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E-raamat: Research Process in Nursing

Edited by (University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Founded by (Queen Margaret University College), Edited by (University of Southampton)
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  • ISBN-13: 9781118522561
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
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  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118522561
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Comprehensive and thorough in scope, The Research Process in Nursing 7th edition provides everything you could want to know about research methods. This established textbook reflects the significant advances in nursing research and the importance of evidence-based practice, and provides an invaluable resource for both the novice and the more experienced researcher.

It includes practical information and advice on:





How to find and critique the evidence How to choose the right approach How to collect data How to make sense of the data How to put research into practice

 

Special features:





A clear, explicit and easy to understand text which links theory with practical steps in the research process. Examples provided allow the reader to apply a variety of research concepts to theoretical learning and professional practice. Incorporates chapters, research examples, and policy from a range of international countries, including Canada, Australia, USA and Hong Kong. Provides detailed discussions around each example, which clearly link theory with practice Easy to read for novice researchers and undergraduate nursing students, but at the same time provides sufficient depth and detail to be of value to experienced researchers and practitioners.

Arvustused

Praise for previous editions:

The perfect text for any health care professional who wishes to gain a sound understanding of researchThis text succeeds where others fail in terms of the thoroughness of the research process and the accessible style in which the material is presented. In an age when nursing and health care research is going from strength to strength this book offers those in the world of academia and practice an excellent and essential 'bible' that is a must on any bookshelf (Dr Aisha Holloway, Lecturer Adult Health, Division of Nursing, The University of Nottingham)







"This new edition is worth buying," (Nursing Standard, July 2010)

"The first edition of this book was published 20 years ago and I wish I had seen it then. It is only over the last 10 years or so that I have actively become more interested and this book would have certainly stimulated my interest much sooner. If you are undertaking a research activity it is a book that helps you each step of the way. A very understandable and enjoyable publication. (Accident and Emergency Nursing Journal)

