| Foreword to the English Edition of Romulo histdrico |
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xvii | |
| Author's Preface to the English Translation |
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xxi | |
| A Preliminary Observation |
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xxi | |
| Prologue from the Third Edition |
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xxiii | |
| Author's Notes |
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xxiv | |
| First Note |
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xxiv | |
| Second Note |
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xxv | |
| Third Note |
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xxv | |
| Fourth Note |
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xxv | |
| Translator's Note |
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xxvii | |
| Basic Glossary |
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xxxi | |
| Introductory Essay |
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1 | (12) |
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1 The Initial Framework For Romulo Betancourt's Historical Personality |
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13 | (8) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Personality Placed within Its Historical Context |
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13 | (3) |
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Venezuelan Historical Time |
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14 | (1) |
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International Historical Time |
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15 | (1) |
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The Broad Ideological-Political Setting |
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15 | (1) |
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The Sociohistorical Context of Romulo Betancourt's Early Ideology and Historical Actions |
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16 | (5) |
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The National Sociohistorical Context |
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16 | (2) |
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The Direct Contact with the National Sociohistorical Context |
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18 | (1) |
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The Sociohistorical Context of Latin America and the World |
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19 | (2) |
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2 The Early Education Of Romulo Betancourt As A Political Militant: Circumstances And Factors That Shaped His Basic Historical Personality |
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21 | (25) |
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The Interaction among the Initial Conditions within which Romulo Betancourt Had to Develop |
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22 | (1) |
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The Proposals and Personal Resolutions From the Classical Maxim of Mastering Oneself |
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23 | (12) |
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25 | (2) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Tempered Ethical and Moral Character |
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27 | (1) |
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Taking Stock of His Personal Failings and Deficits of Intellect and Doctrine |
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28 | (1) |
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Insertion of Romulo Betancourt into the New Political, Social, and Scientific Environment |
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29 | (1) |
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Recognition and Confession of Shortcomings. Breaking through the Ideological Barriers of Tradition and Dictatorship |
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30 | (3) |
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Development of an Ideological, Cultural, and Revolutionary Self-Study Plan |
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33 | (2) |
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Cultivation of a Critical Spirit and Historical Understanding |
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35 | (1) |
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The Sustained Ideological Maturation of a Militant Revolutionary |
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35 | (11) |
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From Vehement Garibaldism to Revolutionary Marxist-Leninist Militancy |
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36 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Position with Respect to Rising Leninism-Stalinism |
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37 | (1) |
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Admiration for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
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38 | (1) |
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Critical Rejection of the Third Communist International |
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39 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Trotskyism |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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Antitotalitarian and Antifascist Position |
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42 | (1) |
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Anti-Imperialist Militancy |
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43 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Evolution toward Social Democracy |
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43 | (3) |
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3 Rise Of A Marxist Revolutionary Leader: Groundwork For A Theory Of The Democratic Venezuelan Revolution |
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46 | (12) |
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Preparing for Leadership during the First Exile (1928-1936) |
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46 | (6) |
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47 | (1) |
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The Drastic Break with Entrenched Caudillos |
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48 | (1) |
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Ideological and Political Battles with Exiled Militant Communist Revolutionary Colleagues |
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48 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt Mounts a Democratic International |
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49 | (1) |
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Drafting a Political Strategy in Exile |
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50 | (1) |
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The Intended Audience of the New Revolutionary Message |
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50 | (1) |
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The Nature of the New Political Rhetoric |
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51 | (1) |
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Spreading the Message: Means, Language, and Content |
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51 | (1) |
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The New Effective Rhetoric for the Venezuelan Sociopolitical Situation in Exile and in Country |
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52 | (1) |
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Proposals for a Political Strategy |
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53 | (5) |
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The Promotion of a National Political and Social Consciousness |
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54 | (1) |
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Replacing the Traditional Revolutionary Manifesto and the Leninist-Stalinist Internationale: The Barranquilla Plan |
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54 | (3) |
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The Circumstances Surrounding the Emerging Leadership |
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57 | (1) |
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4 Toward A Venezuelan Revolutionary Theory Of Democracy |
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58 | (15) |
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Playing a Fundamental Role on the Sociopolitical Stage |
