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E-raamat: Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity,Volume 2: The Effects of Environmental Pollutants on the Organ System

William J. Rea (Environmental Health Center, Dallas, Texas, USA), Kalpana D. Patel (Allergy and Environmental Health Center WNY, Buffalo, New York, USA)

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Ilmumisaeg: 15-Aug-2014
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781439813447

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Aug-2014
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781439813447

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Encyclopedic in scope, Reversibility of Chronic Degenerative Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 2: The Effects of Environmental Pollutants on the Organ System draws deeply from clinical histories of thousands of patients. It focuses on clinical syndromes within the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems.

The book explores mechanisms of chemical sensitivity and chronic degenerative disease as well as the triggering agents of musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and sino-respiratory diseases. It then discusses triggering agents such as natural gas, pesticides, solvents, and micotoxins.

The authors include new data for indoor and outdoor air pollution that harms the chemically sensitive and chronic degenerative diseased patient as well as new data for breath analysis. They also describe the physiology of chemical sensitivity and chronic degenerative diseases, their manifestations, diagnosis, and approaches to reverse dysfunction. The second volume of a five-volume set, the book provides an essential resource for health care providers diagnosing and treating chemical sensitivity and chronic degenerative disease.

Preface

Acknowledgments

xvii

Authors

xix

Chapter 1 Integument

(40)

I Introduction

(1)

II Structure and Function of Skin

(5)

III Pollutant Injury to the Physiology of the Skin

(4)

IV Mechanisms of Action of Toxic Chemicals

(3)

A Biotransformation

(1)

V Toxic Skin Reactions

(1)

A Irritant Responses

(1)

1 Acute Irritation

(1)

2 Cumulative Irritation

(1)

3 Corrosion

(1)

4 Phototoxicity (Photoirritation)

(1)

VI Dermal Vascular Response to Pollutant Injury

(7)

A Urtic aria

(4)

VII Itching, Stinging, and Burning

(1)

VIII Autoimmune Contact Dermatitis

(1)

IX Acute Skin Reactions from Pollutant Exposure

(3)

X Eczema

(4)

XI Psoriasis

(1)

XII Boils

(1)

XIII Hyper-IgE Syndrome

(1)

XIV Aging of the Skin

(4)

XV Summary

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 2 Ear, Nose, and Throat

(58)

I Introduction

(1)

II Environmental Triggering Agents and Their Internal Response Mechanism

(9)

A Epigenetic Mechanisms

(9)

1 Epigenetic Signals

(3)

2 Histone

(1)

3 Noncoding RNA

(1)

4 Nucleosome Location

(1)

5 Prions

(2)

III Respiratory Functions of the Nose

(8)

A Odor Sensitivity

(7)

IV Pollutant Injury: Clinical Effects on the Nose, Sinuses, and Salivary Glands

(6)

A Rhinitis

(1)

B Polyps

(1)

C Recurrent Sinusitis

(3)

D Salivary Glands

(1)

V Pollutant Injury to the Throat, Neck, and Larynx

(2)

A Pharynx

(1)

B Neck

(1)

1 Carotodynia

(1)

C Larynx Group

(1)

D Croup

(1)

E Leukoplakia

(1)

F Hoarseness, Laryngeal Stridor, and Aphonia

(1)

G Laryngeal Edema

(1)

VI Pollutant Injury to the Ear and Balance Mechanism

(17)

A Ear

(2)

1 Hearing Loss

(2)

B Pathophysiology of Pollutant Injury of the Balance Mechanism

(34)

1 Meniere's Disease

(6)

2 Tinnitus

(2)

VII Headaches

(2)

VIII Teeth

(1)

IX Temporal Mandibular Joint

(2)

X Conclusion

(1)

References

(11)

Chapter 3 Respiratory Homeostatic Dysfunction, Lower Respiratory Tract Dysfunction

(152)

I Introduction

(1)

II Respiration

(1)

III Air Quality

(5)

IV Ventilation and Associated Clinical Changes with Air Pollution

104

(10)

A Chest Expansion

104

(2)

B Compliance: Alveolar Pressure

106

(2)

C Surface Tension

108

(2)

D Mechanical Collapse Tendency

110

(1)

E Work of Breathing

111

(1)