Contributors xiii
Introduction to the 7th Edition xvii
About the Companion Website xx
Section 1 Setting the Scene
Chapter 1 Research and Development in Nursing
3(12)
Kate Gerrish
Key points
3(1)
Introduction
3(1)
Nursing research and development
4(3)
Developing nursing knowledge
7(2)
Research awareness, utilisation and activity
9(1)
Research and nursing practice
10(2)
Conclusion
12(1)
References
12(1)
Websites
13(2)
Chapter 2 The Research Process
15(16)
Anne Lacey
Key points
15(1)
Introduction
15(1)
Developing the research question
16(4)
Using a hypothesis
20(1)
Searching and evaluating the literature
21(1)
Choice of methodology and research design
22(1)
Preparing a research proposal
23(1)
Gaining access to the data
24(1)
Sampling
25(1)
Pilot study
26(1)
Data collection
26(1)
Data analysis
27(1)
Dissemination of the results
27(1)
Implementation of the results
27(1)
Ensuring rigour
28(1)
Conclusion
29(1)
References
29(1)
Websites
29(2)
Chapter 3 Research Ethics
31(12)
Martin Johnson
Tony Long
Key points
31(1)
The importance of ethics in research
31(1)
Issues for researchers to address
32(5)
Strategies for ethical research
37(2)
Conclusion
39(1)
References
40(1)
Websites
40(3)
Chapter 4 User Involvement in Research
43(14)
Janey Speers
Judith Lathlean
Key points
43(1)
Introduction
43(1)
Why should users be involved in research?
44(2)
Who should be involved?
46(1)
How are users involved?
47(1)
Considerations of user involvement
48(5)
Examples of research involving users
53(1)
Conclusion
53(1)
References
54(1)
Further reading
55(1)
Websites
55(2)
Chapter 5 Research for a Multiethnic Society
57(14)
Sarah Salway
George T.H. Ellison
Key points
57(1)
Introduction
57(2)
The concept of ethnicity
59(2)
Identifying a research focus
61(1)
Ethnic categories and labels
62(2)
Sampling
64(2)
Data collection
66(1)
Data analysis and interpretation
66(1)
Ethical issues
67(1)
Conclusion
67(1)
References
68(1)
Further reading
69(1)
Websites
69(2)
Chapter 6 Digital Technologies in Research
71(18)
Susie Macfarlane
Tracey Bucknall
Key points
71(1)
Introduction
71(1)
Digital technologies: social media and Web 2.0 platforms
72(3)
Digital technologies across phases of the research process
75(1)
Locating and filtering information
75(1)
Securing funding
76(1)
Project planning and management
76(1)
Data collection
77(2)
Data storage
79(1)
Dissemination and impact
80(3)
Developing an integrated social media strategy
83(2)
Conclusion
85(1)
References
85(1)
Further reading
85(1)
Websites
86(3)
Section 2 Preparing the Ground
Chapter 7 Finding the Evidence
89(16)
Claire Beecroft
Andrew Booth
Angie Rees
Key points
89(1)
Introduction
89(1)
Electronic information resources and the Internet
90(1)
The research literature
90(3)
Accessing the literature
93(1)
Planning a literature search
94(3)
Searching the literature
97(3)
Specialist information sources
100(1)
Writing a literature review
101(1)
Managing references
101(2)
Conclusion
103(1)
References
104(1)
Further reading
104(1)
Chapter 8 Critical Appraisal of the Evidence
105(14)
Angie Rees
Claire Beecroft
Andrew Booth
Key points
105(1)
Introduction
105(1)
What is critical appraisal?
106(1)
The need for critical appraisal
107(1)
Validity of research designs
107(1)
How to appraise quantitative research studies
108(1)
How to appraise qualitative research studies
109(6)
How to appraise systematic reviews, practice guidelines and economic analysis
115(1)
Applying the results of critical appraisal
115(2)
Conclusion
117(1)
References
117(1)
Further reading
118(1)
Websites
118(1)
Chapter 9 Preparing a Research Proposal
119(12)
Julie Taylor
Key points
119(1)
Introduction
119(1)
Identifying a research idea
120(1)
Identifying sources of funding
121(1)
The research proposal
121(7)
Submission requirements
128(1)
Maximising success
128(1)
Conclusion
129(1)
References
130(1)
Further reading
130(1)
Websites
130(1)
Chapter 10 Planning and Managing a Research Project
131(12)
Carol A. Haigh
Key points
131(1)
Introduction
131(1)
Identifying and finding funding
131(1)
Academic and practical support
132(1)
Types of supervisor
133(1)
Supervision selection criteria
134(1)
The responsibilities of the supervisor
134(2)
The responsibilities of the student
136(2)
Sources of emotional and peer support
138(2)
Conclusion
140(1)
References
140(1)
Websites
141(2)
Chapter 11 Gaining Access to the Research Site
143(16)
Leslie Gelling
Key points
143(1)
Introduction
143(1)