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58 | (2) |
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The Partial Eclipse of the Barranquilla Plan and its Minimal Program? |
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59 | (1) |
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The Influence of the Escalation of the European War into a World War on the Partial Eclipse of the Barranquilla Plan |
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60 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Apprenticeship on the Venezuelan Scene |
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60 | (3) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Sociopolitical Readjustment on Returning from His First Exile in 1936 |
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61 | (1) |
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Primary Exploration and the Initial Understanding of the Sociospatial Landscape |
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62 | (1) |
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A Rising Leader on the Way to Elected Office |
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63 | (1) |
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Proof of the Governmental and Administrative Inefficiency of the Liberal Regionalist Dictatorship in its Final Phase |
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64 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Entrance and Participation in Emerging Political Life |
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64 | (2) |
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The Seeds of the First National Modern Political Party of the Masses |
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65 | (1) |
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Overcoming Traditional Regionalism by Promoting a National Party of the Masses |
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65 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt Outgrows His Initial Communist Militancy |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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The First Phase of Latin American Internationalism |
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68 | (1) |
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The Second Phase of Latin American Internationalism |
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69 | (1) |
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The Third Phase of Latin Americanist Internationalism |
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70 | (1) |
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The Latin American Internationalism of Romulo Betancourt and the Role of the United States |
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71 | (2) |
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5 Revising Venezuelan Democratic Aspirations In The Context Of The Repercussions Of The Second World War |
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73 | (14) |
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Venezuela in the Face of an Initially European War |
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74 | (3) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Changing Interpretation of the European War |
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75 | (1) |
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The Governmental Lack of Foresight in the Face of the Inevitable Consequences of the European War |
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76 | (1) |
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The Effects of the Full Participation of the United States in the Formerly European War |
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77 | (1) |
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Venezuela Joins the World War |
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77 | (1) |
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Venezuela's Structural Crisis |
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78 | (1) |
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The Endemic Subsistence Crisis |
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78 | (1) |
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The Regime's Inability to Address the Structural Crisis |
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79 | (1) |
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The Direct Political Consequences of Venezuela's Role in the Great Battlefield of Democracy Against Fascism |
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80 | (2) |
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The Decisive Effect of the Second World War on the Regime's Tolerance for Civil Rights |
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80 | (1) |
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The Installation of a Liberal Democratic Regime as a Legacy of the Second World War |
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81 | (1) |
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The Significance of the Doctrine of the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter |
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82 | (1) |
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The Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples and the Political and Economic Validation of National Sovereignty |
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82 | (5) |
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The Reassessment of Anti-Imperialism and the Eradication of Colonialism in America |
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84 | (1) |
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New Directions for Foreign Policy in the Postwar Period |
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84 | (1) |
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The Participation of Venezuela and Latin America in Postwar Negotiations |
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85 | (2) |
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6 The Strategy To Launch The Democratic Revolution |
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87 | (21) |
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The Ideological and Political Repercussions of the Second World War on Romulo Betancourt's Leadership |
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87 | (8) |
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Proposals for the Formation of Public Power and the Democratic Process |
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88 | (2) |
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The Modernization of the Democratic Process |
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90 | (3) |
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Modern Proposals for the Purpose of Public Power |
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93 | (2) |
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Modernizing Political Life |
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95 | (8) |
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Overcoming the Sociopolitical Autocratic Regime of 1830 after the Collapse of the Republic of Colombia |
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95 | (3) |
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The Establishment of a Democracy of Political Parties |
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98 | (2) |
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The Modern Redefinition of Public Office |
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100 | (3) |
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Ideas for the Postwar Republic |
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103 | (5) |
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National Consequences of the Postwar Period |
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103 | (2) |
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The Participation of Venezuela and Latin America in International Postwar Decisions |
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105 | (1) |
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The Future of Foreign Trade and Oil at the Beginning of the Cold War |
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106 | (2) |
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7 The Design And Institutionalization Of The First Liberal Democratic Republic Of Venezuela |
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108 | (36) |
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The Establishment of the Liberal Democratic Republic: The Emergence of the Statesman Romulo Betancourt and the Consolidation of His Political Leadership |
