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From the very first negotiations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights half a century ago to the present day, socio-economic rights have often been regarded as less enforceable than civil and political rights. The right to adequate housing, even though protecting one of the most basic needs of human beings, has not escaped this classification. Despite its strong foundations in international, regional and domestic legislation, many people are still deprived of one or more of the different key elements that comprise adequate housing.

How, then, can international human rights theory and case law be developed into effective vehicles at the domestic level? Rather than focusing merely on possibilities for individualized relief through the court system, The Right to Housing in Law and Society looks into more effective socio-economic rights realization by addressing both conceptual and practical stumbling blocks that hinder a more structural progress at the national level. The Flemish and Belgian housing legislation and policy are used to highlight the problems and illustrate the pathways here presented.

While first and foremost legal in its approach, the book also offers a more sociological perspective on the functioning of the right to housing in practice. It shows the latest state of knowledge on the topic and will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers and students in the fields of international socio-economic rights law and human rights law more generally.

Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1(1)
1 International Acknowledgment of the Importance of Housing
1(3)
2 Approach and Aims of the Book
4(2)
3 The Belgian and Flemish Right to Housing as Illustration
6(5)
PART I An Effective Right to Housing: Beyond Legal-Technical Issues
11(84)
1 Human Dignity: A Guiding Principle for a Stronger Right to Housing?
13(58)
1 Exploring the Content of Human Dignity and Its Use in a Human Rights Context
13(13)
A History of" the Concept
13(2)
B Human Dignity in a Human Rights Context
15(1)
1) First Function: A Foundation for Human Rights
15(2)
2) Second Function: A Value/Right to Protect and Guarantee
17(3)
C The Added Value and Pitfalls of Using Human Dignity
20(1)
1) As an Equivalent of" Decent or Adequate Housing
20(1)
2) As an Open-Ended Norm for Courts and Other Institutions
21(1)
a A Driving Force for Other Rights
21(1)
b The Other Side of the Coin: A Race to the Bottom?
21(2)
c Subjective vs. Objective Dignity
23(3)
2 Social Dignity
26(32)
A Conceptualization in the Context of Social justice
27(1)
1) Autonomy and Wellbeing
27(4)
2) Connection to Capabilities?
31(2)
3) A Different Voice on Social Justice
33(2)
B Social Dignity in the Right to Housing
35(1)
1) Housing First
36(1)
2) Social Legal Aid
37(2)
3) Property as a Primary Concern
39(1)
a The Right to Housing as a Right to Property
39(2)
b Home Ownership as the Pinnacle of Autonomy
41(1)
1 The Benefits of Home Ownership in the Balance
41(5)
2 Justifying a Property-Driven Policymaking
46(1)
i (Perception of) Housing Security
46(2)
ii Consequences for the Rental Market
48(4)
4) Stigmatization on the Social Rental Market
52(1)
a Composition of the (Social) Rental Sector
52(3)
b Participation in Social Housing
55(2)
c Empowerment through Obligations
57(1)
3 Conclusion
58(13)
2 Socio-Legal Influences on the Effectiveness of the Right to Housing
71(24)
1 Legal Instrumentalism and Its Criticism
71(2)
2 A Socio-Legal Perspective
73(15)
A Law in the Books vs. Law in Action vs. Living Law
73(2)
B Equality and Dependency
75(1)
1) Access to Justice
75(3)
2) Landlord Preferences and Discrimination
78(3)
C Semi-Autonomous Social Fields
81(3)
D Other Influences
84(1)
1) Knowledge of Law - Quality of Legislation
84(2)
2) Cost-Benefit Analysis
86(2)
3 Conclusion
88(7)
PART II European Jurisprudence
95(40)
3 The Impact of European Case Law on the Protection of (the Right to) Housing
97(38)
1 Access to European Courts
97(4)
A Burdens of Admissibility
97(3)
B Twelfth Additional Protocol to the ECHR
100(1)
2 Lessons from European Jurisprudence: Housing Rights Protection on Three Levels
101(16)
A Acknowledgment of the Right to Housing by the ECtHR
101(3)
B Housing Rights in EU (Case) Law
104(2)
C Shared Housing Rights Concerns
106(1)
1) Accommodation for Asylum Seekers
107(1)
2) The Loss of a Home: Protection against Evictions
108(4)
D The Right to Property: Strengthening and Weakening the Right to Housing at the Same Time
112(4)
E Interim Conclusion
116(1)
3 The Assessment of Housing Legislation and Policy through a Collective Complaint
117(12)
A Dependency on the Ratification of Article 31 RESC
117(3)
B Conditions and Benchmarks Set by the ECSR
120(3)
C The Value of a Decision by the ECSR
123(1)
1) Legally Binding?
123(2)
2) Immediate Measures
125(2)
3) With a Little Help from Your Friends: Empowering Socio-Economic Rights Case Law
127(2)
4 Conclusion
129(6)
PART III Strengthening Housing Rights Obligations on the Domestic Level
135(100)
4 From Obligation of Means to Obligation of Result?
137(22)
1 Private Law
137(3)
A Origin and Meaning
137(2)
B Success and Criticism
139(1)
2 Public International Law
140(2)
3 Differences between Both Approaches
142(2)
4 Impact on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Right to Housing
144(5)
A Obligations of Result or Conduct? According to Private or International Law?
144(3)
B A Recipe for Confusion
147(2)
5 Towards Result-Oriented Obligations?
149(6)
A The Right to Housing as an Obligation of Result
149(4)
B A Result-Oriented Approach
153(2)
6 Conclusion
155(4)
5 Progressive Realization and Retrogressive Measures
159(39)
1 Introduction
159(1)
2 The Concept of Progressive Realization under Scrutiny: From a Housing Rights Perspective
160(11)
A Progressiveness as a Flexibility Device
160(3)
B Flexibility Does Not Equal Freedom of Obligations
163(1)
1) Drittwirkung
163(2)
2) Immediate Obligations
165(2)
3) Minimum Core
167(3)
C Focus on Progressiveness
170(1)
3 Retrogressive Measures and Financial Constraints
171(21)
A Origins in International Human Rights Law
171(2)
B Justification of Retrogressive Measures in International Human Rights Law
173(1)
1) Presumption of Impermissibility
173(2)
2) More Leeway for Budgetary Concerns?
175(1)
3) Connection between Article 2(1) and 4 ICESCR
176(1)
4) Budgetary Concerns: The Position of the European Committee of Social Rights
177(1)
C The Application in Belgian Case Law
178(1)
1) A Broader Margin of Appreciation: No Presumption of Non-Retrogression
179(3)
2) Practical Problems: Establishing Retrogression
182(3)
3) A Different Application of the Principle: The Proportionality Test
185(3)
D Appropriateness of Retrogressive Measures
188(4)
4 Conclusion
192(6)
6 Towards Result-Oriented Obligations
198(37)
1 International Monitoring Techniques
199(5)
2 Enforceability of Progressive Realization
204(11)
A A Review Criterion
204(4)
B Reasonableness
208(1)
1) Different Scopes of Reasonableness
208(3)
2) Reasonableness as Appropriateness
211(1)
a A Preliminary Proposal
211(1)
b Possible Criticism and Imperfections
212(3)
3 Combining Monitoring and Reasonableness
215(13)
A Overview of the Proposal
215(3)
B Requirements and Areas of Concern
218(1)
1) The Monitoring Body
218(3)
2) Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Analysis: Practical Difficulties
221(5)
3) Enforceability of Progress
226(2)
5 Conclusion
228(7)
Conclusions 235(6)
Index 241
Nico Moons is Doctor of Law at the University of Antwerp, Belgium