Contributors |
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xiii | |
Introduction to the 7th Edition |
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xvii | |
About the Companion Website |
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xx | |
Section 1 Setting the Scene |
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Chapter 1 Research and Development in Nursing |
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3 | (12) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Nursing research and development |
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4 | (3) |
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Developing nursing knowledge |
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7 | (2) |
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Research awareness, utilisation and activity |
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9 | (1) |
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Research and nursing practice |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 The Research Process |
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15 | (16) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Developing the research question |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (1) |
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Searching and evaluating the literature |
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21 | (1) |
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Choice of methodology and research design |
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22 | (1) |
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Preparing a research proposal |
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23 | (1) |
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Gaining access to the data |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Dissemination of the results |
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27 | (1) |
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Implementation of the results |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Research Ethics |
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31 | (12) |
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31 | (1) |
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The importance of ethics in research |
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31 | (1) |
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Issues for researchers to address |
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32 | (5) |
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Strategies for ethical research |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 User Involvement in Research |
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43 | (14) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Why should users be involved in research? |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Considerations of user involvement |
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48 | (5) |
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Examples of research involving users |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Research for a Multiethnic Society |
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57 | (14) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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Identifying a research focus |
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61 | (1) |
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Ethnic categories and labels |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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Data analysis and interpretation |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Digital Technologies in Research |
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71 | (18) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Digital technologies: social media and Web 2.0 platforms |
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72 | (3) |
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Digital technologies across phases of the research process |
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75 | (1) |
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Locating and filtering information |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Project planning and management |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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Developing an integrated social media strategy |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
Section 2 Preparing the Ground |
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Chapter 7 Finding the Evidence |
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89 | (16) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Electronic information resources and the Internet |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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Planning a literature search |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (3) |
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Specialist information sources |
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100 | (1) |
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Writing a literature review |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Critical Appraisal of the Evidence |
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105 | (14) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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What is critical appraisal? |
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106 | (1) |
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The need for critical appraisal |
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107 | (1) |
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Validity of research designs |
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107 | (1) |
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How to appraise quantitative research studies |
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108 | (1) |
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How to appraise qualitative research studies |
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109 | (6) |
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How to appraise systematic reviews, practice guidelines and economic analysis |
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115 | (1) |
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Applying the results of critical appraisal |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Preparing a Research Proposal |
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119 | (12) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Identifying a research idea |
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120 | (1) |
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Identifying sources of funding |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (7) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Planning and Managing a Research Project |
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131 | (12) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Identifying and finding funding |
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131 | (1) |
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Academic and practical support |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Supervision selection criteria |
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134 | (1) |
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The responsibilities of the supervisor |
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134 | (2) |
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The responsibilities of the student |
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136 | (2) |
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Sources of emotional and peer support |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Gaining Access to the Research Site |
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143 | (16) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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The need for regulation of research |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (6) |
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151 | (1) |
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Informal access to research sites |
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152 | (1) |
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Building the approval process into research planning |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (4) |
Section 3 Choosing the Right Approach |
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Chapter 12 The Quantitative-Qualitative Continuum |
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159 | (14) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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The characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research |
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160 | (1) |
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Influences and contributions to the development of nursing research |
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161 | (1) |
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Empiricism and the scientific method |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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Critical accounts of research epistemology |
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167 | (1) |
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Blending quantitative and qualitative approaches |
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168 | (1) |
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Judging the quality of quantitative and qualitative research |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (12) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (2) |
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Approaches to random sampling |
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177 | (3) |
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Calculating sample size in quantitative research |
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180 | (1) |
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Sampling in qualitative research |
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181 | (1) |
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Deciding upon sample size in qualitative research |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Grounded Theory |
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185 | (14) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Key features of grounded theory |
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186 | (1) |
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The relevance of grounded theory in nursing research |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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Data collection and sampling |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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The use of literature in grounded theory |
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193 | (1) |
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The choice between Glaserian and Straussian grounded theory |
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194 | (1) |
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Problems and strengths of grounded theory |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (12) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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The characteristics of ethnography |
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200 | (2) |