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109 | (7) |
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The Sociopolitical Rationale for the Liberal Democratic Republic |
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109 | (4) |
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The Democratic Concept of the Formation, Exercise, and Purpose of Public Power |
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113 | (1) |
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The Definition and Consolidation of the Sociopolitical Foundations of Public Power |
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114 | (2) |
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Consolidating Public Power |
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116 | (4) |
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The Consolidation of Public Power as a Means and an End toward Genuine Democracy |
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116 | (2) |
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The Candidates in the Presidential Election of 1945 |
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118 | (2) |
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The Exercise of Public Power |
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120 | (9) |
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A Necessary Referendum on the Exercise of Public Power |
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120 | (4) |
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Drafting the Political Objectives of the State |
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124 | (1) |
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Guidelines for a Democratic Society |
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125 | (2) |
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The Government Response to the Negative Postwar Repercussions |
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127 | (2) |
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The Purpose of Public Power |
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129 | (6) |
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130 | (2) |
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National Consciousness and Territorial Integration in Overcoming Territorial Isolation |
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132 | (2) |
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National and Economic Integration |
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134 | (1) |
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Guarantee Supplies, Combat the High Cost of Living, and Stimulate Agricultural and Livestock Growth |
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135 | (9) |
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The Creation and Implementation of National Economic Institutions: The National Supply Commission, the Venezuelan Development Corporation, and the National Economic Council |
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135 | (2) |
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An Integrated and Planned National Economy: The Role of the Private Sector and Foreign Investment |
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137 | (3) |
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Wholesale Agrarian Reform and Basic Industrialization |
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140 | (1) |
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The Broad Outlines of Foreign Policy |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (29) |
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144 | (2) |
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The Need to Grow in a New International Setting |
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146 | (4) |
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A Reputation Damaged by a Political Catastrophe for Which He Was Blamed |
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146 | (1) |
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Poverty and Precariousness in Exile |
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147 | (1) |
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Unfruitful Attempts to Gain the Support of International Organizations |
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148 | (1) |
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The Effects of Romulo Betancourt's Criticism of the UN and OAS |
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148 | (2) |
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The Promotion of Labor in Exile |
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150 | (2) |
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Relations with North American Labor |
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150 | (1) |
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The Confederation of Workers of Latin America and the World Labor Federation as a Possible Alliance against the Yankees |
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151 | (1) |
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Consolidating and Preserving Leadership |
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152 | (2) |
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Pride in the Work Accomplished and the Viability of the Liberal Democratic Regime |
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152 | (1) |
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The Tactic of Optimistic Predictions |
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153 | (1) |
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Changing Positions with Respect to the United States |
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154 | (3) |
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A Realistic Evaluation of the Crisis of the Liberal Democratic Republic and Whether It Would Return |
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154 | (1) |
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The Need to Sway North American Public Opinion |
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154 | (1) |
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The Response to Negative Reactions in His Own Ranks |
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155 | (1) |
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Radical Strategic and Ideological Shifts with Respect to Communists and Communism |
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155 | (2) |
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The First Phase of the Strategy to Return to Power from Exile |
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157 | (1) |
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International Circumstances and the Questioning of Romulo Betancourt's Leadership |
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158 | (1) |
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The Ideological Independence of the Party and the Democratic and Anticommunist Position of the Party and its President |
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158 | (2) |
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Defense of the Liberal Democratic Republic as a Bastion against Soviet Communism |
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159 | (1) |
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The Historical Credibility of the Accion Democratica Party |
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160 | (4) |
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The Recovery of the Party and its Role in Resisting the Military Dictatorship |
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161 | (1) |
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Confronting the Anti-Betancourt Movement and "Childhood Measles" |
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161 | (1) |
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Joining Forces against the Military Dictatorship |
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162 | (2) |
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The Plan for Strategy and Tactics |
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164 | (9) |
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The Fiasco of Promoting Abstentions in 1952 |
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165 | (1) |
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The Political Justification of Violence: Personal Attack, a Recurrence of Garibaldism, and Democratic Interventionism? |
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166 | (2) |
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The Armed Forces and the Special Work |
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168 | (2) |
