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E-raamat: Research Methods in Library and Information Science

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The seventh edition of this frequently adopted textbook features new or expanded sections on social justice research, data analysis software, scholarly identity research, social networking, data science, and data visualization, among other topics. It continues to include discipline experts' voices.

The revised seventh edition of this popular text provides instruction and guidance for professionals and students in library and information science who want to conduct research and publish findings, as well as for practicing professionals who want a broad overview of the current literature.

Providing a broad introduction to research design, the authors include principles, data collection techniques, and analyses of quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as advantages and limitations of each method and updated bibliographies. Chapters cover the scientific method, sampling, validity, reliability, and ethical concerns along with quantitative and qualitative methods. LIS students and professionals will consult this text not only for instruction on conducting research but also for guidance in critically reading and evaluating research publications, proposals, and reports.

As in the previous edition, discipline experts provide advice, tips, and strategies for completing research projects, dissertations, and theses; writing grants; overcoming writer's block; collaborating with colleagues; and working with outside consultants. Journal and book editors discuss how to publish and identify best practices and understudied topics, as well as what they look for in submissions.


  • Features new or expanded sections on social justice research; virtual collaboration, data collection, and dissemination; scholarly communication; computer-assisted qualitative and quantitative data analysis; scholarly identity research and guidelines; data science; and visualization of quantitative and qualitative data
  • Provides a broad and comprehensive overview and update, especially of research published over the past five years
  • Highlights school, public, and academic research findings
    • Relies on the coauthors' expertise in research design, securing grant funding, and using the latest technology and data analysis software
  • Arvustused

    This book would surely benefit any researcher, experienced or new, who is doing or wants to do research in the field of LIS. . . I wish I had this helpful reference at the start of my PhD program. * The Library Quarterly *

    Muu info

    The seventh edition of this frequently adopted textbook features new or expanded sections on social justice research, data analysis software, scholarly identity research, social networking, data science, and data visualization, among other topics. It continues to include discipline experts' voices.
    Illustrations
    xv
    Text Boxes xvii
    Preface xix
    1 Research and Librarianship
    1(34)
    Introduction
    1(5)
    Definition of Research
    2(4)
    The Assessment Imperative
    6(2)
    Scholarly Communication
    8(3)
    Research Data Management and Reuse
    11(8)
    New Modes for Collaboration
    14(2)
    Time Management
    16(3)
    Overview of Previous Library and Information Science Research
    19(6)
    Current Library and Information Science Research Environment
    19(1)
    Research Methods in Library and Information Science
    19(3)
    Recommendations for Future Research in Library and Information Science
    22(3)
    Summary
    25(1)
    References
    26(9)
    2 Developing the Research Study
    35(38)
    Planning for Research: Getting Started
    35(8)
    Philosophical Underpinnings and Assumptions
    36(1)
    Paradigms That Shape Research Development
    37(2)
    A General Outline for Research
    39(1)
    Literature Review of Related Research
    39(4)
    Identification of the Problem
    43(6)
    Characteristics of a Problem Suitable for Research
    45(2)
    Statement of the Problem
    47(1)
    Identifying Subproblems
    48(1)
    The Role of Theory in the Design of Research
    49(18)
    Definition of Theory
    49(7)
    Research Design
    56(1)
    Differences in Quantitative and Qualitative Design
    57(2)
    Mixed Methods
    59(7)
    Testing or Applying the Theory
    66(1)
    The Pilot Study
    66(1)
    Summary
    67(1)
    References
    68(5)
    3 Writing the Research Proposal
    73(26)
    Organization and Content of a Typical Proposal
    74(4)
    Title Page
    74(1)
    Abstract
    75(1)
    Table of Contents
    75(1)
    Introduction and Statement of the Problem
    75(3)
    The Literature Review of Related Research
    78(1)
    Research Design
    79(5)
    Institutional Resources
    81(1)
    Personnel
    81(1)
    Budget
    82(2)
    Anticipated Results
    84(5)
    Indicators of Success
    84(2)
    Diversity Plan
    86(1)
    Limitations of the Study
    86(1)
    Back Matter
    87(1)
    The Dissertation Proposal: Further Guidance
    87(2)
    Characteristics of a Good Proposal
    89(1)
    Features That Detract from a Proposal
    89(1)
    Obtaining Funding for Library and Information Science Research
    90(5)
    Summary
    95(1)
    References
    96(3)
    4 Principles of Quantitative Methods
    99(30)
    Formulating Hypotheses
    100(10)
    Definitions of Hypothesis
    100(2)
    Sources of Hypotheses
    102(1)
    Developing the Hypothesis
    102(1)
    Variables
    103(2)
    Concepts
    105(2)
    Desirable Characteristics of Hypotheses
    107(1)
    Testing the Hypothesis
    108(2)
    Validity and Reliability
    110(6)
    Validity of Research Design
    110(1)
    Validity in Measurement
    111(1)
    Logical Validity
    112(1)
    Empirical Validity
    112(1)
    Construct Validity
    113(1)
    Reliability of Research Design
    113(1)
    Reliability in Measurement
    113(2)
    Scales
    115(1)
    Ethics of Research
    116(7)
    General Guidelines
    117(2)
    Guidelines for Library and Information Science Professionals
    119(1)
    Ethics for Research in the Digital Environment
    120(3)
    Research Misconduct
    123(1)
    Summary
    124(1)
    References
    124(5)
    5 Survey Research and the Questionnaire
    129(40)
    Survey Research
    130(8)
    Major Differences between Survey Research and Other Methods
    130(1)
    Types of Survey Research
    130(1)
    Exploratory Survey Research
    131(1)
    Descriptive Survey Research
    132(1)
    Other Types of Survey Research
    132(1)
    Basic Purposes of Descriptive Survey Research
    133(1)
    Basic Steps of Survey Research: An Overview
    134(2)
    Survey Research Designs
    136(1)
    Survey Research Costs
    137(1)
    The Questionnaire
    138(27)
    Prequestionnaire Planning
    138(1)
    Advantages of the Questionnaire
    139(1)
    Disadvantages of the Questionnaire
    140(1)
    Constructing the Questionnaire
    141(1)
    Type of Question According to Information Needed
    142(1)
    Type of Question According to Form
    143(3)
    Scaled Responses
    146(6)
    Question Content and Selection
    152(1)
    Question Wording
    153(1)
    Sequencing of Questionnaire Items
    154(1)
    Sources of Error
    155(1)
    Preparing the First Draft
    155(1)
    Evaluating the Questionnaire
    156(1)
    The Pretest
    156(1)
    Final Editing
    157(2)
    Cover Email or Letter with Introductory Information
    159(1)
    Distribution of the Questionnaire
    160(5)
    Summary
    165(1)
    References
    165(4)
    6 Sampling
    169(22)
    Basic Terms and Concepts
    169(1)
    Types of Sampling Methods
    170(12)
    Nonprobabiliry Sampling
    170(2)
    Probability Sampling
    172(10)
    Determining the Sample Size
    182(7)
    Use of Formulas
    183(3)
    Sampling Error
    186(2)
    Other Causes of Sampling Error
    188(1)
    Nonsampling Error
    189(1)
    Summary
    189(1)
    References
    189(2)
    7 Experimental Research
    191(20)
    Causality
    191(3)
    The Conditions for Causality
    192(1)
    Bases for Inferring Causal Relationships
    193(1)
    Controlling the Variables
    194(2)
    Random Assignment
    195(1)
    Internal Validity
    196(2)
    Threats to Internal Validity
    196(2)
    External Validity
    198(1)
    Threats to External Validity
    198(1)
    Experimental Designs
    199(9)
    True Experimental Designs
    200(2)
    True Experiments and Correlational Studies
    202(3)
    Quasi-Experimental Designs
    205(2)
    Ex Post Facto Designs
    207(1)
    Internet-Based Experiments
    207(1)
    Summary
    208(1)
    References
    208(3)
    8 Analysis of Quantitative Data
    211(48)
    Statistical Analysis
    211(10)
    Data Mining
    212(1)
    Log Analysis
    212(3)
    Data Science
    215(1)
    Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
    215(2)
    Bibliometrics
    217(4)
    Role of Statistics
    221(1)
    Cautions in Using Statistics
    221(1)
    Steps Involved in Statistical Analysis
    222(5)
    The Establishment of Categories
    222(1)
    Coding the Data
    223(4)
    Analyzing the Data: Descriptive Statistics
