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E-raamat: Resistivity and Induced Polarization: Theory and Applications to the Near-Surface Earth

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(Lancaster University), (Rutgers University, New Jersey)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108694599
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Resistivity and Induced Polarization: Theory and Applications to the Near-Surface EarthSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108694599
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Resistivity and induced polarization methods are used for a wide range of near-surface applications, including hydrogeology, civil engineering and archaeology, as well as emerging applications in the agricultural and plant sciences. This comprehensive reference text covers both theory and practice of resistivity and induced polarization methods, demonstrating how to measure, model and interpret data in both the laboratory and the field. Marking the 100 year anniversary of the seminal work of Conrad Schlumberger (1920), the book covers historical development of electrical geophysics, electrical properties of geological materials, instrumentation, acquisition and modelling, and includes case studies that capture applications to societally relevant problems. The book is also supported by a full suite of forward and inverse modelling tools, allowing the reader to apply the techniques to a wide range of applications using digital datasets provided online. This is a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers and practitioners interested in near-surface geophysics.

An overview of the theory and practice of resistivity and induced polarization methods, covering electrical properties of geological materials, instrumentation, acquisition and modelling. Case studies demonstrate applications, and digital modelling tools and datasets are provided online, making this a valuable resource for students and researchers.

Arvustused

'Binley and Slater are two of the best electrical geophysicists in the world, and together have written a comprehensive, accessible textbook for anyone interested in electrical methods. By including a history of the methods, open-source software, and sections on theory, instrumentation, forward and inverse modelling, and applications, they've produced a 'one-stop shop' for all things electrical. This book starts with a primer on the most fundamental mathematics and builds up from there to topics outlining the state of the science, including helpful figures and sidebar information along the way. I strongly recommend this book to any student or practitioner interested in learning more about how to apply electrical geophysical techniques to shallow-Earth problems, and look forward to sharing it with my research students.' Kamini Singha, Colorado School of Mines 'This is without doubt the most comprehensive and thorough treatment of electrical geophysics anywhere in the literature. It is a brilliantly written book, covering theory and practice, with numerous real-world examples of the use of resistivity and induced polarization. It will certainly be first on my recommended reading list for students, researchers and practitioners working in the field of geoelectrics and near-surface geophysics.' Jonathan Chambers, British Geological Survey 'Andrew Binley and Lee Slater, two experienced scientists in the field of near-surface geophysics, have compiled a modern textbook that describes the development and the state of the art of resistivity and IP technology. The book provides deep insight into the theoretical fundamentals, and presents the breadth of application of these geophysical methods. Considering the wealth of information and the clearly arranged presentation, the textbook will be useful both for academic education and as a reference work for researchers and practitioners. This book will certainly inspire further research work and practical application of resistivity and IP methods.' Andreas Weller, Technische Universität Clausthal