F Clinical Implications

112

(2)

V Physical Principle of Gas Exchange

114

(14)

A Molecular Basis of Gas Diffusion

115

(7)

B Rate at Which Atmospheric Air Renews Alveolar Air

122

(4)

C Transport of Gases in the Blood to and from the Cell

126

(1)

D Regulation of Oxygen by the Tissue

127

(1)

VI Pathology of Pollutant Injury to the Respiratory Tree

128

(57)

A Neurological Dyshomeostasis

128

(18)

B Mucosa Damage

146

(14)

1 Oxidant Injury to the Mucosa from Pollutants

146

(8)

2 Cilia Damage

154

(1)

3 Epithelial Cells

155

(5)

C Damage to Metabolism

160

(4)

D Damage to Extracellular Matrix

164

(12)

1 Physiology

164

(3)

2 Airway ECM Accumulation: Asthma

167

(1)

3 COPD

167

(1)

4 ECM Depletion in Emphysema

168

(1)

5 Proteolytic Enzymes

168

(2)

6 Apoptotic Cell Death versus ECM Destruction as Initiator of Emphysema

170

(1)

7 Remodeling-Repair

171

(3)

8 Angiogenesis

174

(2)

E Immune Changes

176

(9)

1 General

177

(5)

2 Damage to Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity of the Bronchi and Alveoli

182

(3)

VII Clinical Evidence of Pollutant Injury

185

(33)

A Asbestosis: Mesothelioma

186

(2)

B Other Asbestos-Related Diseases

188

(1)

C Asthma

188

(13)

D Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

201

(1)

1 Woodworkers' Disease

201

(1)

E Alveolitis

201

(2)

1 World Trade Center Dust

202

(1)

2 Popcorn Lung

203

(1)

F Bronchitis

203

(2)

G Bronchiectasis

205

(1)

H Chest Wall Syndrome

206

(1)

I Cystic Fibrosis

206

(1)

J Dyspnea

207

(1)

K Emphysema

207

(1)

L Granulomatous Interstitial Disease and Parenchymal Disease

207

(1)

M Alveolar Capillary Block

208

(5)

N Shingles

213

(1)

O Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

213

(4)

1 Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Prediction of Outcomes of Pulmonary Fibrosis

215

(1)

2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases

215

(1)

3 Fibrosing Lung Disease Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases

216

(1)

P Pathobiologic Concepts

217

(34)

1 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Disorder of Reactive Regeneration and Physiology?

217

(1)

VIII Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Chemical Sensitivity

218

(2)

IX Summary

220

(1)

References

220

(31)

Chapter 4 Homeostasis and Dyshomeostasis of the Gastrointestinal Tract

251

(148)

I Introduction: Normal Gastrointestinal Function

251

(7)

A Normal Absorption

255

(3)

II Integrated Mucosal and Endothelial Injury

258

(33)

A Responses of the Mucosa

258

(2)

B Pollutant Effects on Local Intestinal Mucosa

260

(5)

C Immunologic Backdrop: Facts and Background

265

(5)

D Regulation of Energy

270

(29)

1 Integration of Peripheral Signals of Energy Balance with the CNS

270

(3)

2 Signals of Long-Term Energy Balance

273

(1)

3 Other Peptides of Visceral Origin Potentially Linked to Energy Balance

274

(1)

4 Neurologic Changes in Energy Balance

274

(3)

5 Visceral Fat

277

(9)

6 Membrane Damage Resulting in Decreased Energy

286

(2)

7 Gut Microbiota as a Host Factor That Influences Energy Storage

288

(1)

8 Satiety Peptides from the Gut

289

(2)

9 Gut Peptide That Stimulates Hunger

291

(1)

III Pollutant Effects on the Connective Tissue Matrix

291

(6)

IV Pollutant Effects on the Smooth Muscle

297

(2)

V Pollutant Effects on the Peripheral Sensory, Spinal Sensory, and the Autonomic Nervous System

299

(14)

A Local Neurologic System of the Gut Involving Peripheral Sensory Nerves

299

(3)

B Central and Peripheral Nerves

302

(3)

1 Electrical Sensitivity

305

(1)

C Local Gut Myenteric Plexi

305

(3)

D Myenteric Plexi and Lymphoid Tissue

308

(5)