The need for regulation of research
144(1)
Research ethics
145(6)
R&D approval
151(1)
Informal access to research sites
152(1)
Building the approval process into research planning
153(1)
Conclusion
154(1)
References
154(1)
Further reading
155(1)
Websites
155(4)
Section 3 Choosing the Right Approach
Chapter 12 The Quantitative-Qualitative Continuum
159(14)
Annie Topping
Key points
159(1)
Introduction
159(1)
The characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research
160(1)
Influences and contributions to the development of nursing research
161(1)
Empiricism and the scientific method
161(2)
Quantitative research
163(2)
Qualitative research
165(2)
Critical accounts of research epistemology
167(1)
Blending quantitative and qualitative approaches
168(1)
Judging the quality of quantitative and qualitative research
168(1)
Conclusion
169(1)
References
170(1)
Websites
171(2)
Chapter 13 Sampling
173(12)
Katherine Hunt
Judith Lathlean
Key points
173(1)
Introduction
173(1)
Populations and samples
173(2)
Types of sampling
175(2)
Approaches to random sampling
177(3)
Calculating sample size in quantitative research
180(1)
Sampling in qualitative research
181(1)
Deciding upon sample size in qualitative research
182(1)
Conclusion
183(1)
References
184(1)
Websites
184(1)
Chapter 14 Grounded Theory
185(14)
Immy Holloway
Kathleen T. Galvin
Key points
185(1)
Introduction
185(1)
Key features of grounded theory
186(1)
The relevance of grounded theory in nursing research
186(2)
Symbolic interactionism
188(1)
Data collection and sampling
188(1)
Data analysis
189(3)
The theory
192(1)
Writing memos
193(1)
The use of literature in grounded theory
193(1)
The choice between Glaserian and Straussian grounded theory
194(1)
Problems and strengths of grounded theory
195(1)
Conclusion
195(1)
References
195(1)
Further reading
196(1)
Websites
197(2)
Chapter 15 Ethnography
199(12)
Immy Holloway
Kathleen T. Galvin
Key points
199(1)
Introduction
199(1)
The characteristics of ethnography
200(2)
The use of ethnography in nursing
202(1)
Descriptive and critical ethnography
203(1)
Selection of sample and setting
203(1)
Data collection
204(2)
Fieldwork and fieldnotes
206(1)
Macro- and micro-ethnographies
206(1)
Data analysis and interpretation
207(1)
Relationships and problems in the setting
208(1)
The ethnographic report
209(1)
Conclusion
209(1)
References
210(1)
Further reading
210(1)
Website
210(1)
Chapter 16 Phenomenological Research
211(14)
Kathleen T. Galvin
Immy Holloway
Key points
211(1)
Introduction
211(1)
Purpose of phenomenological research
212(1)
Use of phenomenology in nursing
213(2)
Main features
215(2)
Fieldwork
217(2)
Analytical procedures
219(1)
Strengths and limitations
220(1)
Conclusion
221(1)
Acknowledgement
222(1)
References
222(1)
Further readings
223(1)
Websites
223(2)
Chapter 17 Narrative Research
225(12)
Dawn Freshwater
Immy Holloway
Key points
225(1)
Introduction
225(1)
The nature and purpose of stories
226(3)
Narrative inquiry in nursing
229(1)
Illness narratives or stories of sickness
229(1)
Ethical issues in narrative research
230(1)
Collecting and analysing narrative data
231(2)
Critical issues in narrative inquiry
233(1)
Conclusion
234(1)
References
234(1)
Further reading
235(2)
Chapter 18 Experimental Research
237(18)
Andrea E. Nelson
Jo Dumville
David Torgerson
Key points
237(1)
Background
237(1)
Experimental versus observational studies
237(2)
Characteristics of experimental design
239(1)
Pre-/post-test studies
240(1)
Interrupted time series
241(1)
Controlled before-and-after studies
241(1)
Controlled trials
242(1)
The RCT
243(2)
RCTs and the reduction of bias
245(3)
Other experimental designs
248(2)
Reporting and reading RCTs
250(1)
Important considerations in using RCTs
251(1)
Strengths and limitations of RCTs
251(1)
Conclusion
252(1)
References
253(1)
Websites
253(2)
Chapter 19 Surveys
255(12)
Felicity Hasson
Hugh McKenna
Sinead Keeney
Key points
255(1)
Historical development of survey research in health
255(1)
Descriptive surveys
256(1)
Correlational and comparative surveys
257(1)
Longitudinal surveys and cohort studies
258(1)
Sources of data in survey research
259(3)
Epidemiology
262(2)
Conclusion
264(1)
References
264(1)
Further reading
265(1)
Websites
266(1)
Chapter 20 The Delphi Technique
267(12)
Sinead Keeney
Key points
267(1)
Introduction
267(1)
Defining the Delphi technique
268(1)
The expert panel
269(1)
Delphi rounds
270(1)
Response rates
271(1)
