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E-raamat: Roboethics: A Navigating Overview

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This volume explores the ethical questions that arise in the development, creation and use of robots that are capable of semiautonomous or autonomous decision making and human-like action. It examines how ethical and moral theories can and must be applied to address the complex and critical issues of the application of these intelligent robots in society.Coverage first presents fundamental concepts and provides a general overview of ethics, artificial intelligence and robotics. Next, the book studies all principal ethical applications of robots, namely medical, assistive, socialized and war roboethics. It looks at such issues as robotic surgery, children-robot and elderly-robot therapeutical/social interactions and the use of robots, especially autonomous lethal ones, in warfare. In addition, a chapter also considers Japanese roboethics as well as key intercultural and robot legislation issues.Overall, readers are provided with a thorough investigation into the moral responsib

ility (if any) of autonomous robots when doing harm. This volume will serve as an ideal educational source in engineering and robotics courses as well as an introductory reference for researchers in the field.

1. Introductory Concepts and Outline of the Book.- 2. Ethics: Fundamental Elements.- 3. Artificial Intelligence.- 4. The World of Robots.- 5. Roboethics: A Branch of Applied Ethics.- 6. Medical Roboethics.- 7. Assistive Roboethics.- 8. Socialized Roboethics.- 9. War Roboethics.- 10. Japanese roboethics, Intercultural and Legislation Issues.- 11. Additional Roboethics Issues.- 12. Mental Robots.

Arvustused

This book presents a remarkably complete and concise approach to the field of robot ethics. The book covers a wide range of topics, from both the engineering and philosophical points of view. This book is complete enough to make it suitable as a textbook (with additional references) for a standalone course on robot ethics, or as a supplementary text for a course in robotics. (G. A. Bekey, Computing Reviews, November, 2015)

1 Introductory Concepts and Outline of the Book
1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Roboethics and Levels of Robomorality
2(1)
1.3 Literature Review
3(4)
1.4 Outline of the Book
7(6)
References
10(3)
2 Ethics: Fundamental Elements
13(12)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Ethics Branches
14(2)
2.2.1 Meta Ethics
14(1)
2.2.2 Normative Ethics
15(1)
2.2.3 Applied Ethics
15(1)
2.3 Ethics Theories
16(4)
2.3.1 Virtue Theory
16(1)
2.3.2 Deontological Theory
17(1)
2.3.3 Utilitarian Theory
17(1)
2.3.4 Justice as Fairness Theory
18(1)
2.3.5 Egoism Theory
18(1)
2.3.6 Value-Based Theory
19(1)
2.3.7 Case-Based Theory
19(1)
2.4 Professional Ethics
20(3)
2.4.1 NSPE Code of Ethics of Engineers
20(1)
2.4.2 IEEE Code for Ethics
21(1)
2.4.3 ASME Code of Ethics of Engineers
22(1)
2.4.4 WPI Code of Ethics for Robotics Engineers
23(1)
2.5 Concluding Remarks
23(2)
References
24(1)
3 Artificial Intelligence
25(10)
3.1 Introduction
25(1)
3.2 Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence
26(1)
3.3 The Turing Test
27(2)
3.4 A Tour to Applied AI
29(3)
3.5 Concluding Remarks
32(3)
References
33(2)
4 The World of Robots
35(30)
4.1 Introduction
35(1)
4.2 Definition and Types of Robots
36(5)
4.2.1 Definition of Robots
36(1)
4.2.2 Types of Robots
37(4)
4.3 Intelligent Robots: A Quick Look
41(5)
4.4 Robot Applications
46(17)
4.4.1 Industrial Robots
47(1)
4.4.2 Medical Robots
47(2)
4.4.3 Domestic and Household Robots
49(2)
4.4.4 Assistive Robots
51(1)
4.4.5 Rescue Robots
52(2)
4.4.6 Space Robots
54(1)
4.4.7 Military Robots
55(3)
4.4.8 Entertainment and Socialized Robots
58(5)
4.5 Concluding Remarks
63(2)
References
63(2)
5 Roboethics: A Branch of Applied Ethics
65(16)
5.1 Introduction
65(1)
5.2 General Discussion of Roboethics
66(2)
5.3 Top-Down Roboethics Approach
68(4)
5.3.1 Deontological Roboethics
68(3)
5.3.2 Consequentialist Roboethics
71(1)
5.4 Bottom-Up Roboethics Approach
72(2)
5.5 Ethics in Human-Robot Symbiosis
74(1)
5.6 Robot Rights
75(2)
5.7 Concluding Remarks
77(4)
References
77(4)
6 Medical Roboethics
81(12)
6.1 Introduction
81(1)
6.2 Medical Ethics
82(2)
6.3 Robotic Surgery
84(1)
6.4 Ethical Issues of Robotic Surgery
85(4)
6.5 Appendix: Hippocratic Oath and American Medical Association Code of Ethics
89(1)
6.5.1 Hippocratic Oath
89(1)
6.5.2 AMA Principles of Medical Ethics
90(1)
6.6 Concluding Remarks
90(3)
References
91(2)
7 Assistive Roboethics
93(14)
7.1 Introduction
93(1)
7.2 Assistive Robotic Devices
94(6)
7.2.1 Upper Limb Assistive Robotic Devices
94(2)
7.2.2 Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robotic Devices
96(1)
7.2.3 Lower Limb Assistive Robotic Mobility Devices
96(3)
7.2.4 Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices
99(1)
7.3 Ethical Issues of Assistive Robotics
100(3)
7.4 Concluding Remarks
103(4)
References
104(3)
8 Socialized Roboethics
107(32)
8.1 Introduction
107(1)
8.2 Classification of Service Robots
108(2)
8.3 Socialized Robots
110(2)
8.4 Examples of Socialized Robots
112(6)
8.4.1 Kismet
112(1)
8.4.2 Paro
113(1)
8.4.3 CosmoBot
114(1)
8.4.4 AIBO (Artificial Intelligence roBOt)
114(2)
8.4.5 PaPeRo (Partner-type Personal Robot)
116(1)
8.4.6 Humanoid Sociable Robots
116(2)
8.5 Ethical Issues of Socialized Robots
118(3)
8.6 Case Studies
121(13)
8.6.1 Children--AIBO Interactions
121(4)
8.6.2 Children--KASPAR Interactions
125(5)
8.6.3 Robota Experiments
130(2)
8.6.4 Elderly--Paro Interactions
132(2)
8.7 Concluding Remarks
134(5)
References
135(4)
9 War Roboethics
139(16)
9.1 Introduction
139(1)
9.2 About War
140(1)
9.3 Ethics of War
141(5)
9.3.1 Realism
141(1)
9.3.2 Pacifism
142(1)
9.3.3 Just War Theory
143(3)
9.4 The Ethics of Robots in War
146(3)
9.4.1 Firing Decision
147(1)
9.4.2 Discrimination
147(1)
9.4.3 Responsibility
148(1)
9.4.4 Proportionality
149(1)
9.5 Arguments Against Autonomous Robotic Weapons
149(3)
9.5.1 Inability to Program War Laws
150(1)
9.5.2 Human Out of the Firing Loop
150(1)
9.5.3 Lower Barriers to War
151(1)
9.6 Concluding Remarks
152(3)
References
152(3)
10 Japanese Roboethics, Intercultural, and Legislation Issues
155(20)
10.1 Introduction
155(1)
10.2 Japanese Ethics and Culture
156(4)
10.2.1 Shinto
157(1)
10.2.2 Seken-tei
158(1)
10.2.3 Giri
159(1)
10.3 Japanese Roboethics
160(2)
10.4 Intercultural Philosophy
162(3)
10.5 Intercultural Issues of Infoethics and Roboethics
165(3)
10.6 Robot Legislation
168(3)
10.7 Further Issues and Concluding Remarks
171(4)
References
173(2)
11 Additional Roboethics Issues
175(16)
11.1 Introduction
175(1)
11.2 Autonomous Cars Issues
176(3)
11.3 Cyborg Technology Issues
179(5)
11.4 Privacy Roboethics Issues
184(4)
11.5 Concluding Remarks
188(3)
References
189(2)
12 Mental Robots
191(12)
12.1 Introduction
191(1)
12.2 General Structure of Mental Robots
192(1)
12.3 Capabilities of Mental Robots
193(4)
12.3.1 Cognition
193(2)
12.3.2 Intelligence
195(1)
12.3.3 Autonomy
196(1)
12.3.4 Consciousness and Conscience
196(1)
12.4 Learning and Attention
197(3)
12.4.1 Learning
198(1)
12.4.2 Attention
199(1)
12.5 Concluding Remarks
200(3)
References
201(2)
Index 203