VI Pollutant Injury to the Neuroendocrine System of the Gut

313

(5)

VII Pollutant Injury to the Immune System of the Gut

318

(7)

A Gut Epithelial Barrier

319

(1)

B Commensal Bacteria in Epithelium in the Immune Cell Function in the Gut

320

(1)

1 Interactions of Commensals with the Mucosal Immune System

321

(1)

C Commensal Flora as the Antigenic Stimulus for Gut Inflammation

321

(4)

VIII Pollutant Injury to the Intestinal Microflora

325

(18)

A Microbial Diversity in the Human Gut Bioreactor

326

(2)

B Phylogenic Overview

328

(2)

C Spectrum of Microbes in the Gut

330

(1)

D Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: A Highly Adaptive Glycophilia

331

(1)

E Bacteria in the Oral Cavity

332

(1)

F Bacteria of the Rest of the Gastrointestinal Tract

333

(10)

IX Clinical Entities of the Gastrointestinal Tract Influenced by Pollutant Injury

343

(21)

A Dry Mouth

344

(1)

B Bad Breath

344

(1)

C Mouth Ulcers

344

(1)

D Burning of Mouth and Tongue

344

(1)

E Leukoplakia

345

(1)

F Heartburn, Esophageal Dysfunction, Reflux, and Dysphagia

345

(1)

G Gastritis

345

(1)

H Ulcer: Gastric and Duodenal

346

(2)

I Disorders of Absorption

348

(2)

J Irritable Bowel Syndrome

350

(2)

K Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease

352

(3)

L Inflammatory Immune Responses to Food Antigens

355

(1)

M Crohn's Disease

355

(1)

N Celiac Disease

355

(3)

O Nonspecific Colitis

358

(1)

P Control of Inflammation in the Gut

358

(3)

Q Other Diseases of the Colon and Rectum

361

(2)

R Pruritus Ani and Hemorrhoids

363

(1)

1 Intestinal Malignancy

363

(1)

2 Forty-Five Mycotoxins That Are Carcinogenic or Mitogenic

364

(1)

X Liver

364

(4)

A Liver's Vascular System

367

(1)

XI Pancreas

368

(4)

A Pollutant Injury via the Nervous System of the Pancreas

368

(1)

B Pollutant Injury via the Endocrine Part of the Pancreas

369

(1)

C Pollutant Injury to the Exocrine System

370

(2)

XII Summary

372

(3)

References

375

(24)

Chapter 5 Homeostasis and Dyshomeostasis of the Genitourinary Tract

399

(58)

I Introduction

399

(1)

II Kidney and Upper Urogenital System

399

(21)

A Pollutant Effects on the Renal Nervous System

399

(3)

B Pollutant Effects on the Physiology of the Kidney

402

(15)

1 Tubular Osmotic Pressure

408

(1)

2 Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure

408

(1)

3 Effect of Arterial Pressure on Rate of Fluid Volume Excretion

408

(1)

4 Effect of Antidiuretic Hormone on Rate of Fluid Volume Excretion

408

(2)

5 Clinical Aspects of Pollutant Injury to the Kidney: Upper Urogenital System

410

(7)

C Relapsing Minimal Change Disease

417

(3)

III Bladder and Lower Urogenital System

420

(22)

A Pollutant Effects on the Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System

420

(3)

1 Central Connections and the Control of Micturition

421

(2)

B Neurological Effects on the Bladder, Urethra, and Prostate

423

(1)

C Pollutant Injury to the Mucosa and Physiology

424

(1)

D Clinical Manifestation of Pollutant Injury

424

(5)

1 Enuresis (Bed Wetting)

426

(3)

E Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

429

(1)

F Pollutant Effects on the Autonomic Nervous System of the Prostate

429

(4)

G Regulation of the Cholinergic System in the Prostate

433

(1)

H Pollutant Effects on Physiology

434

(1)

I Clinical Manifestation of Pollutant Effects

434

(8)

IV Penile Function and Erectile Dysfunction

442

(4)

A Penile Prostheses

445

(1)

B Testicular Implants

446

(1)

V Diagnosis and Treatment of Pollutant Injury to the Genitourinary System

446

(1)

VI Conclusion

446

(1)

References

446

(11)