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The Military and the Consolidation of Public Power |
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170 | (3) |
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9 The Ideological Foundations And Political Process Of Reinstatement Of The Liberal Democratic Republic |
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173 | (32) |
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The Relationship between Romulo Betancourt's Goals, Aptitude, and Determination |
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174 | (3) |
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The Reaffirmation of Values and Celebration of Achievements |
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174 | (1) |
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The Critical Selection of Coalition Allies |
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175 | (1) |
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Essential Differences between Political and Ideological Positions on Communism |
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176 | (1) |
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The Root Cause of the Differences: The Formation of Public Power |
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177 | (2) |
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Assembling the Arsenal Needed to Return to Power |
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179 | (3) |
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The Expected Conduct of the Military |
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180 | (1) |
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Signs of a Coalition Government? |
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181 | (1) |
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The Final Phase of the Strategy for a Return to Power |
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182 | (7) |
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The Fundamental Role of the National Scene |
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183 | (1) |
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Venezuela's Legitimate Resentment of United States Tolerance of the Military Dictatorship |
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184 | (1) |
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From the Military Coup of January 23, 1958, to the Reinstallation of the Liberal Democratic Republic |
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184 | (1) |
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Overcoming the Reticence of the US State Department |
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185 | (2) |
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Guarantees for the Vital Flow of Oil |
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187 | (2) |
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From an Initial and Fervent Leninist Anti-Imperialism to an Anticolonialism Based on the Atlantic Charter |
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189 | (4) |
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The Dialectic of Political Unity and Ideological Autonomy |
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193 | (3) |
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The Dissolution of the Patriotic Junta |
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193 | (1) |
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The Resumption of the Democratic Party System |
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194 | (1) |
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The Induced Self-Marginalization of the Communists that Preserved their Role in the Democratic Regime |
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194 | (2) |
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The Operational Plan and Restructuring Accion Democratica |
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196 | (3) |
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The Return of Militancy and the Control of the Direction of the Party |
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197 | (1) |
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The Party's Cautious Public Presence |
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198 | (1) |
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The Preservation and Promotion of a Policy of Interparty Unity toward a Unified Operational Policy |
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199 | (3) |
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The Puntofijo Pact and the Barranquilla Plan |
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199 | (1) |
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The Minimal Joint Plan of Government and the Minimal Program that Concluded the Barranquilla Plan |
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200 | (1) |
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Political Repercussions of the Agreement of the Democratic Parties and their Respective Presidential Candidates |
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201 | (1) |
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The Effect of the Third Exile on Romulo Betancourt's Personality as a Statesman Strategist of the Return to Power |
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202 | (3) |
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Strong Leadership: Managing the Party and the Militants |
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202 | (1) |
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The Ethical Cost of Defending the Restoration of the Liberal Democratic Republic |
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203 | (2) |
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10 Overcoming The Direct And Indirect Repercussions Of The Cold War In The Reestablishment Of The Liberal Democratic Republic |
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205 | (48) |
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A New, Complicated, and Volatile Scenario |
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205 | (1) |
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The Rescue of the Liberal Democratic Government |
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206 | (4) |
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Renewal or Revision of the Liberal Democratic Experience Interrupted in 1948? |
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207 | (1) |
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Reassessment of the October Revolution |
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207 | (2) |
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Restore, Rectify, or Reformulate? |
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209 | (1) |
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The New Democracy of Romulo Betancourt |
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210 | (1) |
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Experiments with a New Modality of Exercising Public Office |
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210 | (1) |
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The First Phase of the Reestablishment of the Sociopolitical Liberal Democratic Regime |
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211 | (3) |
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Redefining Liberal Democratic Republican Constitutionality |
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212 | (1) |
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The Broadened Exercise of Popular Rule |
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213 | (1) |
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The Second Phase of the Reestablishment of the Sociopolitical Liberal Democratic Regime |
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214 | (11) |
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The Pact for the Exercise of Public Office |
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214 | (1) |
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The Redefinition of the Role of President |
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215 | (2) |
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Actors in the Process of Reestablishing the Sociopolitical Liberal Democratic Government |
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217 | (2) |
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The International Scene and the Foreign Policy of the Coalition Government |
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219 | (1) |
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Public Office as an Ongoing Pedagogical Tool |
