experiments, Apparatus, and Procedure
344(1)
23 Supercritical Methanol/Water Extraction of Oil Shale
345(1)
24 Continuous Supercritical Extraction
346(1)
25 Advantages and Disadvantages of Supercritical Extraction Methods
346(1)
26 Mathematical Modeling of Oil Shale Pyrolysis
347(2)
27 Parametric Study of Oil Shale Pyrolysis
349(2)
28 Economic Considerations in Oil Shale Processing
351(1)
29 Theoretical, Practical, and Economic Challenges in Oil Shale Processing
352(1)
30 Hot Topic Research Studies in Oil Shale Processing and Extraction Technologies
353(1)
References
354(1)
Further Reading
355(2)
Chapter10 Shale Oil and Gas: Current Status, Future, and Challenges 357(48)
1 Introduction
357(3)
2 Political Implications
360(3)
3 Federal and Provincial (or State) Regulations
363(4)
4 Environmental Issues/Aspects
367(4)
5 Geomechanics Challenges
371(3)
6 Comparison of Conventional and Shale Oil and Gas Reserves
374(3)
7 Management Rules in Development of Oil and Gas Shale
377(3)
8 Technical and Economic Constraints
380(7)
9 Economic Challenges
387(3)
10 Research Needs in Oil and Gas Shale
390(2)
11 Past and Current Status of Oil and Gas Shale
392(3)
12 Future Prospects of Oil and Gas Shale
395(2)
13 Current Projects for Oil and Gas Shale
397(4)
References
401(4)
Index 405
Adri van den Brink is Professor and Chair of Landscape Architecture at Wageningen University, the Netherlands.

Diedrich Bruns is Professor and Chair of Landscape Planning and Land Use at Kassel University, Germany.

Hilde Tobi is Associate Professor and Coordinator of Research Methodology Group at Wageningen University, the Netherlands.

Simon Bell is Professor and Head of the Department of Landscape Architecture at the Estonian University of Life Sciences and Associate Director of the OPENspace Research Centre at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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