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E-raamat: RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems

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  • Sari: IEEE Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Sep-2011
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118210314
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: IEEE Press
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Sep-2011
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118210314

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The only source for practical, real-world information on RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems It is predicted that by the year 2010, all digital wireless communications equipmentincluding cellular, PCS, and 3G phones; wireless LANs; GPS navigation systems; and DBS TVwill have data transfer capabilities of over 1 Mbps. Now, as this significant turning point quickly approaches, this book presents everything industry professionals need to know about the Radio Frequency (RF) measurements and tests that must be made on this new generation of digital wireless communications equipment.

Presenting just enough theory as is absolutely required for comprehension, RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems:





Provides a review of basic RF principles and terminology



Describes RF measurement equipment, including signal generators, power meters, frequency meters, vector network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, and vector signal analyzers



Explains the RF devices that are used in cellular phones and wireless data transmission equipmenthow they work, what their critical performance parameters are, how they're tested, and typical test results



Illustrates the testing of RF devices and systems with digitally modulated signals that represent the voice, video, or data that the RF wave is carrying





RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems has been written to serve as the industry standard for RF measurements and testing. It is an indispensable resource for engineers, technicians, and managers involved in the construction, installation, or maintenance of cell phones and wireless data equipment.

Arvustused

"You cannot design or build anything without testing it. The test equipment manufacturers do a great job of providing equipment, but this book helps explain what the equipment is, how it works, and how to use it. It's a good addition to your wireless library." (Electronic Design, December 10, 2008)

