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E-raamat: Rise of the Middle Class in Contemporary China

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This book portrays the middle class in contemporary China with plain language and precise professional knowledge in an all-round, broad and responsible way from the perspectives of income, property, profession, education, consumption, investment, physiological and behavioral characteristics, history and development. It gives, in a logical order, the reasons for stimulating the rise of the middle class in contemporary China. It emphatically describes what the middle class is and what the middle class in contemporary China looks like. It also analyzes whether the middle class can rise in China and sheds light on the basic thinking, medium and long-term goals, main measures and current work priorities for achieving full rise of the middle class in contemporary China. As China becomes the world's largest economy, the new middle class will be the Chinese people facing the world; as such, this book will be of interest to sociologists, sinologists, political scientists, and economists. 
1 Introduction
1(6)
2 The Urgent Need for the Rise of the Middle Class in Contemporary China
7(26)
2.1 A New Question of Contemporary China's Development in Its New Stage
8(9)
2.1.1 New Challenges Contemporary China Is Facing to Leap Over the "Middle-Income Trap"
8(7)
2.1.2 New Requirements for Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects in the New Phase of the Great National Transformation
15(2)
2.2 The Necessity and Urgency of the "Rising" Middle Class in Contemporary China
17(16)
2.2.1 The Urgent Need of Millions of People to Pursue Common Prosperity
18(6)
2.2.2 The Urgent Need to Solve the Prominent Issues in Income Distribution in China
21(3)
2.2.3 The Urgent Need to Promote the Adjustment of China's Economic Structure and the Expanding of Domestic Demand
24(3)
2.2.4 The Urgent Need to Form a Rational Social Structure and Maintain Long-Term Social Stability
27(3)
2.2.5 The Urgent Need to Implement Relevant Fundamental Policies of the CPC Central Committee
30(3)
3 The Origin and Development of the Middle Class
33(26)
3.1 What Is the Middle Class
34(8)
3.1.1 A Brief Introduction to the Concept of the Middle Class in Western Countries
34(3)
3.1.2 The Origin of China's Use of the Concept of the Middle Class and the Perspective of This Book
37(5)
3.2 The Origin and Development of the Middle Class in Western Countries
42(8)
3.2.1 The Origin of the Middle Class in Western Countries in Modern Times
42(3)
3.2.2 The Development of the Middle Class in Western Countries
45(5)
3.3 The Origin and Development of the Middle Class in Modern China
50(9)
3.3.1 The Embryo of the Middle Class in the 19th Century
50(2)
3.3.2 The Development of the Modern Middle Class in China
52(7)
4 Who is the Modern Middle Class in China?
59(42)
4.1 The Emergence and Development of the Modern Chinese Middle Class
60(13)
4.1.1 The Embryo of the Middle Class at the Beginning of the Reform and Opening up
60(4)
4.1.2 The Development of the Middle Class Promoted by the Deepening of the Reform and Opening up
64(9)
4.2 The Definition of the Middle Class in Contemporary China
73(19)
4.2.1 The Definition of the Middle Class in Contemporary China
74(3)
4.2.2 National Reality Analysis for Standards
77(6)
4.2.3 Who Are the Contemporary Middle Class?
83(9)
4.3 How Many Middle-Class Members Are There in China?
92(9)
4.3.1 Our Calculation
92(3)
4.3.2 Comparison and Revision with Other Calculations
95(6)
5 Analysis of the Status Quo and the Problems of the Middle Class in Contemporary China
101(48)
5.1 The Status Quo of the Middle Class in Contemporary China
102(24)
5.1.1 The Current Composition and Distribution of China's Middle Class
102(10)
5.1.2 The Current Occupation Distribution of China's Middle Class
112(9)
5.1.3 The Social Behavioral Characteristics of China's Middle Class
121(5)
5.2 Deficiencies and Problems Regarding the Current Chinese Middle Class
126(12)
5.2.1 The Relatively Small Proportion of Middle Class, and the Olive-Shaped Distribution Pattern is yet Distant
129(1)
5.2.2 The Middle Class's Relatively Low Level of Income and Property
130(2)
5.2.3 The Imbalance and Instability in the Structure of the Middle Class
132(2)
5.2.4 The Uneven Civilization Level Among the Middle Class
134(2)
5.2.5 Relatively Unified Norms in Morality and Behaviors Are Far from Achieved or Predominant in the Society
136(2)
5.3 Factors Binding the Development of the Middle Class in Contemporary China
138(11)
5.3.1 The Extensive Economic Development Constraints the Enlargement of the Middle Class
138(1)
5.3.2 The Urban-rural Dual Structure Hampers the Balanced Expansion of the Middle Class
139(1)
