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E-raamat: Risk Communication: A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jul-2018
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119456155
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jul-2018
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119456155

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The essential handbook for effectively communicating environmental, safety, and health risks, fully revised and updated 

Now in its sixth edition, Risk Communication has proven to be a valuable resource for environmental, safety, and health professionals who are tasked with the responsibility of understanding how to apply the most current approaches to communicating risk and debunking misinformation. The sixth edition updates the text with fresh and illustrative examples, lessons learned, and recent research as well as provides advice and guidelines for communicating risk information.

The authors include background information to understand the basic theories and practices of risk communication and explain how to plan an effective strategy and put it into action. The book also contains data on evaluating risk communication efforts and explores how to communicate risk during and after a health or environmental emergency. Risk Communication brings together in one resource proven scientific research with practical, hands-on guidance from risk practitioners with over 30 years of experience in the field. This important guide: 

  • Provides new examples of communication plans in government and industry, the depiction of probability, methods of working with news media, and use of social media
  • Contains a new chapter on partnerships which covers topics such as assigning roles and expectations, ending partnerships, and more
  • Includes information on Americans with Disability Act laws, particularly Sections 504 and 508 that deal with electronic tools
  • Presents real-world case studies with key lessons all risk communicators can apply.

Written for engineers, scientists, professors and students, land use planners, public health practitioners, communication specialists, consultants, and regulators, the revised sixth edition of Risk Communication is the must-have guide for professionals who communicate risks.

