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1 | (56) |
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The Market for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Transmission Equipment |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Characteristics of RF Signals |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Coaxial Cables and Connectors |
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19 | (1) |
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Measurement Uncertainties |
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19 | (2) |
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Measurement of Components Without Coaxial Connectors |
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21 | (1) |
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Measurement of Individual RF Components |
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21 | (1) |
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RF Communications System Block Diagram |
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22 | (1) |
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Signal Control Components |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (5) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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Intermodulation Product Measurement |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Testing of Devices and Systems with Digitally Modulated RF Signals |
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41 | (1) |
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Digital Communications Signals |
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42 | (2) |
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FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Multiple Access Techniques |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams, and EVM |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Measurement of GSM Evolution Components |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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PART I RF AND WIRELESS PRINCIPLES |
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57 | (66) |
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Characteristics of RF Signals |
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59 | (20) |
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Electric and Magnetic Fields |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (6) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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RF Power Expressed in dB and dBm |
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69 | (4) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Using dB and dBm to Determine an RF Link Budget |
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73 | (5) |
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Alternate Names for dB and dBm |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (34) |
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79 | (1) |
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Ways of Specifying Mismatches |
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80 | (2) |
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Conversion Between Different Ways of Expressing Mismatch |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (2) |
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Matching with the Smith Chart |
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87 | (2) |
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Derivation of the Smith Chart |
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89 | (5) |
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Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart |
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94 | (5) |
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Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart |
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99 | (4) |
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Using Parallel Matching Elements |
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103 | (2) |
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Lumped Elements in Combination |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (10) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (3) |
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Special Phase Modulation Techniques |
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118 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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3/8π 8PSK Modulation for EDGE |
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119 | (1) |
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Digital Frequency Modulation |
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120 | (2) |
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Upconversion Requirements |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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PART II RF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT |
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123 | (102) |
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125 | (6) |
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What an RF Signal Generator Does |
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125 | (2) |
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Supported Wireless Communication Formats |
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127 | (1) |
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RF Signal Generator Displays |
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127 | (1) |
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RF Signal Generator Controls |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Phase Noise of the RF Signal Generator |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (8) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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A Schottky Diode for Power Measurements in Cellular Phone Systems |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (4) |
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Frequency Counter Operation |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (24) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (5) |
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Example of VNA Measurements on an RF Part |
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152 | (2) |
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Swept Measurements on the VNA as a Function of Power |
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154 | (3) |
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Example Measurement Procedure Using the VNA |
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157 | (8) |
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157 | (1) |
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Measurements Being Demonstrated |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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Significance to Wireless System Performance |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (16) |
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Spectrum Analyzer Principles |
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167 | (1) |
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What a Spectrum Analyzer Can Measure |
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168 | (2) |
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Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram |
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170 | (1) |
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Spectrum Analyzer Controls |
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171 | (4) |
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Center Frequency and Span |
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171 | (1) |
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Reference Level and Attenuation |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (3) |
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Example Spectrum Analyzer Operation and FM Spectrum Measurement |
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178 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Measurements Being Demonstrated |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (10) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (6) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (6) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (2) |
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Coaxial Cables and Connectors |
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199 | (4) |
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199 | (1) |
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Cables and Connectors Best Practices |
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200 | (1) |
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Popular Coaxial Cable Connectors |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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RF Measurement Uncertainties |
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203 | (16) |
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204 | (1) |
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RF Power Meter Measurement Uncertainties |
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205 | (2) |
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205 | (2) |
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Calibration Factor Uncertainty |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Uncertainty of VNA Measurement of Absolute Power |
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207 | (3) |
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Uncertainty of Spectrum Analyzer Measurements |
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210 | (1) |
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Frequency Measurement Uncertainty |
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210 | (1) |
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Power Measurement Uncertainty |
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210 | (1) |
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Examples of Measurement Uncertainty of PSA 4440E Spectrum Analyzer Under Different Measurement Conditions |
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211 | (1) |
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Measurement Uncertainties of Ratioed Measurements with a VNA |
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211 | (4) |
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Noise Figure Measurement Uncertainty |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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Components that do not have Coaxial Connectors |
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219 | (6) |
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Using SOLT Calibration Standards Fabricated in Microstrip |
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220 | (2) |
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TRL Standards in Microstrip |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Including the Fixture Effects as Part of the VNA Calibration |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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PART III MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL RF COMPONENTS |
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225 | (168) |
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RF Communications System Block Diagram |
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227 | (6) |
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RF Communications System Components |
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227 | (5) |
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232 | (1) |
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Signal Control Components |
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233 | (8) |
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233 | (3) |
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Electronically Controlled Attenuators and Switches |
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236 | (4) |
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Measurements of PIN Diode Attenuators and Switches |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (14) |
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Characteristics and Operation of a PLO |
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241 | (5) |
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Phase Noise and its Significance in a Digital RF Communications System |
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246 | (2) |
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Characteristics of PLOs that Need to be Measured |
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248 | (4) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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Example Procedure for Phase Noise Measurements of PLOs |
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252 | (2) |
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Measurements Being Described |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Significance to Wireless System Performance |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (8) |
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255 | (2) |
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mathematical Theory of Upconverter and Mixer Action |
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257 | (1) |
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Measurement of Upconverter Performance |
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258 | (3) |
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Generic Procedure for Upconverter Measurement |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (26) |
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263 | (1) |
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Semiconductor Materials for RF Transistors |
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264 | (1) |
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Transistor Fabrication Processes |
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265 | (7) |
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265 | (3) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Modulation Distortion Caused by Power Amplifier Nonlinearity |
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272 | (6) |
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Measurements to be Performed on RF Power Amplifiers |
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278 | (1) |
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Measurements of Amplifier Output Characteristics Versus Frequency and Input Power |
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278 | (5) |
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Harmonic Power Measurements |
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283 | (1) |
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Example Power Amp Measurements on the VNA |
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284 | (3) |
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284 | (1) |
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Measurements Being Demonstrated |
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285 | (1) |
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Specifications of Power Amplifier |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (14) |
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289 | (4) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (6) |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (4) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (14) |
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RF Filter Characteristics |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (4) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters |
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310 | (1) |
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Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Filters |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Measurement of RF Filters |
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313 | (1) |
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Group Delay and its Measurement |
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314 | (4) |
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Example Filter Measurement |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Measurements Being Demonstrated |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (24) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (6) |
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Noise Figure of Passive Components |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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Mismatching of the Transistor Input to Reduce Noise Figure |
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325 | (3) |
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328 | (3) |
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S-Parameters and How they are Used |
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331 | (3) |
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Example LNA Measurement on the VNA |
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334 | (10) |
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334 | (1) |
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Measurements Being Demonstrated |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (9) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (12) |
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345 | (4) |
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Selection of Individual Voice and Data Channels |
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349 | (1) |
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The Removal of Image Noise |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (10) |
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Noise Figure Measurement Setup and Procedure |
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357 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Noise Figure and Gain of LNAs, Filters, and Mixers |
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358 | (5) |
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Approximate Measurements of Noise Figure Without the NF Hardware and Software |
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363 | (1) |
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Measurement of Noise Figure Contours on the Smith Chart |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (3) |
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Intermodulation Product Measurement |
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367 | (8) |
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367 | (2) |
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Third-Order Intercept Point |
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369 | (1) |
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Calculation of Maximum Input Power |
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370 | (1) |
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Cautions When Measuring Distortion Products |
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371 | (1) |
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Example Measurement for Intermodulation Products |
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371 | (2) |
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371 | (1) |
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Measurements Being Demonstrated |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (2) |
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Overall Receiver Performance |
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375 | (12) |
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Overall Performance of a Typical RF Receiver |
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376 | (3) |
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Formulas for Combining Gain, Noise Figure, and OIP3 of the Receiver Components |
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379 | (1) |
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Software for Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance |
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379 | (4) |
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Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance as a Function of Part Temperature |
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383 | (1) |
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Switching the LNA Into and Out of the Overall Receiver |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (6) |
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388 | (1) |
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Four Band GSM, GPRS, EDGE Handset |
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389 | (3) |
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392 | (1) |
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PART IV TESTING OF DEVICES WITH DIGITALLY MODULATED SIGNALS |
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393 | (98) |
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Wireless Communication Systems |
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395 | (18) |
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Block Diagram of the Complete Wireless Communication System |
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396 | (2) |
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Analog Voice and Video Signals |
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398 | (2) |
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The Digitizing of Analog Signals |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (1) |
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Compression of Digital Voice and Data Signals |
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404 | (3) |
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Compression of Voice Signals |
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404 | (2) |
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Compression of Video Signals |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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Typical Bit Rates of Communications Systems |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA, TDMA, AND CDMA |
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413 | (18) |
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) |
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413 | (3) |
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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) |
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416 | (2) |
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) |
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418 | (6) |
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424 | (1) |
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High Data Rate Systems for Cell Phones |
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425 | (4) |
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425 | (1) |
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HSDPA High Data Rate Systems |
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426 | (3) |
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Measurement of the Distortion of Digitally Modulated Signals by RF Components |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (8) |
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431 | (2) |
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OFDM Multiple Access Principles |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (6) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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ACP for North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Versus GSM Modulation Formats |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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ACP Measurement Results for NADC and GSM |
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441 | (2) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagram and EVM |
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445 | (20) |
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446 | (1) |
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Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams |
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447 | (4) |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (4) |
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451 | (3) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (1) |
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Measurements of Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams and EVM on an RF Power Amplifier and on an IF Filter |
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454 | (9) |
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EVM Trouble Shooting Tree |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (10) |
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466 | (1) |
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Derivation of CCDF Curves |
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467 | (1) |
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Comparison of Vector Diagrams and CCDF |
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467 | (3) |
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The Effect of the Number of Active Spread Spectrum Codes |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (3) |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (4) |
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BER (Bit Error Rate) Testing |
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475 | (2) |
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477 | (2) |
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Measurement of GSM Evolution Components |
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479 | (12) |
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Mesurement of EDGE Signal Distortion |
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481 | (1) |
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Measurement of WCDMA and HSDPA Distortions |
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482 | (7) |
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489 | (2) |
Terminology |
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491 | (6) |
Index |
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497 | |