5.3.3 The Unreasonable Industrial Structure Has Constrained the Growth of the Middle Class
140(4)
5.3.4 The Backwardness of the Income Distribution System Reform Impedes the Rise of the Middle Class
142(2)
5.3.5 The Drawbacks in Education, Healthcare, Public Service and Other Social Systems Hinder the Development of the Middle Class
144(2)
5.3.6 The Insufficiency of China's Culture Construction
146(3)
6 The Rise of the Middle Class in Contemporary China Looks Promising
149(24)
6.1 The New Stage of the "Four-Pronged" Strategy Will Promote Great Changes in China
150(5)
6.2 China's Economic Transformation Will Provide a Solid Economic Foundation for the Development and Expansion of the Middle Class
155(5)
6.2.1 China's Economic Transformation Will Be Conducive to Making the Pie of Social Wealth Bigger and Better
156(2)
6.2.2 China's Economic Transformation Will Be Conductive to Expanding the Source of the Middle Class
158(2)
6.3 China's Social Transformation Will Provide Better Social Conditions for the Expansion of the Middle Class
160(5)
6.3.1 Ruling the Country by Law Will Benefit the Development of the Middle Class
161(1)
6.3.2 Educational Reforms Will Be Conducive to the Improvement of the Quality of the Middle Class
162(1)
6.3.3 The Construction of Social Honesty and Credit Will Be Conducive to the Behavioral Norms of the Middle Class
163(2)
6.4 The Chinese Government Formulates and Continues to Improve Policies for Promoting the Development and Expansion of the Middle Class
165(4)
6.4.1 The Government Has Formulated a Series of Policies that Are Conducive to the Development and Expansion of the Middle Class
165(3)
6.4.2 The Government Will Formulate More Situation-Based Policies for Xingzhong-"(The Rise of the Middle Class)
168(1)
6.5 The Valuable Experience of Foreign Countries Can Be Adopted for Reference
169(4)
6.5.1 Learning Valuable Foreign Experience Is the Only Way to Derive Advantages in the Late Strike
169(1)
6.5.2 Systematically Summarizing and Learning from the Valuable Experience of Foreign Countries is Beneficial to the Rise of the Middle Class
170(3)
7 Valuable Experience Overseas
173(38)
7.1 Development Pattern of the Middle Class in Developed Countries and Regions
174(30)
7.1.1 The "Spontaneous Growth Pattern of the Middle Class" in Britain, France and America
175(6)
7.1.2 "Spontaneous Growth with the Policy Promotion Pattern of the Middle Class" in the Nordic Welfare States
181(2)
7.1.3 The Rapid Rise of the Middle Class and Intentional Impetus Given by the Government Pattern in Some East Asian Countries and Regions
183(7)
7.1.4 "Middle-Class Growth Frustrated by Policy Failures" in India and Latin America
190(14)
7.2 Useful Experiences and References
204(7)
7.2.1 Based on Sustained and Steady Economic Growth, the Reform and Improvement of Economic and Social Systems Are Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
204(1)
7.2.2 The Development of the Middle Class Must Be Integrated with the Process of Industrialization and Urbanization
205(1)
7.2.3 The Expansion of the Middle Class and Social Transformation Complement Each Other
205(1)
7.2.4 The Development of the Middle Class Needs a Reasonable Income Distribution System and the Support of the Social Security System
206(1)
7.2.5 The Development of the Middle Class Needs the Support of Basic Public Services Such as Education
207(4)
8 Thoughts and Objectives Regarding the Comprehensive Rise of the Middle Class
211(26)
8.1 Comprehensive "Xingzhong" is a Huge, Complex Systematic Project
211(10)
8.1.1 The Connotation of Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
212(1)
8.1.2 The Level and Perspective of Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
213(2)
8.1.3 Analysis and Basic Orientation of the New Changes in the National Conditions of Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
215(6)
8.2 The Basic Ideas and Principles of Comprehensive TOngzhong"
221(4)
8.2.1 Basic Ideas
221(2)
8.2.2 Basic Principles
223(2)
8.3 The Goal of Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
225(1)
8.3.1 Forecast and Analysis of the 2020 Target
225(5)
8.3.2 Forecast and Analysis Regarding the 2030 Target
230(7)
9 Basic Measures for the Overall Rise of the Middle Class
237(38)
9.1 Paying great attention to the Comprehensive "Xingzhong" (Rise of the Middle Class in China)
237(6)
9.1.1 Understanding Fully the Significance of the Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
238(1)
9.1.2 Connecting the Comprehensive "Xingzhong" with the Leaping Over of the "High-Income Wall" and "Middle-Income Trap"
239(4)
9.2 Making the "Pie" Bigger and Better, and Consolidating the Material Foundation of the Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
243(1)
9.2.1 Maintaining Healthy and Sustainale Economic Growth