List Of Figures xvii
List Of Tables xix
Preface xxi
About The Authors xxiii
1 Introduction 1(10)
To Begin
2(4)
The Risk Communication Process
6(2)
Audiences, Situations, and Purposes
8(1)
References
8(3)
Part I: Understanding Risk Communication
2 Approaches To Communicating Risk
11(18)
Cross-Cutting Risk Communication Approaches
12(8)
Communication Process Approach
12(1)
National Research Council's Approach
13(1)
Hazard Plus Outrage Approach
14(1)
Social Amplification of Risk Approach
14(1)
Social Constructionist Approach
15(1)
CAUSE Approach
16(1)
Mental Noise Approach
17(1)
Social Network Contagion Approach
17(1)
Social Trust Approach
18(2)
Evolutionary Theory Approach
20(1)
Care Communication Approaches
20(3)
Mental Models Approach
20(1)
Extended Parallel Process Model Approach
21(1)
Description-Experience Gap Approach
22(1)
Risk Information Seeking and Processing Approach
22(1)
Consensus Communication Approach
23(1)
Crisis Communication Approaches
24(2)
Original Crisis Communication Approach
24(1)
Crisis and Emergency Communication Approach
25(1)
Relational Dialectics Approach
25(1)
Summary
26(1)
References
26(2)
Additional Resources
28(1)
3 Laws That Mandate Risk Communication
29(16)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
30(1)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
31(3)
Executive Order 12898, Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations
34(1)
Executive Order 13045, Reduce Environmental Health and Safety Risks to Children
34(1)
Food and Drug Administration Regulations on Prescription Drug Communication
35(1)
National Environmental Policy Act
35(1)
Natural Resource Damage Assessment
36(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Act
37(2)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
39(1)
Risk Management Plan Rule
39(1)
Privacy Rule
39(1)
Other Government Inducements
40(2)
International Standards, Guidance, and Agreements
40(1)
North American Standards
41(1)
Grants
42(1)
Summary
42(1)
References
42(1)
Additional Resources
43(2)
4 Constraints To Effective Risk Communication
45(24)
Constraints on the Communicator
45(10)
Organizational Constraints
46(7)
Emotional Constraints
53(2)
Constraints from the Audience
55(8)
Cultural Alignment
55(1)
Hostility and Outrage
56(2)
Panic and Denial
58(1)
Apathy
59(1)
Mistrust of Risk Assessment
60(1)
Disagreements on the Acceptable Magnitude of Risk
61(1)
Lack of Faith in Science and Institutions
61(1)
Learning Difficulties
62(1)
Constraints for Both Communicator and Audience
63(2)
Stigma
63(1)
Stability of the Knowledge Base
64(1)
Summary
65(1)
References
65(2)
Additional Resources
67(2)
5 Ethical Issues
69(20)
Social Ethics
70(7)
The Sociopolitical Environment's Influence
70(2)
The Use of the Risk Idiom
72(2)
Fairness of the Risk
74(1)
Consequences of Multiple Meanings
75(1)
The Issue of Stigma
76(1)
Organizational Ethics
77(5)
Legitimacy of Representation
77(2)
Designation of Primary Audience
79(1)
Releasing Information
79(2)
Attitude toward Compliance with Regulations
81(1)
Personal Ethics
82(3)
Using Persuasion
82(1)
The Role of the Communicator
83(1)
Liability and Professional Responsibility
83(1)
Organizational Ethics or Personal Ethics?
84(1)
Summary
85(1)
References
85(1)
Additional Resources
86(3)
6 Principles Of Risk Communication
89(20)
Principles of Process
90(5)
Know Your Communication Limits and Purpose
90(1)
Whenever Possible, Pretest Your Message
91(1)
Communicate Early, Often, and Fully
92(1)
Be the Expert
93(1)
Remember That Perception Is Reality
94(1)
Principles of Presentation
95(5)
Know Your Audience
95(1)
Do Not Limit Yourself to One Form or One Method
95(1)
Simplify Language and Presentation, Not Content
96(1)
Be Objective, Not Subjective
96(1)
Communicate Honestly, Clearly, and Compassionately
96(1)
Listen and Deal with Specific Concerns
97(1)
Convey the Same Information to All Segments of Your Audience
97(1)
Deal with Uncertainty
98(1)
Address Misinformation
99(1)
Principles for Comparing Risks
100(4)
Use Analogies, but Do Not Trivialize
101(1)
Use Ranges
102(1)
Compare with Standards
102(1)
Compare with Other Estimates of the Same Risk
102(1)
Compare Traits
103(1)
Do Not Compare Risks with Different Levels of Associated Outrage
103(1)
Explain Reductions in Magnitude
103(1)
Summary
104(1)
References
104(1)
Additional Resources
105(4)
Part II: Planning The Risk Communication Effort
7 Determine Purpose And Objectives
109(8)
Factors That Influence Purpose and Objectives
110(4)
Legal Issues
110(1)
Organizational Requirements
111(1)
The Risk Itself
111(2)
Audience Requirements
113(1)
Reference
114(1)
Additional Resources
115(2)
8 Analyze Your Audience
117(18)
Begin with Purpose and Objectives
118(1)
Choose a Level of Analysis
119(3)
Determine Key Audience Characteristics
122(3)
Determine How to Find Audience Analysis Information
125(4)
Incorporate Audience Analysis Information into Risk Communication Efforts
129(3)
References
132(1)
Additional Resources
133(2)
9 Develop Your Message