Muu info

A comprehensive text on resistivity and induced polarization covering theory and practice for the near-surface Earth supported by modelling software.
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Symbols
xv
1 Introduction
1(17)
1.1 Geophysical Investigation of the Subsurface
1(2)
1.2 Importance of Electrical Properties
3(1)
1.3 Historical Development of Electrical Geophysics
4(10)
1.3.1 DC Resistivity
4(7)
1.3.2 Induced Polarization
11(3)
1.4 Recent Methodological Developments
14(1)
1.5 Outline of the Book
15(3)
2 Electrical Properties of the Near-Surface Earth
18(82)
2.1 Introduction
18(2)
2.2 DC Resistivity
20(30)
2.2.1 Electrical Conduction
22(1)
2.2.2 Resistivity/Conductivity Definitions
22(2)
2.2.3 Conduction Processes in Earth Materials
24(1)
2.2.3.1 Ionic Conduction in a Fluid
25(2)
2.2.3.2 The Electric Double Layer (EDL)
27(2)
2.2.3.3 Electron Conduction
29(1)
2.2.4 Conduction in a Porous Medium
29(1)
2.2.4.1 Electrolytic Conduction and Archie's Laws
30(6)
2.2.4.2 Surface Conduction and the Parallel Conduction Paths Model
36(7)
2.2.4.3 Conduction in Frozen Soils
43(1)
2.2.4.4 Other Models for Predicting the Conductivity of Soils and Rocks
44(6)
2.3 Induced Polarization
50(48)
2.3.1 Complex Resistivity/Conductivity Definitions
53(3)
2.3.2 Polarization Mechanisms
56(2)
2.3.3 Frequency-Independent IP Model in the Absence of Electron Conducting Particles
58(7)
2.3.4 Frequency Dependence of the Complex Conductivity
65(7)
2.3.5 Mechanistic Models for the Frequency-Dependent Complex Conductivity in the Absence of Electron Conducting Particles
72(1)
2.3.5.1 Grain- and Pore-Size Based Models of the Surface Conductivity
73(5)
2.3.5.2 Pore-Throat-Based Models
78(2)
2.3.6 Estimation of Hydraulic Properties from Electrical Properties in the Absence of Electron Conducting Particles
80(6)
2.3.7 Polarization of Soils and Rocks Containing Electron Conducting Particles
86(10)
2.3.8 Electrical Properties of Contaminated Soils and Rocks
96(1)
2.3.9 Non-linear IP Effects
97(1)
2.4 Closing Remarks
98(2)
3 Instrumentation and Laboratory Measurements
100(54)
3.1 Introduction
100(3)
3.2 Resistivity Measurements
103(23)
3.2.1 Resistance, Resistivity and the Geometric Factor
103(1)
3.2.2 Laboratory Measurements
103(1)
3.2.2.1 Measurement Cells and the Four-Electrode Measurement
103(3)
3.2.2.2 Types of Sample Holders
106(1)
3.2.2.3 Determining the Geometric Factor
107(2)
3.2.2.4 Laboratory Instrumentation
109(1)
3.2.2.5 Current Sources
110(1)
3.2.2.6 Potential Recordings
110(1)
3.2.2.7 Laboratory Electrodes
111(1)
3.2.3 Field Instruments
112(1)
3.2.3.1 Field Transmitters
113(1)
3.2.3.2 Field Receivers
114(1)
3.2.3.3 Multiple Transmitter Instruments
115(1)
3.2.4 Monitoring Systems
115(4)
3.2.5 Surface Electrode Equipment
119(1)
3.2.5.1 Surface Cables
119(1)
3.2.5.2 Smart Electrode Take-Outs
119(1)
3.2.5.3 Surface Electrodes
120(4)
3.2.6 Borehole Electrode Arrays
124(2)
3.3 Induced Polarization Measurements
126(25)
3.3.1 Laboratory Measurements
127(1)
3.3.1.1 Sample Holders
127(4)
3.3.1.2 Laboratory Instruments
131(3)
3.3.1.3 Electrodes for Laboratory Measurements
134(1)
3.3.1.4 Two-Electrode Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurements
135(1)
3.3.2 Field Instruments
136(1)
3.3.2.1 Time Domain Systems
136(3)
3.3.2.2 Estimating Relaxation Model Parameters from Time Domain Measurements
139(2)
3.3.2.3 Equivalent Frequency Domain Information from Full Time Domain Waveforms
141(1)
3.3.2.4 Frequency Domain Systems
141(3)
3.3.2.5 Electrodes for Field Measurements
144(2)
3.3.2.6 Electrode Cables
146(1)
3.3.2.7 Distributed Transmitter and Receiver Systems
146(2)
3.3.3 Relationships between Instrument Measurements
148(1)
3.3.4 Instrumentation for Imaging Tanks, Cores and Other Vessels
149(2)
3.4 Closing Remarks
151(3)
4 Field-Scale Data Acquisition
154(59)
4.1 Introduction
154(1)
4.2 DC Resistivity
154(49)
4.2.1 The Resistivity Quadrupole and Apparent Resistivity of Specific Resistivity Structures
154(4)
4.2.1.1 Electrode Array Geometries
158(4)
4.2.1.2 Apparent Resistivity of Laterally Variable Media
162(1)
4.2.1.3 Apparent Resistivity of Layered Media
163(3)
4.2.1.4 Apparent Resistivity of Some Other Resistivity Structures
166(3)
4.2.2 Measurements in the Field
169(1)
4.2.2.1 Measurement Errors
169(6)
4.2.2.2 Profiling
175(2)
4.2.2.3 Anisotropy and Azimuthal Surveys
177(1)
4.2.2.4 Vertical Sounding for a 1D Layered Media
178(2)
4.2.2.5 2D Imaging
180(5)
4.2.2.6 3D Imaging
185(4)
4.2.2.7 Borehole-Based Measurements
189(7)
4.2.2.8 Small-Scale Imaging: Tanks and Columns
196(2)
4.2.2.9 Optimal Measurement Schemes
198(1)
4.2.2.10 Time-Lapse Data Acquisition Considerations
199(2)
4.2.2.11 Current Source Methods
201(2)
4.3 Induced Polarization
203(9)
4.3.1 Characteristics of a Polarizable Subsurface
204(2)
4.3.2 Measurement Errors
206(2)
4.3.3 Electrode Geometries
208(3)
4.3.4 Borehole Measurements
211(1)
4.3.5 Small-Scale Imaging
211(1)
4.4 Closing Remarks
212(1)