Chapter 6 Pollutant Injury to the Eye

457

(68)

I Introduction

457

(1)

II Pollutant Injury to the Nervous System of the Eye

457

(5)

A Cranial Nerves

457

(1)

1 Second Cranial Nerve

457

(1)

2 Third Cranial Nerve

457

(1)

3 Fourth Cranial Nerve

457

(1)

4 Fifth Cranial Nerve

458

(1)

5 Sixth Cranial Nerve

458

(1)

B Autonomic Nerves

458

(4)

III Nutrient Deficiency in the Eye

462

(7)

A Vitamin A Deficiency

464

(2)

1 Dihydroxy Carotenoids

464

(1)

2 Lutein

464

(2)

3 Zeaxanthin

466

(1)

B Vitamin B1 Deficiency

466

(1)

C Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency

466

(1)

D Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency

467

(1)

E Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency

467

(1)

F Vitamin B6 Deficiency

467

(1)

G Vitamin C Deficiency

467

(1)

H Vitamin E Deficiency

468

(1)

I Zinc Deficiency

469

(1)

J Taurine Deficiency

469

(1)

K Selenium Deficiency

469

(1)

IV Measurement of Pollutant Injury of the Autonomic Nervous System of the Eye

469

(8)

V Clinical Manifestation of Pollutant Damage to the Eye

477

(37)

A Conjunctiva, Lid Margins, and Adjacent Skin

477

(2)

B Cornea

479

(1)

C Episclera and Sclera

479

(1)

D Uveal Tract

479

(2)

1 Conditions Associated with Uveitis and Uveitis Syndromes

480

(1)

2 Systemic Disorders Associated with Uveitis

480

(1)

3 Uveitis in Children

481

(1)

E Glaucoma

481

(5)

F Anterior Chamber

486

(2)

G Iris

488

(2)

H Lens

490

(12)

1 Lens Implants

492

(2)

2 Retina

494

(1)

3 Clinical Importance of Retinal Neurons

495

(1)

4 Rods and Cones

495

(1)

5 Color Vision

496

(6)

I Age-Related Macular Degeneration

502

(7)

1 Epidemiology of AMD

502

(1)

2 Risk Factors for AMD

502

(1)

3 Pathology of AMD

503

(2)

4 Early-Stage AMD

505

(2)

5 Late-Stage Macular Degeneration

507

(2)

J Optic Nerve

509

(5)

1 Pseudotumor Cerebri

513

(1)

K Absence of Eye

514

(1)

VI Visual Fields

514

(2)

VII Summary

516

(1)

References

516

(9)

Chapter 7 Breast

525

(30)

I Introduction

525

(3)

II Mastodynia

528

(1)

III Inflammation of the Breast

528

(1)

IV Chronic Cystic Mastitis

529

(1)

V Premalignant Lesions

529

(1)

VI Carcinoma

529

(9)

A Bisphenol A (BPA): Endocrine Disruptor

536

(2)

VII Artificial Breast Implants

538

(10)

References

548

(7)

Chapter 8 Pediatrics

555

(136)

I Introduction

555

(1)

II
Chapter Overview

555

(1)

III Initial Stage of Life and Development

555

(5)

A Preconception Prevention of Pollutant Injury

556

(1)

B Father's Sperm

556

(1)

C Mother's Ovum

557

(2)

D Placenta

559

(1)

IV Fetus

560

(20)

A Perinatal Period

564

(16)

1 Epigenetics

567

(12)

2 Brain Dysfunction

579

(1)

3 Toxic Elements Found in Children

580

(1)

V General Considerations: The Child's Environment and Pollutant Exposure

580

(11)

A Physical Environment

580

(5)

1 Breathing Zones and Air Pollution

581

(1)

2 Oxygen Consumption

581

(1)

3 Quality and Quantity of Water

581

(1)

4 Quality and Quantity of Food

582

(3)

B Biological Environment

585

(5)

1 Absorption of Pollutants

585

(4)

2 Distribution

589

(1)

3 Metabolism

589

(1)

4 Target Organ Susceptibility

589

(1)

C Social Environment

590

(1)

VI Newborn: Birth to 2 Months

591

(6)

A Gastrointestinal Tract

593

(2)

1 Thrush

594

(1)