Introduction
1(56)
The Market for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Transmission Equipment
1(2)
Organization of the Book
3(1)
RF Principles
4(1)
Characteristics of RF Signals
4(1)
Mismatches
4(1)
Digital Modulation
4(5)
RF Measurement Equipment
9(1)
RF Signal Generators
9(1)
Power Meters
10(1)
Frequency Counters
10(4)
VNAs
14(1)
Spectrum Analyzers
14(3)
VSAs
17(1)
Noise Figure Meters
17(2)
Coaxial Cables and Connectors
19(1)
Measurement Uncertainties
19(2)
Measurement of Components Without Coaxial Connectors
21(1)
Measurement of Individual RF Components
21(1)
RF Communications System Block Diagram
22(1)
Signal Control Components
22(1)
PLOs
22(2)
Upconverters
24(1)
Power Amplifiers
24(5)
Antennas
29(2)
RF Receiver Requirements
31(2)
RF Filters
33(2)
LNAs
35(1)
Mixers
36(2)
Noise Figure Measurement
38(1)
Intermodulation Product Measurement
38(1)
Overall Receiver
39(1)
RFICs and SOC
39(2)
Testing of Devices and Systems with Digitally Modulated RF Signals
41(1)
Digital Communications Signals
42(2)
FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Multiple Access Techniques
44(2)
OFDM and OFDMA
46(2)
ACP
48(1)
Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams, and EVM
48(3)
CCDF
51(2)
BER
53(1)
Measurement of GSM Evolution Components
54(1)
Annotated Bibliography
55(2)
PART I RF AND WIRELESS PRINCIPLES
57(66)
Characteristics of RF Signals
59(20)
Electric and Magnetic Fields
60(2)
Electromagnetic Waves
62(1)
Properties of RF Waves
63(6)
Frequency
64(1)
Wavelength
64(3)
Impedance
67(1)
Power Density
67(1)
Phase
68(1)
RF Power Expressed in dB and dBm
69(4)
dB Terminology
70(2)
dBm Terminology
72(1)
Using dB and dBm to Determine an RF Link Budget
73(5)
Alternate Names for dB and dBm
78(1)
Annotated Bibliography
78(1)
Mismatches
79(34)
The Mismatch Problem
79(1)
Ways of Specifying Mismatches
80(2)
Conversion Between Different Ways of Expressing Mismatch
82(3)
S-Parameters
85(2)
Matching with the Smith Chart
87(2)
Derivation of the Smith Chart
89(5)
Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart
94(5)
Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart
99(4)
Using Parallel Matching Elements
103(2)
Lumped Elements in Combination
105(1)
Smith Chart Software
106(5)
Annotated Bibliography
111(2)
Digital Modulation
113(10)
Modulation Principles
113(2)
Multilevel Modulation
115(3)
Special Phase Modulation Techniques
118(2)
DPSK
118(1)
π/4QPSK
119(1)
3/8π 8PSK Modulation for EDGE
119(1)
Digital Frequency Modulation
120(2)
Upconversion Requirements
122(1)
Annotated Bibliography
122(1)
PART II RF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
123(102)
RF Signal Generators
125(6)
What an RF Signal Generator Does
125(2)
Supported Wireless Communication Formats
127(1)
RF Signal Generator Displays
127(1)
RF Signal Generator Controls
127(2)
Modulation Architectures
129(1)
Phase Noise of the RF Signal Generator
130(1)
Annotated Bibliography
130(1)
RF Power Meters
131(8)
RF Power Meter Basics
131(2)
Power Meter Sensors
133(1)
A Schottky Diode for Power Measurements in Cellular Phone Systems
134(1)
The Power Meter Unit
135(3)
Power Meter Controls
138(1)
Annotated Bibliography
138(1)
Frequency Counters
139(4)
Frequency Counter Operation
139(2)
Annotated Bibliography
141(2)
VNAs
143(24)
What a VNA Does
143(1)
What a VNA Can Measure
143(1)
VNA Controls
144(3)
Display Control
144(1)
Channel Setup
145(1)
Trace Setup
145(2)
Entry Control
147(1)
VNA Display Notations
147(1)
Error Correction
147(5)
Example of VNA Measurements on an RF Part
152(2)
Swept Measurements on the VNA as a Function of Power
154(3)
Example Measurement Procedure Using the VNA
157(8)
Objective
157(1)
Measurements Being Demonstrated
158(3)
DUT Specifications
161(1)
Significance to Wireless System Performance
161(1)
Generic Procedure
161(4)
Annotated Bibliography
165(2)
Spectrum Analyzers
167(16)
Spectrum Analyzer Principles
167(1)
What a Spectrum Analyzer Can Measure
168(2)
Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
170(1)
Spectrum Analyzer Controls
171(4)
Center Frequency and Span
171(1)
Reference Level and Attenuation
172(1)
Resolution Bandwidth
173(1)
Video Bandwidth
173(2)
Markers
175(1)
Power Suite Measurements
175(1)
Basic Modulation Formats
175(3)
Example Spectrum Analyzer Operation and FM Spectrum Measurement
178(2)
Objective
178(1)
FM Theory
178(1)
Measurements Being Demonstrated
178(1)
Generic Procedure
178(2)
Annotated Bibliography
180(3)
VSAs
183(10)
What a VSA Does
183(1)
VSA Equipment
183(2)
What the VSA Can Measure
185(6)
Annotated Bibliography
191(2)