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The use of ethnography in nursing |
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202 | (1) |
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Descriptive and critical ethnography |
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203 | (1) |
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Selection of sample and setting |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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Macro- and micro-ethnographies |
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206 | (1) |
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Data analysis and interpretation |
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207 | (1) |
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Relationships and problems in the setting |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Phenomenological Research |
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211 | (14) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Purpose of phenomenological research |
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212 | (1) |
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Use of phenomenology in nursing |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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Strengths and limitations |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Narrative Research |
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225 | (12) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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The nature and purpose of stories |
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226 | (3) |
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Narrative inquiry in nursing |
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229 | (1) |
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Illness narratives or stories of sickness |
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229 | (1) |
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Ethical issues in narrative research |
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230 | (1) |
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Collecting and analysing narrative data |
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231 | (2) |
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Critical issues in narrative inquiry |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Experimental Research |
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237 | (18) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Experimental versus observational studies |
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237 | (2) |
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Characteristics of experimental design |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Controlled before-and-after studies |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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RCTs and the reduction of bias |
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245 | (3) |
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Other experimental designs |
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248 | (2) |
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Reporting and reading RCTs |
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250 | (1) |
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Important considerations in using RCTs |
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251 | (1) |
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Strengths and limitations of RCTs |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (12) |
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255 | (1) |
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Historical development of survey research in health |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Correlational and comparative surveys |
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257 | (1) |
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Longitudinal surveys and cohort studies |
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258 | (1) |
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Sources of data in survey research |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Chapter 20 The Delphi Technique |
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267 | (12) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Defining the Delphi technique |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Modifications of the Delphi technique |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Critique of the technique |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 Case Study Research |
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279 | (12) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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Definitions of case study methodology |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (2) |
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Presentation and reporting |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Evaluation Research |
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291 | (12) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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What is evaluation research? |
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291 | (2) |
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Evaluation of satisfaction |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (5) |
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Instruments to aid evaluation |
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298 | (2) |
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Using different methods to evaluate |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Chapter 23 Action Research |
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303 | (16) |
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303 | (1) |
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Principles of action research |
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303 | (1) |
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Common models of working with action research in nursing |
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304 | (1) |
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Action research in health-care practice |
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305 | (4) |
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The role of the researcher in action research |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Methods of data collection |
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311 | (1) |
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Reflexivity and action research |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Research as an agent of change |
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314 | (1) |
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Advantages and disadvantages of action research |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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Chapter 24 Practitioner Research |
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319 | (14) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Background to practitioner research |
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320 | (2) |
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Insider and outsider positions |
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322 | (1) |
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The practitioner research process |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (2) |
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Rigour in practitioner research |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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Chapter 25 Systematic Reviews and Evidence Syntheses |
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333 | (20) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Background to evidence synthesis |
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333 | (4) |
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Writing a systematic review protocol |
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337 | (2) |
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Systematically searching the literature |
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339 | (5) |
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Assessing the quality of the literature |
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344 | (1) |
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Extracting key information from the selected studies |
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344 | (1) |
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Summarising, interpreting and presenting the findings |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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Systematic reviews of qualitative research |
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347 | (3) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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Chapter 26 Realist Synthesis |
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353 | (18) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Realist review: philosophy and principles |
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354 | (1) |
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Realist synthesis: examples |
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354 | (1) |
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Stages in conducting a realist synthesis |
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355 | (9) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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Strengths and limitations of realist synthesis |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Chapter 27 Mixed Methods Research |
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371 | (16) |
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371 | (1) |
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What is mixed methods research? |
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371 | (1) |
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Can — and should — methods be mixed? |
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372 | (1) |
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Why are mixed methods used in nursing and health sciences research? |
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373 | (1) |
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Key concepts in mixed methods research |
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374 | (4) |
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378 | (1) |
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Integration in mixed methods research |
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378 | (2) |
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Challenges with mixed methods studies |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (4) |
Section 4 Collecting Data |
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387 | (14) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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The purpose of the research interview |
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387 | (3) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (3) |
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395 | (1) |
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Common pitfalls in conducting interviews |
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396 | (1) |