2 Colic and Other Gastrointestinal Upset

594

(1)

3 Constipation and Diarrhea

595

(1)

B Skin

595

(1)

1 Seborrheic Dermatitis

595

(1)

2 Eczema

595

(1)

3 Perianal Dermatitis

595

(1)

C Respiratory System

595

(1)

1 Cystic Fibrosis

595

(1)

D Endocrine System

595

(1)

E Neurological Symptoms

596

(1)

F Cardiovascular System

596

(1)

VII Infants: 2 Months to 2 Years

597

(3)

A Gastrointestinal System

597

(1)

B Skin

598

(1)

C Respiratory System

599

(1)

D Endocrine System

599

(1)

E Neurology and Behavior

599

(1)

F Cardiovascular System

600

(1)

VIII Children: 2-6 Years

600

(18)

A Gastrointestinal System

601

(2)

B Skin

603

(1)

C Respiratory System

603

(4)

1 Bronchitis and Asthma

603

(4)

D Endocrine System

607

(1)

E Neurology

607

(9)

1 Behavior

607

(2)

2 Autism

609

(6)

3 Pandas

615

(1)

4 Other Toxics

615

(1)

F Cardiovascular System

616

(2)

1 Anaphylaxis

617

(1)

2 Other Cardiovascular Changes in Children

618

(1)

G Musculoskeletal System

618

(1)

H Genitourinary System

618

(1)

IX Children 6-12 Years

618

(10)

A Gastrointestinal System

619

(1)

B Skin

620

(1)

C Respiratory System

620

(4)

D Endocrine System

624

(1)

E Neurology and Behavior

624

(2)

F Cardiovascular System

626

(2)

G Musculoskeletal System

628

(1)

H Genitourinary System

628

(1)

X Adolescent: Ages 12-18 Years

628

(16)

A Gastrointestinal System

629

(2)

B Skin (Dermatological System): Acne

631

(1)

C Respiratory System

631

(1)

D Endocrine System

632

(1)

E Neurology and Behavior

632

(6)

f Cardiovascular System

638

(4)

G Musculoskeletal System

642

(1)

H Genitourinary System

643

(1)

XI Diagnosis and Treatment

644

(8)

XII Effects of Contaminated Air, Water, and Food on Children

652

(20)

A Water Contaminated by Mercury

652

(5)

1 Minamata, Japan

654

(1)

2 Iraq

654

(1)

3 USSR

654

(1)

4 Lund, Sweden

655

(1)

5 King County, Washington

655

(1)

6 Alamogordo, New Mexico

655

(2)

B Cadmium

657

(1)

C Lead (Pb)

657

(1)

D Arsenic (As)

657

(1)

E Manganese

657

(1)

F Pesticides, Fungicides, and Other Toxics

658

(14)

1 General

658

(5)

2 Organophosphates and Carbamates

663

(9)

XIII Summary

672

(1)

References

672

(19)

Index

691

William J. Rea is a thoracic, cardiovascular, and general surgeon with an added interest in the environmental aspects of health and disease. He received his MD from The Ohio State University and was chief of thoracic surgery at the Veterans Hospital in Dallas. He has lectured on cardiovascular and thoracic surgery at the University of Texas S.W. Medical School and on environmental sciences at the University of Texas. Dr. Rea served on the board of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine and is currently a board member of the American Board of Environmental Medicine. Dr. Rea is a fellow of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine, the American College of Surgeons, and the Royal Society of Medicine. He was part of the team who resuscitated Governor John Connally when President Kennedy was shot.

Kalpana D. Patel is a pediatrician with an added interest in the environmental aspects of health and disease. She serves as an assistant professor of pediatrics at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Dr. Patel was awarded the Jonathan Forman Gold Medal Award for outstanding research in environmental medicine and the Herbert J. Rinkel Award for outstanding teaching by the American Academy of Environmental Medicine. Dr. Patel has served as president of the American Board of Environmental Medicine and is currently a member of its executive committee. She has also served on the board of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine and is a diplomate of both the American Board of Pediatrics and the American Board of Environmental Medicine. Dr. Patel is a fellow of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine.

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E-raamat: Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity,Volume 2: The Effects of Environmental Pollutants on the Organ System

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