Noise Figure Meters
193(6)
Noise Figure Meter Setup
193(1)
Noise Figure Principles
193(4)
Annotated Bibliography
197(2)
Coaxial Cables and Connectors
199(4)
Coaxial Connectors
199(1)
Cables and Connectors Best Practices
200(1)
Popular Coaxial Cable Connectors
200(2)
Coaxial Cables
202(1)
Annotated Bibliography
202(1)
RF Measurement Uncertainties
203(16)
Mismatch Uncertainties
204(1)
RF Power Meter Measurement Uncertainties
205(2)
Mismatch Uncertainties
205(2)
Calibration Factor Uncertainty
207(1)
Magnification and Offset
207(1)
Uncertainty of VNA Measurement of Absolute Power
207(3)
Uncertainty of Spectrum Analyzer Measurements
210(1)
Frequency Measurement Uncertainty
210(1)
Power Measurement Uncertainty
210(1)
Examples of Measurement Uncertainty of PSA 4440E Spectrum Analyzer Under Different Measurement Conditions
211(1)
Measurement Uncertainties of Ratioed Measurements with a VNA
211(4)
Noise Figure Measurement Uncertainty
215(1)
Annotated Bibliography
216(3)
Components that do not have Coaxial Connectors
219(6)
Using SOLT Calibration Standards Fabricated in Microstrip
220(2)
TRL Standards in Microstrip
222(1)
De-Embedding
222(1)
Including the Fixture Effects as Part of the VNA Calibration
223(1)
Annotated Bibliography
223(2)
PART III MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL RF COMPONENTS
225(168)
RF Communications System Block Diagram
227(6)
RF Communications System Components
227(5)
Annotated Bibliography
232(1)
Signal Control Components
233(8)
RF Semiconductors
233(3)
Electronically Controlled Attenuators and Switches
236(4)
Measurements of PIN Diode Attenuators and Switches
240(1)
Annotated Bibliography
240(1)
PLOs
241(14)
Characteristics and Operation of a PLO
241(5)
Phase Noise and its Significance in a Digital RF Communications System
246(2)
Characteristics of PLOs that Need to be Measured
248(4)
Frequency
248(1)
Tuning Sensitivity
249(1)
Power
249(1)
Phase Noise
249(3)
Example Procedure for Phase Noise Measurements of PLOs
252(2)
Measurements Being Described
252(1)
Specifications of PLO
252(1)
Significance to Wireless System Performance
252(1)
Generic Procedure
252(2)
Annotated Bibliography
254(1)
Upconverters
255(8)
How an Upconverter Works
255(2)
mathematical Theory of Upconverter and Mixer Action
257(1)
Measurement of Upconverter Performance
258(3)
Generic Procedure for Upconverter Measurement
261(1)
Annotated Bibliography
262(1)
Power Amplifiers
263(26)
RF Transistors
263(1)
Semiconductor Materials for RF Transistors
264(1)
Transistor Fabrication Processes
265(7)
MESFETs
265(3)
Bipolar Transistor
268(2)
HEMTs and HBTs
270(1)
LDMOS
271(1)
Modulation Distortion Caused by Power Amplifier Nonlinearity
272(6)
Measurements to be Performed on RF Power Amplifiers
278(1)
Measurements of Amplifier Output Characteristics Versus Frequency and Input Power
278(5)
Harmonic Power Measurements
283(1)
Example Power Amp Measurements on the VNA
284(3)
Objective
284(1)
Measurements Being Demonstrated
285(1)
Specifications of Power Amplifier
285(1)
Generic Procedure
285(2)
Annotated Bibliography
287(2)
Antennas
289(14)
Antenna Functions
289(4)
Gain
289(2)
Pattern
291(1)
Gain
292(1)
Side Lobes
292(1)
Polarization
292(1)
Impedance Match
293(1)
Antenna Area
293(1)
Types of Antennas
293(6)
Half-Wave Dipole Antenna
293(2)
Patch Antenna
295(2)
Colinear Dipole Antennas
297(1)
Parabolic Dish Antennas
297(1)
Patch Antenna Array
297(2)
Measurements of Antennas
299(2)
Duplexers
301(1)
Annotated Bibliography
302(1)
RF Receiver Requirements
303(4)
Annotated Bibliography
305(2)
RF Filters
307(14)
RF Filter Characteristics
307(1)
RF Filter Design
308(1)
Types of Filters
309(4)
Microstrip Filter
309(1)
Ceramic Block Filter
309(1)
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters
310(1)
Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Filters
311(1)
Base Station Filters
312(1)
Measurement of RF Filters
313(1)
Group Delay and its Measurement
314(4)
Example Filter Measurement
318(1)
Objective
318(1)
Measurements Being Demonstrated
318(1)
Specifications of DUT
318(1)
Generic Procedure
319(1)
Annotated Bibliography
319(2)
LNAs
321(24)
Thermal Noise
322(1)
Noise Figure Principles
322(6)
Noise Figure of Passive Components
323(1)
Cascaded Noise Figure
324(1)
Mismatching of the Transistor Input to Reduce Noise Figure
325(3)
Intermodulation Products
328(3)
S-Parameters and How they are Used
331(3)
Example LNA Measurement on the VNA
334(10)
Objective
334(1)
Measurements Being Demonstrated
335(1)
Specifications of LNA
335(1)
Generic Procedure
335(9)
Annotated Bibliography