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Advantages and disadvantages of interviews |
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397 | (1) |
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Issues of validity and reliability |
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397 | (1) |
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Ethical issues with interviewing |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (12) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (4) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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Issues of validity and reliability |
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408 | (1) |
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Advantages of focus groups |
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409 | (1) |
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Limitations of focus groups |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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Chapter 30 Questionnaire Design |
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413 | (14) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Purpose of questionnaires |
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414 | (1) |
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Using and adapting validated questionnaires |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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Developing a questionnaire |
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417 | (4) |
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Administering questionnaires |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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Comparison between face-to-face structured interview and postal questionnaires |
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423 | (1) |
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Strengths and limitations of questionnaires |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (14) |
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427 | (1) |
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The purpose of observation |
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427 | (4) |
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431 | (1) |
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Non-participant observation |
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432 | (4) |
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Advantages and disadvantages of observation |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (3) |
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Chapter 32 Think Aloud Technique |
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441 | (14) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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X Background to think aloud |
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|
442 | (1) |
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Applying think aloud in nursing research |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (3) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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449 | (2) |
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451 | (1) |
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Strengths and limitations |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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Chapter 33 Outcome Measures |
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455 | (16) |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (1) |
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Characteristics of measures |
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458 | (3) |
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461 | (3) |
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|
464 | (1) |
|
Selecting outcome measures |
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|
464 | (1) |
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Other considerations in identifying outcomes |
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|
465 | (1) |
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Using clinical data and other routinely collected data in research |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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|
467 | (1) |
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|
468 | (3) |
Section 5 Making Sense of Data |
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Chapter 34 Qualitative Analysis |
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|
471 | (18) |
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|
471 | (1) |
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|
471 | (1) |
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Principles of qualitative analysis |
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|
472 | (2) |
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Examples of methods of analysis |
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|
474 | (7) |
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481 | (1) |
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|
482 | (3) |
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Using computer software for qualitative data analysis |
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|
485 | (1) |
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|
485 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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|
487 | (2) |
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Chapter 35 Descriptive Analysis of Quantitative Data |
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|
489 | (16) |
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|
489 | (1) |
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|
489 | (1) |
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|
490 | (1) |
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|
491 | (3) |
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Presenting data in graphs |
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|
494 | (5) |
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|
499 | (3) |
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Presenting data and results in tables |
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|
502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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|
504 | (1) |
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Chapter 36 Examining Relationships in Quantitative Data |
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505 | (22) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (4) |
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Choosing the statistical method |
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|
509 | (8) |
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The relationship between two continuous variables |
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|
517 | (7) |
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|
524 | (1) |
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|
524 | (3) |
Section 6 Putting Research into Practice |
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Chapter 37 Disseminating Research Findings |
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527 | (14) |
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527 | (1) |
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|
527 | (1) |
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Communicating with different audiences |
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|
527 | (1) |
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|
528 | (1) |
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Writing an article for publication |
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|
528 | (5) |
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Preparing a report for the public |
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|
533 | (1) |
|
Presenting research at a conference |
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|
533 | (5) |
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Social media and networking opportunities |
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|
538 | (1) |
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|
539 | (1) |
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|
539 | (1) |
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|
540 | (1) |
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Chapter 38 Evidence-Based Practice |
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|
541 | (14) |
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|
541 | (1) |
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|
541 | (1) |
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542 | (5) |
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547 | (1) |
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|
548 | (1) |
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The process of evidence-based practice |
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549 | (1) |
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Barriers to achieving evidence-based practice |
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|
549 | (2) |
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Implementing evidence-based practice |
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|
551 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
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551 | (2) |
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|
553 | (1) |
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|
553 | (2) |
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Chapter 39 Translating Research Findings into Practice |
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|
555 | (16) |
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|
555 | (1) |
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|
555 | (2) |
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Translating research findings into research products |
|
|
557 | (1) |
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|
557 | (5) |
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Knowledge translation frameworks |
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|
562 | (1) |
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The knowledge to action framework |
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|
562 | (3) |
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Interventions to promote behavioural change |
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|
565 | (2) |
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567 | (1) |
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568 | (1) |
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568 | (2) |
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570 | (1) |
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570 | (1) |
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Chapter 40 Future Trends in Nursing Research |
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|
571 | (12) |
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|
571 | (1) |
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|
571 | (1) |
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Ensuring the relevance of research |
|
|
572 | (3) |
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Enhancing the impact of research |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
The evolving role of digital technology |
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
|
580 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
583 | (8) |
Index |
|
591 | |