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E-raamat: Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress: Testing and modelling

(Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden), (Queen's University Belfast, UK), (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden)
  • Formaat: 246 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781134011520
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Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress: Testing and modellingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 246 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781134011520
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"Chloride ingress in reinforced concrete induces corrosion and consequent spalling and structural weakness, and it occurs world-wide and imposes an enormous cost. Yet it can be resisted by using test methods and relevant models for service life prediction. Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress sets out current understanding of chloride transport mechanisms, test methods and prediction models. It describes basic mechanisms and theories, and classifies the commonly used parameters and their units which expressing chloride and its transport properties in concrete. Laboratory test methods and in-field applicable test methods, including precision results from inter-laboratory comparison tests, are then outlined. Some of the fundamentals of models are explained, and the different types of models are then analyzed theoretically and critically. Analytical and probabilistic approaches are used to analyze the sensitivity of various models and the results from a benchmarking evaluation of different models are presented and discussed. Guidelines for the practical use of test methods and models are given, including tests for in-situ applications, and test methods validated by the precision results are detailed. The book draws to a large extent on the Chlortest project, which involved seventeen partners from ten European countries, and serves as an authoritative guide"--

"Chloride ingress in reinforced concrete is a major problem, inducing corrosion and consequent spalling and structural weakness, it occurs world-wide and imposes an enormous costs. In order to guarantee the quality of expensive concrete structures and maintain them properly to achieve their designed service life, test methods and relevant models for service life prediction are required. Setting out current understanding of chloride transport mechanisms, test methods and prediction models, Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress: - Describes basic mechanisms and theories - Classifies the commonly used parameters and units which express chloride and its transport properties - Outlines laboratory test methods and in-field test methods including precisionresults from inter-laboratory comparison tests - Explains some of the fundamentals of models - Analyses the different types of models theoretically and critically - Uses analytical and probabilistic approaches are used to analyse the sensitivity of various models - Presents and discusses the results from a benchmarking evaluation of different models - Gives guidelines for the practical use of test methods and models, including tests for in-situ applications, and test methods validated by the precision results are detailed in an Appendix. Providing practising engineers, designers, researchers, advanced students and other professionals with a useful reference for analysis and design of concrete structures exposed to chloride environments, the book draws onthe Chlortest project, which involved seventeen partners from ten European countries, and will serve as an authoritative guide for some time to come"--