243(5)
9.2.2 Creating New Demands in Various Aspects
248(3)
9.2.3 Changing the Mode of Economic Development and Improving the Quality of the Economy
251(2)
9.3 Adjusting the Economic and Social Structure, and Finding More Ways to Increase the Members of the Comprehensive "Xingzhong"
253(7)
9.3.1 Adjusting the Industrial Structure and Employment Structure to Increase the Number of the Middle Class
253(1)
9.3.2 Promoting Urbanization to Transform More Peasants into Citizens
254(5)
9.3.3 Adjusting the Distribution Structure of Income to Increase the Size of the Middle Class
256(3)
9.3.4 Adjusting Other Social Structures and Improving the Conditions for Developing the Middle Class
259(1)
9.4 Deepening the Reform of the Economic and Social System and Removing the Obstaces to the Comprehensive Xingzhong-9
260(7)
9.4.1 Deepening the Reform of the Economic System and Eliminating the Obstacles to the Development of Equal Competition Among the Market Participants
260(4)
9.4.2 Deepening the Reform of the Social Management System and Eliminating the Obstacles Which Hinder the Development and Expansion of the Middle Class
264(3)
9.5 Strengthening Education and Spiritual Civilization, and Promoting the Overall Quality of the Middle Class
267(8)
9.5.1 Sorting out and Clarifying the Way to Improve the Quality of the Middle Class
268(1)
9.5.2 Carrying out Classified Work to Improve the Overall Quality of the Middle Class
269(6)
10 Focus of the Comprehensive "Xingzhong" (The Rise of the Middle Class) in Contemporary China
275(50)
10.1 Regarding the "All-Round Rise of the Middle Class" as a Major Social Construction Task
275(3)
10.1.1 Incorporating the Development and Expansion of the Middle Class into the National Economic and Social Development Plan
276(1)
10.1.2 Incorporating the Expansion of the Middle Class into the Daily Agenda of Governments at All Levels
277(1)
10.2 Deepening the Reform of the Income Distribution System and Expanding the Middle-Income Groups
278(1)
10.2.1 Deepening the Reform of the Salary System and Expanding the Middle-Income Groups
278(8)
10.2.2 Establishing and Improving the System to Increase Residents' Property Income
286(5)
10.2.3 Improving and Consummating the Fiscal Levy System to Increase the Residents' Income from Transfer
291(3)
10.2.4 Accelerating the Consolidation of the Basic Management System of Income Distribution to Promote the Comprehensive "Xingzhong" (Rise of the Middle Class)
294(1)
10.2.5 Reinforcing the Adjustment of Distribution Relations to Accelerate the Narrowing of the Unreasonable Gaps
295(3)
10.3 Further Improving the System of Social Security, Employment and Startup Businesses
298(12)
10.3.1 Accelerating the Improvement of the Social Security System to Resolve the Middle Class's Worries About Their Subsistence
298(8)
10.3.2 Improving the Support System for Employment and Start-Ups to Facilitate More Workers Entering the Middle Class
306(4)
10.4 Striving to Make Remarkable Progress in the Regulation of the Urban and Rural, Industrial and Occupational Structure
310(6)
10.4.1 Implementing the Household Registration System Reform Policy and Promote the Transformation of Rural Workers into Citizens
310(2)
10.4.2 Complying with Industrial Structure Adjustment and Create Jobs for Grey-and White-Collar Workers
312(3)
10.4.3 Strengthening Vocational and On-the-job Training to Improve the Quality of Labor
315(1)
10.5 The Comprehensive "Xingzhong" (Rise of the Middle Class) Should Giving Full Play to the Main Role of Employers and Workers
316(9)
10.5.1 Employers: How to Cultivate the Middle Class Members
317(2)
10.5.2 Workers: How to Grow to Be a Member of the Middle Class
319(6)
11 Postscript
325(4)
Bibliography 329
Hainan Su is former Director and second-level research fellow at the Labour & Wage Research Institute of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. He is author of My Views on Income Distribution, Rational Adjustment of Wage Income Distribution Relations and other professional books on income distribution; he has published more than 200 articles on newspapers and magazines at the central, provincial and ministerial levels.  Hong Wang is an associate research fellow at the Labour & Wage Research Institute of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and an executive member of Compensation Committee of China Association for Labour Studies; she took charge of completing more than ten research programs at the provincial and ministerial levels.  Fenglin Chang is Deputy Director and associate research fellow of the Labour & Wage Research Institute of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, and doctor of economics from the School of Finance, Renmin University of China. 
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