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220 | (1) |
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The Functioning of the Coalition Pact |
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221 | (1) |
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Consensus and Dissent in the Coalition Government |
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221 | (2) |
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The Permanent and Wide-Ranging Dialogue with Popular Opinion |
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223 | (1) |
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The Development of the Private Sector |
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223 | (1) |
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Repression During the Liberal Democratic Republic: Its Reach and Limitations |
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224 | (1) |
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Repression and Legality in a Sociopolitical Liberal Democratic Regime |
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225 | (10) |
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The Legal Grounds for Repression |
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227 | (1) |
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A Deficient Legal Framework and the Violation of Human Rights |
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228 | (1) |
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Permanent Enemies and Those Disguised as Revolutionaries |
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229 | (1) |
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From Urban Insurgency to Guerrilla Action |
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230 | (1) |
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The Defeat by Police, the Military, and Political Forces of the Subversive Guerrilla Movement |
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231 | (1) |
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The Political Complexity of the Outcome |
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232 | (3) |
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The Third Phase of the Reinstatement of the Sociopolitical Liberal Democratic Regime |
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235 | (2) |
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A Necessary, but by No Means Easy, Definition of Objectives: Revolutionary Democracy or a Democratic Revolution? |
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235 | (1) |
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Or, Was This a Conveniently Evolutionary Revolution? |
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236 | (1) |
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Was This a Revolution to Advance to Socialism? |
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237 | (1) |
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Areas of Immediate Attention as a Function of the Democratic Revolution: Drafting Democratic Revolutionary Policies |
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237 | (2) |
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The Establishment of the Sociopolitical Liberal-Democratic Regime through Democratic Planning |
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238 | (1) |
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Necessary Correlatives for a New Approach to the Economy |
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239 | (4) |
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Putting an End to Improvisation and Confusion |
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239 | (1) |
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The Urgent Fight against Unemployment |
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240 | (1) |
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New Economic Policies Constrained by the Fiscal Deficit |
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241 | (1) |
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Instituting a Code of Political and Administrative Responsibility |
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242 | (1) |
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Bringing Public Administration into the Technological Age |
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242 | (1) |
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The Economic Policies of the Reinstated Liberal Democratic Republic |
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243 | (5) |
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The Position on Foreign Investment |
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243 | (1) |
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Modernizing and Democratizing Relations between Workers and Employers |
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244 | (2) |
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Influencing Society in Favor of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform and Industrialization |
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246 | (2) |
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Romulo Betancourt, Constitutional President: The Continuity in His Political Evolution |
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248 | (5) |
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A Politics of Principles: From Democratic Political Leader to Statesman and Revolutionary Democratic Leader |
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249 | (1) |
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The Use and Abuse of History |
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250 | (1) |
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The International Visibility of Romulo Betancourt, Constitutional President of the Republic |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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11 The Overall Assessment Of The Installation And Consolidation Of The Socio-Political Liberal Democratic Regime In Venezuela: 1945-1964 |
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253 | (49) |
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The New Concept of Public Power, the State, and the Government |
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255 | (1) |
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The Emancipation of a Patronage Society |
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256 | (5) |
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The Proposals for and Practice of the Renovation of Forms of Access to Public Power |
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256 | (1) |
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The Meaning and Reach of the Right to Universal Suffrage |
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257 | (1) |
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The Combination of Forms, Traditional and New, of Access to Public Power and its Legitimization |
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258 | (1) |
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The Practice of the Pedagogical Conception of the Exercise of Public Power |
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259 | (1) |
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Modern Democracy, the Source and Guarantor of Freedom |
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259 | (1) |
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The Liberal Democratic Rationale for Public Power |
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259 | (2) |
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Modern Democracy, the Guarantor of Citizenship |
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261 | (6) |
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The Procedures of Modern Democracy as Guarantors of the Exercise of Citizenship |
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262 | (1) |
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The Organic Relationship between the March toward Democracy and Citizen Participation |
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263 | (1) |
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The Exercise of Public Power as Founded on the Binomial Legality-Legitimacy and on Exemplary Ethics |
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264 | (1) |
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The Transparency of Government Conduct |
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265 | (1) |
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The Separation of the Institutions Exercising Public Power |
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265 | (2) |