Provided by publisher.
Preface and acknowledgements x
Nomenclature xiii
1 Introduction
1(7)
1.1 Challenges when predicting the service life of reinforced concrete structures
3(1)
1.2 Progress in test methods for measuring chloride transport
3(2)
1.3 Mathematical models for describing chloride transport
5(1)
1.4 Prediction of the service life of structures in chloride-exposed environments
5(1)
1.5 The structure of this book
6(2)
2 Chloride transport in concrete
8(19)
2.1 Introduction
8(1)
2.2 Chloride concentrations
8(1)
2.3 Chloride binding/interaction and binding capacity
9(3)
2.3.1 Linear chloride binding
10(1)
2.3.2 Non-linear chloride binding
10(1)
2.3.3 Chloride-binding capacity
11(1)
2.4 Ion diffusion
12(7)
2.4.1 Diffusion function and Fick's first law
14(1)
2.4.2 Steady-state diffusion and dimensions of the diffusion coefficient
15(3)
2.4.3 Non-steady-state diffusion
18(1)
2.5 Migration
19(3)
2.5.1 Migration function
19(1)
2.5.2 Steady-state migration
20(1)
2.5.3 Non-steady-state migration
21(1)
2.6 Diffusion and migration
22(3)
2.6.1 Combined diffusion and migration
22(1)
2.6.2 Steady-state process of diffusion and migration
23(1)
2.6.3 Non-steady-state process of diffusion and migration
23(2)
2.7 Other mechanisms
25(2)
3 Test methods and their precision
27(48)
3.1 Introduction
27(1)
3.2 Conventional test methods
27(5)
3.2.1 Diffusion cell test
27(3)
3.2.2 Immersion and ponding tests
30(2)
3.3 Accelerated test methods
32(11)
3.3.1 Rapid chloride permeability test (Coulomb test)
35(1)
3.3.2 Potential diffusion index test
36(1)
3.3.3 Steady-state migration test
37(1)
3.3.4 Non-steady-state migration test
38(3)
3.3.5 Resistivity test
41(2)
3.4 Test methods for in situ applications
43(11)
3.4.1 Use of chloride concentration profiles in concrete
43(2)
3.4.2 Use of accelerated chloride migration tests
45(6)
3.4.3 Use of electrical resistance measurements
51(3)
3.4.4 Discussion of in situ methods
54(1)
3.5 Inter-laboratory comparison
54(5)
3.5.1 Nordic inter-laboratory comparison
55(1)
3.5.2 European inter-laboratory comparison (CHLORTEST)
55(3)
3.5.3 International inter-laboratory comparison (RILEM)
58(1)
3.6 Precision of the laboratory test methods
59(7)
3.6.1 Results of the Nordic inter-laboratory comparison
59(1)
3.6.2 Results of the European inter-laboratory comparison (CHLORTEST)
60(2)
3.6.3 Results of the international inter-laboratory comparison (RILEM)
62(1)
3.6.4 Summary of the precision results
63(3)
3.7 Relationships between the results of the different test methods
66(9)
3.7.1 Effect of concrete age on the test results
66(1)
3.7.2 Relationship between the results of the diffusion and migration tests
67(3)
3.7.3 Relationship between the results of the resistivity and diffusion/migration tests
70(2)
3.7.4 Relationship between laboratory tests and in-field performance
72(3)
4 Modelling of chloride ingress
75(45)
4.1 Introduction
75(1)
4.2 Principles of the ingress process
76(2)
4.2.1 Concrete as an ingress medium
76(1)
4.2.2 The concrete pore solution
76(1)
4.2.3 The exposure conditions
77(1)
4.2.4 The ingress process
77(1)
4.3 `Fundamentals' of ingress models
78(5)
4.3.1 Mass balance equations
78(1)
4.3.2 Flux descriptions
79(1)
4.3.3 Interaction/binding
80(3)
4.4 Chloride-ingress models based on Fick's second law
83(23)
4.4.1 Fick's second law
83(2)
4.4.2 Error function complement (erfc) model with constant D and Cs
85(2)
4.4.3 Error function complement (erfc) model with time-dependent Da and constant Csa
87(10)
4.4.4 Ψ model with time-dependent Da and Cs
97(3)
4.4.5 Error function complement (erfc) model with time-dependent Da and Csa
100(1)
4.4.6 Numerical models with time-dependent D and Cs
101(1)
4.4.7 Boundary conditions in models based on Fick's second law
102(4)
4.4.8 Conclusions on models based on Fick's second law
106(1)
4.5 Chloride-ingress models based on flux equations
106(14)
4.5.1 General
106(1)
4.5.2 Boundary conditions in physical models
107(2)
4.5.3 Models based on Fick's first law, without convection
109(5)
4.5.4 Models based on Fick's first law, with convection
114(1)
4.5.5 Models based on the Nernst-Planck equation
115(3)
4.5.6 Conclusions on models based on flux equations
