| Preface |
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ix | |
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Chapter 1 The Scientific Method and Criminology and Criminal Justice as Social Sciences |
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1 | (21) |
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Learning to Become a Researcher |
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3 | (1) |
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Circumscribing Criminology and Criminal Justice |
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3 | (1) |
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Circumscribing the Social Sciences |
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4 | (6) |
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10 | (1) |
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Other Disciplines That Utilize Social Science Research Methods |
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11 | (1) |
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Two Special Disciplines Linked to Social Science |
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11 | (2) |
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Features of the Scientific Method |
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13 | (5) |
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Types of Issues Addressed by Social Scientists |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Formulating Scientific Questions and Locating Background Research |
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22 | (16) |
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The Nature of Scientific Variables |
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23 | (4) |
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Conceptual versus Operational Definitions of Variables |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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Formulating and Refining Scientific Questions |
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31 | (1) |
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Locating Information on Topics of Interest |
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32 | (1) |
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Distinctiveness of Scientific Communication |
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33 | (2) |
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How Scientific Research Gets Reviewed and Sometimes Published |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Ethical Issues in Social and Behavioral Science Research |
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38 | (17) |
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Responsibilities to Participants of Research |
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40 | (3) |
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Deceiving or Causing Harm to Human Participants |
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43 | (2) |
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Obtaining Institutional Approval for Conducting Research |
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45 | (2) |
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Responsibilities to Fellow Social and Behavioral Scientists |
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47 | (4) |
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Ethics in Criminology and Criminal Justice Research |
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51 | (1) |
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Responsibilities to Humanity |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Theories, Models, Hypotheses, and Empirical Reality |
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55 | (15) |
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56 | (1) |
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The Nature of Scientific Theorizing |
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57 | (2) |
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Assessing the Merit of a Theory |
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59 | (1) |
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The Role of Theory in the Research Process |
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60 | (1) |
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Scientific Models, Laws, and Paradigms |
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61 | (3) |
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Hypothesis Testing and Attempts to Generalize |
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64 | (2) |
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The Null Hypothesis and Type I and Type II Errors |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 The Concepts of Reliability, Validity, and Precision in Measurement |
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70 | (16) |
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Using the Concept of Correlation to Discuss Measurement Accuracy |
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71 | (1) |
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Three Elements of Accurate Measurement |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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Using Factor Analysis to Refine Measurement Accuracy |
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81 | (1) |
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Some Closing Remarks about Reliability, Validity, and Precision |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Surveying and Sampling |
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86 | (32) |
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The Nature of Scientific Surveys |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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Representative versus Nonrepresentative Samples |
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90 | (1) |
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Probability versus Nonprobability Sampling Methods |
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91 | (7) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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Serving as a Respondent to a Research Questionnaire |
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101 | (1) |
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Assessing Sample Attrition, Its Extent, and Causes |
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102 | (1) |
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Computer-Assisted Interviewing |
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102 | (1) |
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Limiting Sample Attrition |
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103 | (4) |
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Inaccuracies in Self-Reports |
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107 | (2) |
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Techniques for Minimizing and Detecting Dishonesty |
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109 | (5) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Measuring Crime and Criminality |
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118 | (31) |
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Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior |
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119 | (1) |
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The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially |
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120 | (8) |
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NIBRS: The "New and Improved" UCR |
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128 | (2) |
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Crime Victimization Survey Data |
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130 | (5) |
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Self-Reported Crime Surveys |
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135 | (4) |
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Measuring Criminal Propensity: Moving from Crime to Criminality |
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139 | (7) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Controlled Experimentation |
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149 | (18) |
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Basic Experimental Terminology |
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150 | (2) |
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Main Types of Experimental Designs |
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152 | (9) |
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Pitfalls with Human Experimentation |
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161 | (2) |
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Shortcomings of Experimental Research |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Quasi-Experimentation |
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167 | (15) |
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Quasi-Experiments Compared to Controlled Experiments |
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168 | (1) |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs in the Narrower Sense |
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169 | (6) |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs in the Broader Sense |
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175 | (2) |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs for Addressing Nature-Nurture Issues |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Data Based on Self-Reports: Guidelines for Constructing Questionnaires |
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182 | (23) |
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183 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Based on Self-Reports |
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184 | (1) |
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Response Options for Questions |
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185 | (4) |
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Deciding Which Response Option to Use |
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189 | (3) |
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Types of Self-Reported Items |
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192 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Item Construction |
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193 | (2) |
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Types of Questions to Avoid |
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195 | (2) |
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Combining Two or More Items to Improve Reliability |
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197 | (3) |
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Time Diaries: Special Type of Questionnaire |
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200 | (1) |
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Computerized Questionnaires and Use of the Internet |
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201 | (1) |
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Final Comments on Questionnaire Data |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Direct Observations: Qualitative and Quantitative Data |
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205 | (18) |
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Qualitative Direct Observations |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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Ethnographic Observations |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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Procedures in Ethnographic/Participant Observation Data Collection |
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213 | (2) |
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Quantitative Direct Observations |
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215 | (1) |
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Laboratory/Clinical Observations |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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Closing Comments on Direct Observations |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Archival Data Analysis, Meta-Analysis, and Evaluation Research |
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223 | (26) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (4) |
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Analyzing Cross-Cultural Atlases |
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229 | (1) |
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Review Articles and Meta-Analyses |
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230 | (6) |
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Conceptualizing Evaluation Research |
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236 | (3) |
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Process and Impact Evaluation Research |
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239 | (1) |
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History of Evaluation Research |
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240 | (4) |
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Locating Reports of Evaluation Research |
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244 | (1) |
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Program Evaluation: Doing It Right |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Univariate Statistics and the Concept of Statistical Significance |
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249 | (22) |
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The Nature of Univariate Statistical Concepts |
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250 | (2) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (3) |
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Illustrating the Concepts of Averages and Dispersions |
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257 | (1) |
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Building the Concept of Statistical Significance |
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258 | (4) |
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Hypothesis Testing and the Concept of the Null Hypothesis |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (6) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Bi/Multivariate Statistics: The Concept of Correlation |
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271 | (22) |
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Background for Bivariate Statistics |
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272 | (1) |
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Constructing Scattergrams |
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273 | (5) |
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Curvilinear versus Linear Correlations |
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278 | (2) |
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Interpreting Statements about the Strength of Correlations |
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280 | (1) |
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Variability and Correlations |
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281 | (1) |
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The Statistical Significance of Correlation Coefficients |
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282 | (1) |
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Interpreting Two Studies Based on Correlation |
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283 | (3) |
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Reflections on the Importance of Statistics in the Research Process |
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286 | (1) |
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Multivariate Statistics: When Bivariate Statistics Are Not Enough |
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286 | (4) |
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Closing Comments on Multivariate Statistics |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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293 | (20) |
| References |
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313 | (39) |
| Photo Credits |
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352 | (1) |
| Index |
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353 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta