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E-raamat: Roman Object Revolution: Objectscapes and Intra-Cultural Connectivity in Northwest Europe

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Archaeologists working in northwest Europe have long remarked on the sheer quantity and standardisation of objects unearthed from the Roman period, especially compared with earlier eras. What was the historical significance of this boom in standardised objects? With a wide and ever-changing spectrum of innovative objects and styles to choose from, to what extent did the choices made by people in the past really matter? To answer these questions, this book sheds new light on the make-up of late Iron Age and early Roman objectscapes, through an examination of the circulation and selections of thousands of standardised pots, brooches, and other objects, with emphasis on funerary repertoires, c. 100 bc-ad 100. Breaking with the national frameworks that inform artefact research in much provincial Roman archaeology, the book tests the idea that marked increases in the movement of people and objects fostered pan-regional culture(s) and transformed societies. Using a rich database of cemeteries and settlements spanning a swathe of northwest Europe, including southern Britannia, Gallia Belgica, and Germania Inferior, the study extensively applies multivariate statistics (such as Correspondence Analysis) to examine the roles of objects in an ever-changing and richly complex cultural milieu.

Arvustused

"Pitts study of more than 80,000 contextualized artefacts from over 100 sites across the Roman North-West, takes discussion of the transformation of material culture en masse to a new level. Pitts skilfully develops an interpretation that does justice to the micro-level of site specific activity, to the macro-level of globalization theory, never losing site of his empirical analysis. This books is without doubt a game-changer." - Greg Woolf, Director of the Institute of Classical Studies, The School of Advanced Study, London "This is an important and innovative work that addresses key issues in the understanding of the development of Roman provincial cultures, deploying contemporary theoretical perspectives yet also engaging in detail with the archaeological material. It makes a very significant contribution both to the particular historical period and to methodology." - Martin Millett, Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology & Head of the School of Arts and Humanities, University of Cambridge

