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E-raamat: Roads to Infinity: The Mathematics of Truth and Proof

(Mathematics Department, University of San Francisco, CA; School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia)
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"This sequel to the author's Yearning for the Impossible provides a readable survey of logicians' efforts to explicate the notions of truth, proof and undecidability, including the quest to find examples of `natural' undecidable statements. Leavened with historical details, it focuses on the role of infinitary considerations in the development of modern mathematics, with particular attention to the undervalued contributions of Emil Post and Gerhard Gentzen."---John W. Dawson, Jr., author of Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Godel

"Stillwell has provided an accessible, scholarly treatment of all the foundational studies today's well-rounded professional mathematician ought to know, and has managed to do so in just over 200 pages. And that includes all the relevant history. I highly recommend it."---Keith Devlin, Stanford University, author of The Millennium Problems and co-author of The Computer as Crucible: An Introduction to Experimental Mathematics

"Professor Stillwell ... succeeds, in every topic treated, in bringing a fresh eye to questions even mathematicians might think have been mined in the past to boring exhaustion [ and] shows there is still a lot of gold to be found, if one only thinks about things in a new way. Stillwell brings new, unorthodox insights to his writing that will stimulate readers (from high schoolers to emeritus professors) to think about old topics in new, nonstale ways."---SIAM Review

"Stillwell weaves historical details into his writing seamlessly, helping to give the reader the true feeling that mathematics is more than just a bunch of people playing games with symbols, but rather a rich and rewarding intellectual endeavor important to the human enterprise."---MAA Reviews

While many popular books have been written on the advances in our understanding of infinity, sparked by the set theory of Georg Cantor in the 1870s and incompleteness theorems of Kurt Godel in the 1930s, such books generally dwell on a single aspect of either set theory or logic. The aim of this book is to explain the whole, in which set theory interacts with logic, and both begin to affect mainstream mathematics (the latter being quite a recent development, not yet given much space in popular accounts).

In Roads to Infinity, award-winning author John Stillwell explores the consequences of accepting infinity, which are rich and surprising. The reader needs very little background beyond high school mathematics, but should have a willingness to grapple with alien ideas. Stillwell's style eases the reader into the technicalities of set theory and logic by tracing a single thread in each chapter, beginning with a natural mathematical question and following a sequence of historic responses to that question. Each response typically leads to new questions, and from them new concepts and theorems emerge. At the end of each chapter a section called "Historical Background" situates the thread in a bigger picture of mathematics and its history.

By following this path, key ideas are presented first, then revisited and reinforced by showing a wider view. Some readers, however, may be impatient to get to the core theorems and will skip the historical background sections, at least at first reading. Others, in search of a big picture from the beginning, may begin by reading the historical background and then come back to fill in details.

Arvustused

"The text is nicely presented, with many illuminating and/or entertaining quotes and diagrams. The wide scope of the work and the way that the author manages to show the connections between the different topics are the main strength of the book, making it a good place to start if you have some interest in logic, set theory, or just challenging ideas in general." Yann Peresse, London Mathematical Society Newsletter, June 2013

"The book follows essentially two roads to infinity: Cantors diagonal argument and Cantors construction of the ordinals. Stillwell shows how these two themes intertwine and influence a wide range of mathematical questions The scope of this book is breathtaking, but Stillwell has masterfully presented and developed a wide range of mathematics as a coherent narrative. He is able to pack a lot of information and ideas into a few well-chosen paragraphs without sacrificing clarity. Stillwell is an accomplished historian of mathematics who doesnt limit himself to the work of the well-known. I appreciated the appearance of some of the lesser known contributors to the study of the infinite. It is well-conceived and well-written, and covers a large amount of material on logic, transfinite set theory, provability, combinatorics, and the histories of these fields." James V. Rauff, Mathematics and Computer Education, Winter 2012

"Stillwell is a master expositor and does a very good job explaining and weaving together many core issues in mathematical logic and foundational studies. Stillwells book is highly commendable, very informative and well organized. It is very carefully produced." José Ferreirós, American Mathematical Monthly, February 2012

"I highly recommend it for undergraduates in mathematics and other young mathematicians who are looking for historical context or a different angle to their studies. Readers who have experience with theoretical analysis or a foundation in abstract mathematics will find the examples wonderfully illustrative. For these readers, Stillwells words will flow smoothly, almost like a novel." Joyance Meechai, Mathematics Teacher, October 2011

"Stillwell has produced an excellent book on infinity for the motivated lay reader. The author does a masterful job of painting a historical portrait of logic, set theory, incompleteness, computable functions, and many associated foundational questions. His lively style and clear exposition of the relationship between proof and truth will engage both the novice and the expert. Although there are numerous books on the topic of infinity, Stillwell tells a story which motivates the ideas he introduces. This is a book that anyone with an interest in mathematics should have in their library. Highly recommended." R.L. Pour, CHOICE, March 2011

"This book is an accessible, but also a scholarly and extremely well-written introduction to the great ideas of modern logic. While the central results are the famed proofs of Gödel, Stillwell does a masterful job of relating that work not only to Gödels contemporaries, such as Post, Turing, Church, Tarski, Gentzen, and von Neumann, but also to modern researchers in the foundations of mathematics (Friedman, Woodin, and others). Chapter 6 on natural unprovable sentences is a gem Stillwells book is worthwhile reading for anyone interested in the development of mathematical logic in the 20th century and learning about the possible directions of the field in the 21st." Stan Wagon, The College Mathematics Journal, March 2011