Modifications of the Delphi technique
272(1)
Time frame
273(1)
Anonymity
273(1)
Gaining consensus
273(1)
Interpreting results
274(1)
Skills of the researcher
274(1)
Critique of the technique
274(1)
Ethical considerations
275(1)
Conclusion
276(1)
References
276(2)
Further reading
278(1)
Websites
278(1)
Chapter 21 Case Study Research
279(12)
Charlotte Clarke
Jan Reed
Sarah E. Keyes
Key points
279(1)
Introduction
279(2)
Definitions of case study methodology
281(1)
Research questions
282(1)
Selection of cases
283(2)
Research design
285(2)
Data analysis
287(2)
Presentation and reporting
289(1)
Conclusion
289(1)
References
289(2)
Chapter 22 Evaluation Research
291(12)
Judith Lathlean
Key points
291(1)
Introduction
291(1)
What is evaluation research?
291(2)
Evaluation of satisfaction
293(1)
Approaches to evaluation
293(5)
Instruments to aid evaluation
298(2)
Using different methods to evaluate
300(1)
Conclusion
300(1)
References
300(2)
Further reading
302(1)
Websites
302(1)
Chapter 23 Action Research
303(16)
Julienne Meyer
Julie Cooper
Key points
303(1)
Principles of action research
303(1)
Common models of working with action research in nursing
304(1)
Action research in health-care practice
305(4)
The role of the researcher in action research
309(1)
Ethical issues
310(1)
Methods of data collection
311(1)
Reflexivity and action research
312(1)
Assessing quality
313(1)
Research as an agent of change
314(1)
Advantages and disadvantages of action research
315(1)
Conclusion
315(1)
References
316(1)
Further reading
317(1)
Websites
317(2)
Chapter 24 Practitioner Research
319(14)
Bridle Kent
Key points
319(1)
Introduction
319(1)
Background to practitioner research
320(2)
Insider and outsider positions
322(1)
The practitioner research process
323(2)
Methods
325(2)
Rigour in practitioner research
327(1)
Ethical issues
328(2)
Conclusion
330(1)
References
330(1)
Further reading
331(2)
Chapter 25 Systematic Reviews and Evidence Syntheses
333(20)
Andrew Booth
Angie Rees
Claire Beecroft
Key points
333(1)
Introduction
333(1)
Background to evidence synthesis
333(4)
Writing a systematic review protocol
337(2)
Systematically searching the literature
339(5)
Assessing the quality of the literature
344(1)
Extracting key information from the selected studies
344(1)
Summarising, interpreting and presenting the findings
345(2)
Writing up the review
347(1)
Systematic reviews of qualitative research
347(3)
Conclusion
350(1)
References
351(1)
Further reading
352(1)
Websites
352(1)
Chapter 26 Realist Synthesis
353(18)
Jo Rycroft-Malone
Brendan McCormack
Kara DeCorby
Alison M. Hutchinson
Key points
353(1)
Introduction
353(1)
Realist review: philosophy and principles
354(1)
Realist synthesis: examples
354(1)
Stages in conducting a realist synthesis
355(9)
Data synthesis
364(2)
Narrative construction
366(1)
Strengths and limitations of realist synthesis
367(2)
Conclusion
369(1)
References
369(1)
Websites
370(1)
Chapter 27 Mixed Methods Research
371(16)
Joanne Turnbull
Judith Lathlean
Key points
371(1)
What is mixed methods research?
371(1)
Can — and should — methods be mixed?
372(1)
Why are mixed methods used in nursing and health sciences research?
373(1)
Key concepts in mixed methods research
374(4)
Mixed methods designs
378(1)
Integration in mixed methods research
378(2)
Challenges with mixed methods studies
380(1)
Conclusion
381(1)
References
381(1)
Further reading
382(1)
Websites
383(4)
Section 4 Collecting Data
Chapter 28 Interviewing
387(14)
Angela Tod
Key points
387(1)
Introduction
387(1)
The purpose of the research interview
387(3)
Types of interview
390(2)
Undertaking an interview
392(3)
Conducting the interview
395(1)
Common pitfalls in conducting interviews
396(1)
Advantages and disadvantages of interviews
397(1)
Issues of validity and reliability
397(1)
Ethical issues with interviewing
398(1)
Conclusion
399(1)
References
399(1)
Further reading
400(1)
Chapter 29 Focus Groups
401(12)
Claire Goodman
Catherine Evans
Key points
401(1)
Purpose of focus groups
401(2)
Conducting a focus group
403(4)
Online focus groups
407(1)
Data analysis
407(1)
Issues of validity and reliability
408(1)
Advantages of focus groups
409(1)
Limitations of focus groups
409(1)
Ethical issues
410(1)
Conclusion
411(1)
References
411(1)
Further reading
412(1)
Chapter 30 Questionnaire Design
413(14)
Martyn Jones
Janice Rattray
Key points
413(1)
Introduction
413(1)
Purpose of questionnaires
414(1)