135(18)
Common Pitfalls
136(3)
Information People Want
139(2)
Mental Models
141(3)
Message Mapping and Message Development Templates
144(1)
Health Risk Communication
144(3)
Crisis Communication
147(3)
References
150(1)
Additional Resource
151(2)
10 Determine The Appropriate Methods
153(14)
Information Materials
153(2)
Visual Representation of Risk
155(1)
Face-to-Face Communication
156(2)
The News Media
158(2)
Stakeholder Participation
160(2)
Technology-Assisted Communication
162(1)
Social Media
163(1)
Partnerships
164(2)
Additional Resources
166(1)
11 SETA Schedule
167(6)
Legal Requirements
167(1)
Organizational Requirements
168(1)
The Scientific Process
169(1)
Ongoing Activities
169(1)
Audience Needs
170(2)
Reference
172(1)
12 Develop A Communication Plan
173(14)
What to Include in a Communication Plan
174(3)
Developing Risk Communication Strategies
177(6)
Storyboarding as a Planning Tool
178(1)
Communication Planning Using the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Approach
179(1)
Using an Audience Focus
180(2)
Strategic Planning for Risk Communication
182(1)
References
183(1)
Additional Resources
184(3)
Part III: Putting Risk Communication Into Action
13 Information Materials
187(16)
Constructing Information Materials
187(8)
Information to Be Included
188(3)
Organizing Content for Information Materials
191(1)
Language for Information Materials
191(3)
Narrative Style in Information Materials
194(1)
Guidelines for Specific Types of Information Materials
195(7)
Newsletters
195(2)
Pamphlets, Booklets, and Fact Sheets
197(1)
Posters, Advertisements, and Displays
197(2)
Articles
199(1)
Technical Reports and Books
199(3)
References
202(1)
Additional Resources
202(1)
14 Visual Representations Of Risks
203(38)
Design Visuals for Specific Audiences and Uses
205(2)
Match the Visual Portrayal to the Information to Be Conveyed
207(2)
Pretest Graphics with Those Who Will Use Them
209(4)
Using Visuals to Personalize Risk Information
213(1)
Comparing Risks in Visual Formats
213(3)
Static versus Interactive Visuals
216(2)
Depicting Probability and Uncertainty
218(9)
Presenting Probability
218(5)
Presenting Uncertainty
223(1)
Probability plus Uncertainty
224(3)
Warning Labels
227(3)
Consider Using Action Levels
230(2)
Ethical Portrayal of Risk Information
232(3)
Using Visual Information in Group Decision Making
235(1)
References
236(3)
Additional Resources
239(2)
15 Face-To-Face Communication
241(18)
Constructing Face-to-Face Messages
242(5)
Choose the Appropriate Spokesperson
242(1)
Audience Acceptability
242(2)
Organizational Acceptability
244(1)
Finding the Right Person
244(2)
Give the Audience Something to Take Away
246(1)
Reinforce Your Message with Visual Aids
246(1)
Speak in the Language of the Audience
246(1)
Do Not Promise What You Cannot Deliver
247(1)
Guidelines for Specific Types of Face-to-Face Communication
247(11)
Speaking Engagements
247(2)
Speakers Bureaus
249(1)
Tours and Demonstrations
250(1)
Video Presentations
251(3)
Audience Interviews
254(1)
Information Fairs
255(1)
Training
255(3)
References
258(1)
Additional Resource
258(1)
16 News Media
259(26)
The Roles of the News Media in Risk Communication
260(3)
News Media Contrasted with Other Stakeholders
261(1)
Productive Interaction, Not Polarization
262(1)
Understanding Cultural Differences
263(3)
The News Media Are Event Focused
263(1)
Certain Kinds of Risks Get More Coverage
264(1)
Journalistic Independence and Deadlines Affect Content
264(1)
The Need for Balance Invites Opposing Views
265(1)
Information Is Condensed, Simplified, and Personalized
265(1)
Guidelines for Interacting with the News Media
266(9)
Develop Relationships with Local and Regional News Media Representatives
267(1)
Know When to Approach Media Representatives or When They May Approach You
268(1)
Prepare Messages and Materials Carefully
269(1)
Know Where to Draw the Line
270(1)
Put Your Message in Terms That the Reporter's Audience Can Understand
271(1)
Put the Risk in Perspective
271(1)
Respect the Reporter's Deadlines
272(1)
Maintain Ethical Standards of Disclosure
273(1)
Take Action When Inaccurate or Misleading Material Is Published or Aired
273(1)
Evaluate News Media Coverage
274(1)
Getting the Word Out
275(4)
Distribution Services
275(1)
Images, Video, and Audio
276(1)
Connecting with Reporters on Social Media
277(1)
Public Service Announcements
277(1)
Telebriefings
278(1)
Dealing with Fake News
279(2)
References
281(2)
Additional Resources
283(2)
17 Stakeholder Participation
285(30)
Requirements for Stakeholder Participation
286(4)
Organizational Requirements for Successful Stakeholder Participation
287(1)
Stakeholder Requirements for Successful Participation
288(2)
Guidelines for Specific Types of Stakeholder Participation Activities
290(21)
The Formal Hearing
290(2)
Group Interactions
292(6)
Interactions Involving Risk Assessment
298(1)
Interactions Involving Decision Making
299(6)
Interactions Involving Risk Management
305(2)