5 Forward and Inverse Modelling
213(62)
5.1 Introduction
213(2)
5.2 DC Resistivity
215(48)
5.2.1 Forward Modelling
215(1)
5.2.1.1 1D Modelling
215(1)
5.2.1.2 2D and 3D Modelling
216(7)
5.2.1.3 Anisotropy
223(1)
5.2.2 Inverse Modelling
223(1)
5.2.2.1 General Concepts
223(2)
5.2.2.2 Damping and Regularisation
225(5)
5.2.2.3 Computation of the Sensitivity Matrix
230(1)
5.2.2.4 Inverse Models for Vertical Soundings
231(1)
5.2.2.5 Generalized 2D Inverse Modelling
232(4)
5.2.2.6 3D Inverse Modelling
236(5)
5.2.2.7 Accounting for Electrical Anisotropy
241(1)
5.2.2.8 Enhancing the Regularisation
241(2)
5.2.2.9 Post-Processing of Inverse Models
243(1)
5.2.2.10 Time-Lapse Inversion
244(3)
5.2.3 The Impact of Measurement and Model Errors
247(2)
5.2.3.1 Robust Inversion
249(1)
5.2.4 Inverse Model Appraisal
250(1)
5.2.4.1 General Concepts
250(1)
5.2.4.2 Model Resolution Matrix Approaches
250(2)
5.2.4.3 Depth and Volume of Investigation
252(1)
5.2.4.4 Model Covariance Matrix and Parameter Uncertainty
253(2)
5.2.5 Alternative Inverse Modelling Approaches
255(1)
5.2.5.1 Bayesian Methods
255(3)
5.2.5.2 Other Global Optimization Methods
258(2)
5.2.5.3 Joint and Coupled Inversion
260(1)
5.2.6 Current Source Modelling and Inversion
261(2)
5.3 Induced Polarization
263(10)
5.3.1 General Comments
263(1)
5.3.2 Forward Modelling in the Time Domain
263(1)
5.3.3 Forward Modelling in the Frequency Domain
264(1)
5.3.3.1 Modelling Electromagnetic Coupling
264(1)
5.3.4 Inverse Modelling in the Time Domain
265(1)
5.3.5 Inverse Modelling in the Frequency Domain
266(3)
5.3.6 Time-Lapse Inverse Modelling
269(1)
5.3.7 Inversion of Frequency-Dependent Properties
270(1)
5.3.7.1 Relaxation Modelling
270(2)
5.3.7.2 Imaging Relaxation Properties
272(1)
5.3.8 Inverse Model Appraisal
273(1)
5.4 Closing Remarks
273(2)
6 Case Studies
275(46)
6.1 Resistivity Case Studies
275(22)
6.1.1 Introduction
275(1)
6.1.2 Archaeology: Investigation of Roman Fort Remains in Lancaster
275(2)
6.1.3 Hydrogeology: Imaging at the Groundwater-Surface Water Interface
277(4)
6.1.4 Hydrogeology: Time-Lapse 3D Imaging of Solute Migration in the Unsaturated Zone
281(3)
6.1.5 Soil Science: Imaging Solute Transport in Soil Cores
284(2)
6.1.6 Agriculture: Imaging Crop Water Uptake
286(3)
6.1.7 Geotechnical Engineering: Time-Lapse 3D Imaging of Moisture-Induced Landslides
289(3)
6.1.8 Emerging Applications: Imaging Deep CO2 Injection
292(2)
6.1.9 Emerging Applications; Imaging Permafrost Distribution and Properties
294(3)
6.2 IP Case Studies
297(24)
6.2.1 Introduction
297(1)
6.2.2 Hydrogeology: Characterization of a Hydrogeological Framework
298(3)
6.2.3 Hydrogeology: Imaging Hydrostratigraphy
301(2)
6.2.4 Hydrogeology: Imaging Permeability Distributions in Unconsolidated Sediments
303(3)
6.2.5 Hydrogeology: Relationships between Spectral Induced Polarization and Permeability
306(2)
6.2.6 Engineering: Imaging Engineered Permeable Reactive Barriers for Remediating Groundwater
308(4)
6.2.7 Engineering: Imaging of Soil Strengthening
312(2)
6.2.8 Emerging Applications: Tracking Biomineralization Processes during Remediation
314(4)
6.2.9 Emerging Applications: Characterization and Monitoring of Trees
318(3)
7 Future Developments
321(7)
7.1 Developments in Petrophysical Relationships
322(2)
7.2 Future Instrument Development Needs
324(1)
7.3 Future Modelling Development Needs
325(2)
7.4 Closing Remarks
327(1)
Appendix A Modelling Tools
328(7)
A.1 Available Modelling Tools
328(1)
A.2 R Family of Codes
328(3)
A.3 ResIPy
331(4)
References 335(50)
Index 385
Andrew Binley is Professor of Hydrogeophysics at Lancaster University. His research focuses on the use of near-surface electrical geophysics for hydrogeological characterization. He is the developer of widely used geoelectrical modelling computer codes. In 2012 he was awarded the Frank Frischknecht Leadership Award for his long-term contributions to the field of near-surface geophysics, and in particular hydrogeophysics. This award is jointly presented by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) and the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS). He was elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2013 for pioneering work on uncertainty modelling and hydrogeophysics. Lee Slater is a Distinguished Professor and the Henry Rutgers Professor of Geophysics at Rutgers University, New Jersey. His research focuses on near-surface geophysics and he has performed extensive laboratory and field studies with resistivity and induced polarization. In 2013 he was awarded the Harold B. Mooney Award for long-term contributions in education and professional outreach in near-surface geophysics by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) and the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS). He was elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2013 for visionary experimentation in near-surface geophysics.
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