    227(6)
    Analyzing the Data: Inferential Statistics
    233(10)
    Parametric Statistics
    235(5)
    Nonparametric Statistics
    240(1)
    Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test
    241(2)
    Cautions in Testing the Hypothesis
    243(1)
    Statistical Analysis Software
    244(2)
    Visualization and Display of Quantitative Data
    246(4)
    Summary
    250(1)
    References
    251(8)
    9 Principles of Qualitative Methods
    259(28)
    Introduction to Qualitative Methods
    259(2)
    Strengths of a Qualitative Approach
    261(1)
    Role of the Researcher
    262(1)
    The Underlying Assumptions of Naturalistic Work
    263(1)
    Ethical Concerns
    264(1)
    Informed Consent
    265(3)
    Deception
    268(1)
    Confidentiality and Anonymity
    269(1)
    Data-Gathering Techniques
    270(1)
    Research Design
    271(2)
    Establishing Goals
    272(1)
    Developing the Conceptual Framework
    273(1)
    Developing Research Questions
    274(6)
    Research Questions for Focus Group and Individual Interviews in the Public Library Context
    274(1)
    Research Questions for Mixed-Methods Study with Focus Group and Individual Interviews in the Academic Library Context
    275(1)
    Research Questions for Focus Group and Individual Interviews in a High School Context
    275(1)
    Research Questions for a Mixed-Methods Grant Project Using Transcript Analysis, Individual Interviews, and Design Sessions in the Consortial Live Chat Virtual Reference Context
    276(1)
    Research Questions for a Mixed-Methods Study Using a Questionnaire and Individual Interviews Investigating Chat Virtual Reference in the Time of COVID-19
    276(1)
    Research Design in Online Environments
    277(1)
    New Modes for Online Data Collection
    278(2)
    Summary
    280(1)
    References
    281(6)
    10 Analysis of Qualitative Data
    287(56)
    Data Analysis Tools and Methods
    287(2)
    Stages in Data Analysis
    289(10)
    Preparing and Processing Data for Analysis
    289(1)
    Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)
    290(5)
    Deciding Whether to Use Qualitative Software
    295(4)
    Strategies for Data Analysis
    299(4)
    Grounded Theory
    299(4)
    Content Analysis
    303(20)
    The Constant Comparative Method and Coding Data
    303(3)
    Theme Analysis
    306(1)
    Cyber Synergy Grant, Online Survey Magic Wand Question: Example of Coding Scheme
    306(1)
    Discourse Analysis
    307(13)
    Critical Approaches
    320(2)
    Conversation Analysis
    322(1)
    Ensuring Integrity and Quality
    323(9)
    Primary Techniques for Ensuring Integrity and Avoiding Analytic Bias
    324(1)
    Intercoder Reliability and Validity
    325(2)
    Visualization and Display of Qualitative Data
    327(5)
    Conclusion: More to Learn on Data Analysis and Coding
    332(1)
    Summary
    332(1)
    References
    333(10)
    11 Individual and Focus Group Interviews
    343(32)
    Conducting the Individual Interview
    349(9)
    Telephone Individual Interviews
    353(1)
    Online/Virtual Individual Interviews
    354(2)
    Advantages of Individual Interviews
    356(1)
    Limitations of the Individual Interview
    357(1)
    Focus Group Interviews
    358(5)
    Online/Virtual Video-Based Focus Groups
    363(1)
    Analysis and Reporting of the Focus Group Interview Data
    363(4)
    Advantages of Focus Group Interviews
    365(1)
    Limitations of Focus Group Interviews
    366(1)
    Summary
    367(1)
    References
    368(7)
    12 Ethnographic Approaches to Qualitative Research
    375(34)
    Ethnographic Research
    375(5)
    Digital Ethnography
    378(2)
    Diaries
    380(6)
    Advantages of Diaries
    383(1)
    Limitations of Diaries
    383(1)
    Mapping
    383(3)
    Observation
    386(13)
    Advantages of Observational Research
    386(1)
    Limitations of Observational Research
    387(1)
    Unstructured Observation
    387(2)
    Structured Observation
    389(1)
    Case Studies
    390(1)
    User Experience and Usability Testing
    391(7)
    Design Thinking and Participatory Design
    398(1)
    Analysis of Ethnographic Data
    399(2)
    Advantages of Ethnographic Approaches
    400(1)
    Limitations of Ethnographic Approaches
    400(1)
    Summary
    401(1)
    References
    402(7)
    13 Historical Research
    409(20)
    Nature and Value of Historical Research
    409(4)
    Chronology
    410(1)
    Importance of Historical Research to Librarianship
    410(2)
    Types of Historical Research
    412(1)
    Sources of Historical Information
    413(2)
    Evaluation of Historical Sources
    415(2)
    External Criticism
    415(1)
    Internal Criticism
    416(1)
    Basic Steps of Historical Research
    417(3)
    The Hypothesis in Historical Research
    417(2)
    Collecting the Data
    419(1)
    The Presentation of Findings
    420(1)
    Library History
    420(2)
    Bibliographical Research
    422(2)
    Systematic Bibliography
    422(1)
    Descriptive Bibliography
    422(2)
    Problems in Historical Research
    424(1)
    Summary
    424(1)
    References
    425(4)
    14 Applied and Community-Based Research
    429(36)
    Evaluative Research and Assessment
    430(8)
    Action Research
    438(4)
    Innovation Research
    439(1)
    Evidence-Based Research
    440(1)
    Community-Based and Participatory Research
    441(1)
    Social Justice Research
    442(4)
    Decolonizing Methodologies
    446(1)
    Policy Research
    447(1)
    International and Comparative Librarianship
    448(2)
    Delphi Study
    450(1)
    Summary
    451(1)
    References
    452(13)
    15 Presentation and Dissemination of the Research Project
    465(32)
    General Objectives of the Research Report
    465(1)
    General Outline of the Research Report
    466(2)
    The Preliminaries/Front Matter
    466(1)
    The Text
    467(1)
    The Back Matter
    468(1)
    Guidelines for Organizing and Presenting the Research Report
    468(8)
    Organization of the Report
    468(5)
    Dissemination of the Research
    473(3)
    Evaluating the Research Report
    476(1)
    Suggested Criteria for Judging a Research Report
    476(5)
    Publishing Research Results
    481(11)
    Collaboration
    482(10)
    Summary
    492(1)
    References
    493(4)
    Author Index 497(14)
    Subject Index 511
    Lynn Silipigni Connaway is director of library trends and user research at OCLC Research.

    Marie L. Radford is chair and professor in the Department of Library and Information Science at Rutgers University.