Evaluating Stakeholder Participation Based on Your Situation
307(4)
References
311(1)
Additional Resources
312(3)
18 Technology-Assisted Communication
315(32)
Choosing Technology-Based Applications
316(1)
Workplace Risk Communication
317(5)
Computer-Based Training
317(3)
Informing Employees about Risks
320(2)
Web-Delivered and Stand-Alone Multimedia Programs
322(5)
Online Multimedia Tools
322(2)
Mobile Platforms
324(1)
Web and Satellite Broadcasts
325(2)
Traditional Electronic Forums
327(1)
Interactive Multimedia Programs in Public Places
328(3)
Technology in Care Communication
331(1)
Technology in Consensus Communication
332(4)
Websites
332(1)
Tracking and Analyzing Comments and Responses
333(1)
Facilitating Group Decision Making
334(2)
Technology in Crisis Communication
336(7)
Mobile Devices
336(3)
Emergency Planning and Training Tools
339(4)
References
343(2)
Additional Resources
345(2)
19 Social Media
347(24)
General Principles on Participating in Social Media to Communicate Risk
348(6)
Determining Audiences for Social Media
349(1)
Organizational Barriers to Social Media Adoption
350(4)
Sharing Content via Social Media
354(1)
Engaging with Stakeholders
355(1)
Monitoring Changes in Perception via Social Media
356(2)
Guidelines for Specific Types of Social Media
358(4)
Social Networking Sites
359(1)
Tweeting
360(1)
Blogging and Podcasts
360(1)
Video-, Image-, and File-Sharing Sites
361(1)
Mapping
362(1)
Evaluating Social Media Effectiveness
362(2)
Dealing with Fake News
364(3)
References
367(2)
Additional Resources
369(2)
20 Partnerships
371(16)
Categories of Partnerships
372(2)
Task Forces and Advisory Groups
372(1)
Crisis Response Partnerships
373(1)
Legal Partnerships
373(1)
Informal Partnerships
374(1)
Sponsorships
374(1)
General Principles for Working in Partnership
374(4)
Working with Influencers
378(3)
Identifying Influencers
379(1)
Approaching Influencers
380(1)
When You Are the Influencer
380(1)
Evaluating and Ending Partnerships
381(2)
References
383(1)
Additional Resources
384(3)
Part IV: Evaluating Risk Communication Efforts
21 Evaluation Of Risk Communication Efforts
387(14)
Why Evaluate Risk Communication Efforts?
387(1)
The Meaning of Success
388(3)
Types of Evaluations
391(2)
Conducting the Evaluation
393(4)
References
397(1)
Additional Resources
398(3)
Part V: Special Cases In Risk Communication
22 Emergency Risk Communication
401(56)
Understanding Emergency Risk Communication
402(7)
Emotions and Public Actions
402(5)
Credibility and Trust
407(2)
Planning for the Unexpected
409(27)
Preparing Your Organization
410(1)
Check Your Attitudes at the Door
410(1)
You Want Me to Do What? Determining Staff Roles
411(1)
Ensuring Worker Communication
411(3)
Teaming with Other Organizations
414(1)
Exercises and Drills
415(3)
Working with Communities in Advance
418(2)
Determining Appropriate Communication Methods
420(1)
The Internet
420(2)
Social Media and Crowdsourcing
422(4)
Telecommunications
426(1)
Creative Alternatives
427(2)
Developing an Emergency Risk Communication Plan
429(3)
Additional Considerations in Emergency Risk Communication Planning
432(1)
Vulnerable Populations
433(3)
Communicating During an Emergency
436(12)
Emergency Operation Centers
441(1)
Working with the Media in an Emergency
442(4)
Hotlines
446(2)
Communicating After an Emergency
448(4)
References
452(4)
Additional Resources
456(1)
23 International Risk Communication
457(14)
Recognize the Similarities
458(1)
Account for Cultural Differences
459(2)
Look for "Your" Risk in Other Countries
461(2)
Plan for Cross-Country Communication
463(3)
References
466(2)
Additional Resources
468(3)
24 Public Health Campaigns
471(18)
Understand Your Goals
472(1)
Use Research to Design Campaigns
473(1)
Use Multiple Methods to Reach People
474(5)
News Media
474(1)
Paid Placements and Independent Coverage
475(1)
Online Interventions and Social Media
476(1)
Other Methods
477(2)
When Things Go Wrong
479(2)
Don't Blame or Vilify
479(1)
Counter Misinformation in Disease Outbreaks
480(1)
Evaluate Success
481(4)
References
485(1)
Additional Resources
486(3)
Resources
489(8)
General Risk Communication Resources
489(2)
Environmental Risk Communication Resources
491(1)
Safety Risk Communication Resources
491(1)
Health Risk Communication Resources
492(1)
Care Communication Resources
493(1)
Consensus Communication Resources
493(1)
Crisis Communication Resources
494(3)
Glossary 497(4)
Index 501
REGINA E. LUNDGREN is an independent consultant in risk communication, public involvement, and science and strategic communication. For more than 30 years, she has specialized in communicating environmental, safety, and health risks to lay audiences. You can learn more at her website at http://www.rlriskcom.com.

ANDREA H. MCMAKIN is a communication specialist at the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington. For more than 30 years, she has directed, taught, advised on, and carried out the communication of scientific, technical, and risk-related information.