344(1)
Mixers
345(12)
Basic Mixer Performance
345(4)
Selection of Individual Voice and Data Channels
349(1)
The Removal of Image Noise
350(1)
ZIF Mixer
351(2)
Mixer Measurements
353(2)
Annotated Bibliography
355(2)
Noise Figure Measurement
357(10)
Noise Figure Measurement Setup and Procedure
357(1)
Measurement of the Noise Figure and Gain of LNAs, Filters, and Mixers
358(5)
Approximate Measurements of Noise Figure Without the NF Hardware and Software
363(1)
Measurement of Noise Figure Contours on the Smith Chart
364(1)
Annotated Bibliography
364(3)
Intermodulation Product Measurement
367(8)
Intermodulation Products
367(2)
Third-Order Intercept Point
369(1)
Calculation of Maximum Input Power
370(1)
Cautions When Measuring Distortion Products
371(1)
Example Measurement for Intermodulation Products
371(2)
Objective
371(1)
Measurements Being Demonstrated
372(1)
Generic Procedure
372(1)
Annotated Bibliography
373(2)
Overall Receiver Performance
375(12)
Overall Performance of a Typical RF Receiver
376(3)
Formulas for Combining Gain, Noise Figure, and OIP3 of the Receiver Components
379(1)
Software for Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance
379(4)
Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance as a Function of Part Temperature
383(1)
Switching the LNA Into and Out of the Overall Receiver
384(1)
Annotated Bibliography
385(2)
RFICs
387(6)
Wireless LAN
388(1)
Four Band GSM, GPRS, EDGE Handset
389(3)
Annotated Bibliography
392(1)
PART IV TESTING OF DEVICES WITH DIGITALLY MODULATED SIGNALS
393(98)
Wireless Communication Systems
395(18)
Block Diagram of the Complete Wireless Communication System
396(2)
Analog Voice and Video Signals
398(2)
The Digitizing of Analog Signals
400(3)
Data Signals
403(1)
Compression of Digital Voice and Data Signals
404(3)
Compression of Voice Signals
404(2)
Compression of Video Signals
406(1)
Error Correction
407(2)
Typical Bit Rates of Communications Systems
409(1)
Packet Switching
410(1)
Annotated Bibliography
411(2)
Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA, TDMA, AND CDMA
413(18)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
413(3)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
416(2)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
418(6)
3G Cell Phones
424(1)
High Data Rate Systems for Cell Phones
425(4)
Cdma2000 Systems
425(1)
HSDPA High Data Rate Systems
426(3)
Measurement of the Distortion of Digitally Modulated Signals by RF Components
429(1)
Annotated Bibliography
429(2)
OFDM, OFDMA, AND WIMAX
431(8)
802.11 Specifications
431(2)
OFDM Multiple Access Principles
433(2)
WiMAX
435(2)
Annotated Bibliography
437(2)
ACP
439(6)
ACP
439(1)
Measuring ACP
440(1)
ACP for North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Versus GSM Modulation Formats
440(1)
Backoff
441(1)
ACP Measurement Results for NADC and GSM
441(2)
Zero Span
443(1)
Annotated Bibliography
444(1)
Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagram and EVM
445(20)
Power Amplifier Backoff
446(1)
Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams
447(4)
Constellation Diagram
447(1)
Vector Diagram
447(1)
Eye Diagram
447(4)
EVM
451(3)
EVM Troubleshooting
451(1)
EVM Versus Time
451(1)
EVM Spectrum
451(3)
IQ Modulator Impairments
454(1)
Measurements of Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams and EVM on an RF Power Amplifier and on an IF Filter
454(9)
EVM Trouble Shooting Tree
463(1)
Annotated Bibliography
463(2)
CCDF
465(10)
CCDF Curves
466(1)
Derivation of CCDF Curves
467(1)
Comparison of Vector Diagrams and CCDF
467(3)
The Effect of the Number of Active Spread Spectrum Codes
470(1)
CCDF in Component Design
470(3)
Annotated Bibliography
473(2)
BER
475(4)
BER (Bit Error Rate) Testing
475(2)
Annotated Bibliography
477(2)
Measurement of GSM Evolution Components
479(12)
Mesurement of EDGE Signal Distortion
481(1)
Measurement of WCDMA and HSDPA Distortions
482(7)
Annotated Bibliography
489(2)
Terminology 491(6)
Index 497
Allan W. Scott is President of Scott Training Associates in Los Altos, California. He also serves as an instructor and curriculum developer for Besser Associates, the worldwide leader in RF/wireless training. He is the author of Understanding Microwaves, published by Wiley. Rex Frobenius has been with Besser Associates for more than ten years, where he has been actively involved in course development for linear circuit design and test and measurement courses. He is also the author of several online utility software programs that are used to demonstrate fundamental RF principles.