Using and adapting validated questionnaires
415(1)
Reliability
416(1)
Validity
416(1)
Developing a questionnaire
417(4)
Administering questionnaires
421(1)
Piloting
422(1)
Response rates
422(1)
Comparison between face-to-face structured interview and postal questionnaires
423(1)
Strengths and limitations of questionnaires
423(1)
Ethical issues
423(1)
Conclusion
424(1)
References
424(3)
Chapter 31 Observation
427(14)
Jo Booth
Key points
427(1)
The purpose of observation
427(4)
Participant observation
431(1)
Non-participant observation
432(4)
Advantages and disadvantages of observation
436(1)
Validity and reliability
437(1)
Ethical issues
438(1)
Conclusion
438(1)
References
438(3)
Chapter 32 Think Aloud Technique
441(14)
Tracey Bucknall
Leanne M. Aitken
Key points
441(1)
Introduction
441(1)
What is thinking aloud?
442(1)
X Background to think aloud
442(1)
Applying think aloud in nursing research
442(1)
How to use think aloud
443(3)
Recruitment
446(1)
Data collection
446(1)
Data analysis
447(2)
Validity and reliability
449(2)
Ethical issues
451(1)
Strengths and limitations
451(1)
Conclusion
452(1)
References
453(2)
Chapter 33 Outcome Measures
455(16)
Peter Griffiths
Anne Marie Rafferty
Key points
455(1)
Introduction
455(1)
Nurse-sensitive outcomes
456(2)
Outcomes versus process
458(1)
Characteristics of measures
458(3)
Validity and reliability
461(3)
Bias in measurement
464(1)
Selecting outcome measures
464(1)
Other considerations in identifying outcomes
465(1)
Using clinical data and other routinely collected data in research
466(1)
Conclusion
467(1)
References
467(1)
Further reading
468(3)
Section 5 Making Sense of Data
Chapter 34 Qualitative Analysis
471(18)
Judith Lathlean
Key points
471(1)
Introduction
471(1)
Principles of qualitative analysis
472(2)
Examples of methods of analysis
474(7)
Practicalities
481(1)
Examples of analyses
482(3)
Using computer software for qualitative data analysis
485(1)
Conclusion
485(1)
References
485(1)
Further reading
486(1)
Websites
487(2)
Chapter 35 Descriptive Analysis of Quantitative Data
489(16)
Stephen J. Walters
Jenny Freeman
Key points
489(1)
Introduction
489(1)
Data types
490(1)
Recording data
491(3)
Presenting data in graphs
494(5)
Describing data
499(3)
Presenting data and results in tables
502(1)
Conclusion
503(1)
References
504(1)
Further reading
504(1)
Websites
504(1)
Chapter 36 Examining Relationships in Quantitative Data
505(22)
Jenny Freeman
Stephen J. Walters
Key Points
505(1)
Introduction
505(1)
Statistical analysis
505(4)
Choosing the statistical method
509(8)
The relationship between two continuous variables
517(7)
Conclusion
524(1)
Further reading
524(3)
Section 6 Putting Research into Practice
Chapter 37 Disseminating Research Findings
527(14)
Kate Gerrish
Key Points
527(1)
Introduction
527(1)
Communicating with different audiences
527(1)
The research report
528(1)
Writing an article for publication
528(5)
Preparing a report for the public
533(1)
Presenting research at a conference
533(5)
Social media and networking opportunities
538(1)
Conclusion
539(1)
Further reading
539(1)
Websites
540(1)
Chapter 38 Evidence-Based Practice
541(14)
Kate Gerrish
Key points
541(1)
Introduction
541(1)
The nature of 'evidence'
542(5)
Hierarchies of evidence
547(1)
Research utilisation
548(1)
The process of evidence-based practice
549(1)
Barriers to achieving evidence-based practice
549(2)
Implementing evidence-based practice
551(1)
Conclusion
551(1)
References
551(2)
Further reading
553(1)
Websites
553(2)
Chapter 39 Translating Research Findings into Practice
555(16)
Kate Gerrish
Key points
555(1)
Introduction
555(2)
Translating research findings into research products
557(1)
Clinical guidelines
557(5)
Knowledge translation frameworks
562(1)
The knowledge to action framework
562(3)
Interventions to promote behavioural change
565(2)
Achieving change
567(1)
Conclusion
568(1)
References
568(2)
Further reading
570(1)
Websites
570(1)
Chapter 40 Future Trends in Nursing Research
571(12)
Kate Gerrish
Judith Lathlean
Key points
571(1)
Introduction
571(1)
Ensuring the relevance of research
572(3)
Enhancing the impact of research
575(2)
The evolving role of digital technology
577(3)
Conclusion
580(3)
Glossary 583(8)
Index 591
Kate Gerrish is Professor of Nursing Research at the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

Judith Lathlean is Professor of Health Research within the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.