118(2)
5 Sensitivity analysis and tests of chloride-ingress models
120(74)
5.1 Introduction
120(1)
5.2 Probabilistic sensitivity analysis - examples
120(15)
5.2.1 Methodology for sensitivity analysis
121(5)
5.2.2 Application of the methodology in the error function complement (erfc) model
126(3)
5.2.3 Application of the methodology in the LEO model
129(3)
5.2.4 Application of the methodology in the MsDiff model
132(2)
5.2.5 Conclusions
134(1)
5.3 Long-term sensitivity of error function complement (erfc) models
135(9)
5.3.1 Mathematical expressions
136(1)
5.3.2 Sensitivity of various parameters in the prediction of chloride concentration
136(5)
5.3.3 The effect of different parameters on the sensitivity
141(1)
5.3.4 Discussion
141(1)
5.3.5 Combined uncertainty of models for predicting chloride concentration
142(1)
5.3.6 Concluding remarks
143(1)
5.4 First comparison of predictions from early exposure data
144(5)
5.4.1 The test concrete
145(1)
5.4.2 The test environments
146(1)
5.4.3 The test results
146(3)
5.5 Second comparison of predictions from early exposure data
149(18)
5.5.1 Objectives and overview of work performed
149(1)
5.5.2 Establishment of criteria for benchmarking
149(2)
5.5.3 Selection of profiles and documentation prepared for benchmarking
151(2)
5.5.4 Selection of models
153(2)
5.5.5 Responses obtained
155(1)
5.5.6 Comparison of results
155(1)
5.5.7 Some examples of results
155(6)
5.5.8 Analysis of all predictions
161(5)
5.5.9 Final comments on the benchmarking evaluation of models
166(1)
5.6 Validation against long-term exposure data
167(23)
5.6.1 Data collected over 10 years of exposure in a marine environment
167(10)
5.6.2 Data collected over 10 years of exposure in a road environment
177(6)
5.6.3 Data from real structures
183(7)
5.7 Conclusions
190(4)
5.7.1 Conclusions on the sensitivity analysis of the models
190(2)
5.7.2 Conclusions on the benchmarking models
192(1)
5.7.3 Conclusions on the validation against long-term exposure data
192(2)
6 Overall discussion and conclusions
194(16)
6.1 Concretes in chloride environments
194(1)
6.2 Summary of frequently used test methods
195(4)
6.2.1 The immersion test (NT BUILD 443)
195(1)
6.2.2 The rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT)
196(1)
6.2.3 The rapid chloride migration (RCM) test (NT BUILD 492)
196(1)
6.2.4 The steady-state migration test
197(1)
6.2.5 The resistivity test
198(1)
6.2.6 In situ test methods
198(1)
6.3 Recommended test methods
199(1)
6.4 Interpretation of the test results
199(3)
6.4.1 Results of the immersion test (NT BUILD 443)
199(1)
6.4.2 Results of the rapid chloride migration (RCM) test
200(1)
6.4.3 Results of the resistivity test
201(1)
6.5 Conclusions on prediction models
202(1)
6.6 Acceptance criteria
203(4)
6.6.1 How to set acceptance criteria
203(1)
6.6.2 Some examples
204(3)
6.7 General remarks and recommendations for further progress
207(3)
Appendix: test methods for determining the resistance of concrete to chloride ingress
210(19)
A1 Introduction
210(1)
A2 Terms and definitions
210(1)
A3 Test specimens in general
211(1)
A4 Immersion test
211(6)
A4.1 Principle
211(1)
A4.2 Reagents and equipment
212(1)
A4.3 Preparation of the test specimen
212(1)
A4.4 Test procedures
213(2)
A4.5 Expression of results
215(1)
A4.6 Test report
216(1)
A5 Rapid chloride migration (RCM) test
217(7)
A5.1 Principle
217(1)
A5.2 Reagents and equipment
217(2)
A5.3 Preparation of the test specimen
219(1)
A5.4 Test procedures
220(3)
A5.5 Expression of results
223(1)
A5.6 Test report
224(1)
A6 Resistivity test
224(3)
A6.1 Principle
224(1)
A6.2 Equipment
225(1)
A6.3 Preparation of the test specimen
225(1)
A6.4 Test procedures
226(1)
A6.5 Expression of results
226(1)
A6.7 Test report
227(1)
A7 Precision data
227(1)
A8 Modifications of the test procedures
228(1)
Bibliography 229(10)
Index 239
Tang Luping is Professor at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.

Lars-Olof Nilsson is Professor at Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden.

P.A. Muhammed Basheer is Professor at Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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