"In 1963, Edwin E. Moise published Elementary Geometry from an Advanced Standpoint and his book became a classic. [ this book] deserves the same outcome. One of the most enjoyable features is Stillwells use of techniques of logic and set theory to solve real mathematical problems Another enjoyable feature is Stillwells uniform coverage of unprovability, undecidability and non-computability suitable for self-study it is excellent background material for computer scientists and mathematicians in other fields. The historical notes alone are worth perusing by anyone who is interested in the development of mathematical ideas." Phill Schultz, Gazette of the Australian Mathematical Society, March 2011

" a clear and succinct guide. One interesting feature of the book is the careful treatment of two of the less famous contributors in this areaEmil Post and Gerhard Gentzen " CMS Notes, Vol. 43, No. 1, February 2011

" excellent book the investment the reader makesbe he an intellectually curious adult or a math grad student with extra time on her handspays off with an increased understanding of the fascinating world of mathematical logic. The authors thorough, well-researched historical comments are particularly valuable, as well as the philosophical quotations from the important players in this game. There is a very complete bibliography. What the reader might appreciate most is the ability of the author to share his deep insights into what is important and what it all means in the most profound sense. it is clear that the book received excellent proofreading before publication. " Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2011f

"This is an interesting book on infinity. The author combines set theory and logic to face the most basic and fruitful aspects of infinity." Claudi Alsina, Zentralblatt MATH 1196

"Featuring chapters dedicated to the diagonal argument, ordinals, computability and proof, logic, arithmetic, natural unprovable sentences, and axioms, as well as being enhanced with the inclusion of a lengthy bibliography and a comprehensive index, Roads to Infinity: The Mathematics of Truth and Proof is highly recommended reading for students, scholars, and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the history and contemporary issues of mathematics today." Able Greenspan, Midwest Book Review

"I love reading anything by John Stillwell. If you've ever been tantalized by the puzzles of infinity, set theory, and logic, and want to understand what's really going on, this is the book for you. It's an exceptionally fine piece of mathematical exposition." Steven Strogatz, Cornell University, author of The Calculus of Friendship

Preface ix
1 The Diagonal Argument
1(28)
1.1 Counting and Countability
2(2)
1.2 Does One Infinite Size Fit All?
4(2)
1.3 Cantor's Diagonal Argument
6(4)
1.4 Transcendental Numbers
10(2)
1.5 Other Uncountability Proofs
12(2)
1.6 Rates of Growth
14(2)
1.7 The Cardinality of the Continuum
16(3)
1.8 Historical Background
19(10)
2 Ordinals
29(38)
2.1 Counting Past Infinity
30(3)
2.2 The Countable Ordinals
33(4)
2.3 The Axiom of Choice
37(3)
2.4 The Continuum Hypothesis
40(2)
2.5 Induction
42(4)
2.6 Cantor Normal Form
46(1)
2.7 Goodstein's Theorem
47(4)
2.8 Hercules and the Hydra
51(3)
2.9 Historical Background
54(13)
3 Computability and Proof
67(30)
3.1 Formal Systems
68(4)
3.2 Post's Approach to Incompleteness
72(3)
3.3 Godel's First Incompleteness Theorem
75(5)
3.4 Godel's Second Incompleteness Theorem
80(2)
3.5 Formalization of Computability
82(3)
3.6 The Halting Problem
85(2)
3.7 The Entscheidungsproblem
87(2)
3.8 Historical Background
89(8)
4 Logic
97(22)
4.1 Propositional Logic
98(2)
4.2 A Classical System
100(2)
4.3 A Cut-Free System for Propositional Logic
102(3)
4.4 Happy Endings
105(1)
4.5 Predicate Logic
106(4)
4.6 Completeness, Consistency, Happy Endings
110(2)
4.7 Historical Background
112(7)
5 Arithmetic
119(20)
5.1 How Might We Prove Consistency?
120(1)
5.2 Formal Arithmetic
121(1)
5.3 The Systems PA and PAw
122(2)
5.4 Embedding PA in PAw
124(3)
5.5 Cut Elimination in PAw
127(3)
5.6 The Height of This Great Argument
130(3)
5.7 Roads to Infinity
133(2)
5.8 Historical Background
135(4)
6 Natural Unprovable Sentences
139(26)
6.1 A Generalized Goodstein Theorem
140(1)
6.2 Countable Ordinals via Natural Numbers
141(3)
6.3 From Generalized Goodstein to Well-Ordering
144(2)
6.4 Generalized and Ordinary Goodstein
146(1)
6.5 Provably Computable Functions
147(4)
6.6 Complete Disorder is Impossible
151(3)
6.7 The Hardest Theorem in Graph Theory
154(3)
6.8 Historical Background
157(8)
7 Axioms of Infinity
165(18)
7.1 Set Theory without Infinity
165(3)
7.2 Inaccessible Cardinals
168(2)
7.3 The Axiom of Determinacy
170(2)
7.4 Largeness Axioms for Arithmetic
172(1)
7.5 Large Cardinals and Finite Mathematics
173(4)
7.6 Historical Background
177(6)
Bibliography 183(6)
Index 189
John Stillwell was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1942 and educated at Melbourne High School, the University of Melbourne (M.Sc. 1965), and MIT (Ph.D. 1970). From 1970 to 2001 he taught at Monash University in Melbourne, and since 2002 he has been Professor of Mathematics at the University of San Francisco. He has been an invited speaker at several international conferences, including the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich 1994. His works cover a wide spectrum of mathematics, from translations of classics by Dirichlet, Dedekind, Poincare, and Dehn to books on algebra, geometry, topology, number theory, and their history. For his expository writing he was awarded the Chauvenet Prize of the Mathematical Association of America in 2005, and the AJCU National Book Award in 2009. Recent titles by Stillwell include Yearning for the Impossible, Mathematics and Its History, The Four Pillars of Geometry, and Geometry of Surfaces.