Figures
vii
Tables
x
Preface xiii
1 Standardised Objects as Historical Agents
1(28)
1.1 The genealogy of the saucer
1(1)
1.2 The bright red plate at the funeral
1(3)
1.3 Back to the big picture: on globalisation and Roman connectivity
4(3)
1.4 Towards objectscapes: a multi-scalar approach to objects en masse
7(5)
1.4.1 Case-study: the agency of china in Europe, 1600 -- 1800
8(4)
1.5 The impacts of standardised things-in-motion on objectscapes
12(7)
1.5.1 What do objectscapes do?
12(2)
1.5.2 Why did past objectscapes look the way they did?
14(2)
1.5.3 Stylistic genealogy
16(1)
1.5.4 Local agency and replication
17(1)
1.5.5 Longer-term evolution
18(1)
1.5.6 From objectscapes to styles of consumption
19(1)
1.6 The structure, data, and methods used in this book
19(10)
1.6.1 The size and shape of the data: samples and coverage
22(1)
1.6.2 Methodological approaches to handling data
23(4)
1.6.3 Interpreting and using Correspondence Analysis (CA)
27(2)
2 The Roles of Objects in Later Iron Age Societies
29(34)
2.1 Funerary equipment for the late Iron Age aristocrat
29(6)
2.2 Mediterranean objects in late Iron Age northwest Europe
35(3)
2.3 Local objects: circulations, innovations, and the beginnings of standardisation
38(5)
2.3.1 The `fibula event horizon'
39(2)
2.3.2 The potter's wheel and mass consumption
41(2)
2.4 Funerary objectscapes in later Iron Age northwest Europe
43(18)
2.4.1 Changing funerary objectscapes, c. 120 -- 20 BC
43(5)
2.4.2 Pottery in funerary objectscapes, c. 120 -- 20 BC
48(6)
2.4.3 Fibulae in funerary objectscapes, c. 90 -- 20 BC
54(2)
2.4.4 Richly furnished graves, c. 90 -- 20 BC
56(5)
2.5 Standardisation as innovation in later Iron Age funerary objectscapes
61(2)
3 The Object Revolution in Northwest Europe
63(48)
3.1 Rome's impact in northwest Europe
63(4)
3.2 The objectscape at Rome's northern military command post: the Kops Plateau, Nijmegen
67(10)
3.3 Funerary objectscapes in early Roman northern Gaul and beyond
77(14)
3.3.1 Changing funerary objectscapes, c. 25 BC -- AD 40
78(4)
3.3.2 Pottery in funerary objectscapes, c. 25 BC--AD 40
82(4)
3.3.3 Richly furnished graves, c. 25 BC -- AD 40
86(5)
3.4 Standardised objects and their circulations, c. 25 BC -- AD 40
91(18)
3.4.1 Standardised fibulae in settlements and cemeteries, c. 25 BC -- AD 40
91(4)
3.4.2 Standardised ceramics in settlements and cemeteries, c. 25 BC - AD 40
95(7)
3.4.3 Standardised objects in funerary objectscapes, c. 25 BC -- AD 40
102(7)
3.5 Standardised objects in the inter-artefactual domain
109(2)
4 Objectscapes, Cityscapes, and Colonial Encounters
111(54)
4.1 Claudian conquest, colonies, and cityscapes
111(1)
4.2 Objectscapes at Claudio-Neronian Colchester: Camulodunum and Colonia Claudia Victricensis
112(11)
4.3 Funerary objectscapes in Claudio-Neronian northwest Europe
123(14)
4.3.1 Changing funerary objectscapes, c. AD 40 -- 70
123(4)
4.3.2 Pottery in funerary objectscapes, c. AD 40 -- 70
127(4)
4.3.3 Richly furnished graves, c. AD 40 -- 70
131(6)
4.4 Standardised objects and their circulations, c. AD 40 -- 70
137(24)
4.4.1 Standardised fibulae in settlements and cemeteries, c. AD 40 - 70
137(2)
4.4.2 Standardised ceramics in settlements and cemeteries, c. AD 40 -- 70
139(9)
4.4.3 The impact of Gallic migration and auxiliary recruitment on imperial objectscapes
148(6)
4.4.4 Standardised objects in funerary objectscapes, c. AD 40 -- 70
154(7)
4.5 Imperial styles of consumption, Roman urbanism, and regional diversity
161(4)
5 Local Elites, Imperial Culture, and Provincial Objectscapes
165(42)
5.1 Perspectives on Flavian Romanisation
165(1)
5.2 Flavian connectivity and local aristocracies
166(5)
5.3 Funerary objectscapes in Flavian northwest Europe
171(15)
5.3.1 Changing funerary objectscapes, c. AD 70 -- 100
172(5)
5.3.2 Pottery in funerary objectscapes, c. AD 70 -- 100
177(3)
5.3.3 Richly-furnished graves, c. AD 70 -- 100
180(3)
5.3.4 Returning auxiliaries and northern Gallic funerary objectscapes
183(3)
5.4 Standardised objects and their circulations, c. AD 70 -- 100
186(17)
5.4.1 Standardised ceramics in settlements and cemeteries, c. AD 70 -- 100
186(5)
5.4.2 Case-study: drinking vessels in southeast Britannia, c. AD 40 -- 250
191(3)
5.4.3 Standardised objects in funerary objectscapes, c. AD 70 -- 100
194(9)
5.5 The emergence of Roman provincial objectscapes
203(4)
6 Historical Change and the Roman Inter-Artefactual Domain
207(28)
6.1 The Roman object revolution in northwest Europe
207(3)
6.2 Standardised objects and long-term change
210(2)
6.3 Imperialism and beyond. Deterritorialised styles of consumption and their evolution in the Roman northwest
212(4)
6.3.1 The Catuvellauni-Treveri nexus
214(1)
6.3.2 How objects made provincial societies: the Batavi and the Nervii
215(1)
6.4 Epilogue: Objectscapes and intra-cultural connectivity in the Roman world
216(1)
References
217(1)
Classical Sources
217(1)
Modern Sources
217(18)
APPENDICES
235
1 Data sources by archaeological site
235(4)
2 Fine ware vessel form classifications
239
Martin Pitts is Associate Professor in Roman Archaeology at the University of Exeter. His research deals with late Iron Age and early Roman northwest Europe, with emphasis on the consumption and circulation of objects (especially pottery), and how these can inform understandings of historical globalising processes. He is co-author of several books and articles, including Alien Cities: Consumption and the origins of urbanism in Roman Britain (with Dominic Perring, 2013), Globalisation and the Roman World (with Miguel John Versluys, 2015), and Materialising Roman Histories (with Astrid Van Oyen, 2017).