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Democracy, Political and Economic Development, and the Well-Being of Society |
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267 | (7) |
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The New Economy as Necessary Foundation for the Liberal Democratic Republic |
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267 | (1) |
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The Role of the Oil Industry in the New Economy |
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268 | (2) |
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The Role of the Interaction between Comprehensive Agrarian Reform and Industrialization |
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270 | (2) |
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The Realistic Incorporation of the Oil Industry into the Diversified National Economy |
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272 | (2) |
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State and Government as Direct Expressions of the Citizenry |
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274 | (4) |
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The Rigorous Observance of the New Ethical Coordinates of Public Power |
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275 | (2) |
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The Statesman Romulo Betancourt on the New National Scene |
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277 | (1) |
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New Spatial Dimensions for the Exercise of Public Power |
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277 | (1) |
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The Ideological Dimensions of Liberal Democratic Coalition Politics |
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278 | (9) |
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The Functioning of the [ Presidentialist?] Coalition Government |
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280 | (2) |
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The Political Rationale for the Need for a Coalition Government |
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282 | (2) |
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The Reestablishment of the Liberal Democratic Regime |
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284 | (3) |
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A Revolution: Democratic or Evolving? |
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287 | (9) |
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The Concept of Revolution Coined by Romulo Betancourt: Methodological Criteria |
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287 | (2) |
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Creative Concurrence or Collaboration? |
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289 | (1) |
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A Revolutionary Emulsion of Sociohistorical Realism, Political Pragmatism, and Theoretical Creativity |
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290 | (1) |
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The Use of the Concept of Revolution by Romulo Betancourt |
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291 | (1) |
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The Anti-Imperialist Democratic Revolution |
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292 | (2) |
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The Democratic Revolution as a True Revolution |
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294 | (1) |
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More on the Aims of the Evolutionary Revolution? |
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294 | (2) |
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Conditions Adverse to the Pursuit of the Objectives of the Democratic or Evolutionary Revolution |
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296 | (6) |
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Preparing the Way for the Arrival of Modern Capitalism |
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296 | (1) |
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The Continuity and Evolution of Romulo Betancourt's Concept of Imperialism |
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297 | (1) |
|
Learned Imperialism and Observed Imperialism |
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297 | (1) |
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His First Direct Contact with Imperialism in Venezuela and His Pragmatic Evolution |
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298 | (1) |
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Democracy as a Requirement for Socioeconomic Development |
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299 | (1) |
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The Foundation of the Liberal Democratic Republic and the Transformation of Society |
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300 | (1) |
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An Exemplary Agent of Social Change |
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300 | (2) |
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12 Romulo Betancourt In History: The Historiographical Reckoning And His Own Assessment |
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302 | |
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Romulo Betancourt's Historical Legacy as Leader, Executive, and Statesman |
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303 | (18) |
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The Projection of Romulo Betancourt's Historical Personality |
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321 | (6) |
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The Impact of Romulo Betancourt's Sociopolitical Work |
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327 | (8) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Historical Personality as Seen by Himself: Venezuela, Politics, and Oil |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (6) |
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I Must Proceed with History as a Passion |
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342 | (10) |
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352 | (5) |
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Addenda to the Third Edition |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (7) |
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From Sowing Oil to Sowing a Nation: Lecture Delivered in the Arturo Uslar Pietri Auditorium of the Universidad Metropolitana, Caracas, February 24, 2016 |
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357 | (7) |
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364 | (8) |
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On the Political Thought of Romulo Betancourt: "Democracy and Development"; Lecture Given at the Universidad Rafael Urdaneta, Maracaibo, March 10, 2016 |
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364 | (8) |
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372 | (23) |
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Romulo Betancourt's Venezuelan Social Democracy: Lecture Sponsored by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Latin American Institute for Social Research, The Romulo Betancourt Foundation, June 4, 2016 |
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372 | (23) |
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395 | |
|
Romulo Betancourt and the Historical Man (Correspondence) |
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395 | (1) |
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Romulo Betancourt to German Carrera Damas, March 19, 1975 |
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396 | (1) |
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Carrera Damas to Betancourt, April 3, 1975 |
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396 | (1) |
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Carrera Damas to Betancourt, July 7, 1975 |
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397 | (1) |
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Betancourt to Carrera Damas, July 14, 1975 |
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398 | (1) |
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Carrera Damas to Betancourt, September 9, 1975 |
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398 | (1) |
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Betancourt to Carrera Damas, January 18, 1979 |
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399 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta