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E-raamat: The Routledge Companion to Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century Urban Design: A History of Shifting Manifestoes, Paradigms, Generic Solutions, and Specific Designs

  • Formaat: 448 pages
  • Sari: Routledge Companions
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781000206234
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The Routledge Companion to Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century Urban Design: A History of Shifting Manifestoes, Paradigms, Generic Solutions, and Specific DesignsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 448 pages
  • Sari: Routledge Companions
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781000206234
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"The Routledge Companion to Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century Urban Design is a fully illustrated descriptive and explanatory history of the development of urban design ideas and paradigms of the past 150 years. The ideas and projects, hypothetical and built, range in scale from the city to the urban block level. The focus is on where the generic ideas originated, the projects that were designed following their precepts, the functions they address and/or afford, and what we can learn from them. The morphology of a city-its built environment-evolves unselfconsciously as private and governmental investors self-consciously erect buildings and infrastructure in a pragmatic, piecemeal manner to meet their own ends. Philosophers, novelists, architects, and social scientists have produced myriad ideas about the nature of the built environment that they consider to be superior to those forms resulting from a laissez-faire attitude to urban development. Rationalist theorists dream of ideal futures based onassumptions about what is good; Empiricists draw inspirations from what they perceive to be working well in existing situations. Both groups have presented their advocacies in manifestoes, and, often, in the form of generic solutions or illustrative designs. This book traces the history of these ideas and will become a standard reference for scholars and students interested in the history of urban spaces, including architects, planners, urban historians, urban geographers, and urban morphologists"--

The Routledge Companion to Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century Urban Design is a fully illustrated descriptive and explanatory history of the development of urban design ideas and paradigms of the past 150 years. The ideas and projects, hypothetical and built, range in scale from the city to the urban block level. The focus is on where the generic ideas originated, the projects that were designed following their precepts, the functions they address and/or afford, and what we can learn from them.

The morphology of a city—its built environment—evolves unselfconsciously as private and governmental investors self-consciously erect buildings and infrastructure in a pragmatic, piecemeal manner to meet their own ends. Philosophers, novelists, architects, and social scientists have produced myriad ideas about the nature of the built environment that they consider to be superior to those forms resulting from a laissez-faire attitude to urban development.

Rationalist theorists dream of ideal futures based on assumptions about what is good; Empiricists draw inspirations from what they perceive to be working well in existing situations. Both groups have presented their advocacies in manifestoes, and, often, in the form of generic solutions or illustrative designs. This book traces the history of these ideas and will become a standard reference for scholars and students interested in the history of urban spaces, including architects, planners, urban historians, urban geographers, and urban morphologists.

Arvustused

"Jon Lang firmly situates Urban Design as a discipline and discerns with great clarity a compelling narrative about its influence as a practice in shaping our cities and their physical manifestations over the last 150 years. His argument foregrounds architecture at scale its compulsions, ambitions as well as aspirations in understanding how it has historically propelled the protocols for Urban Design."

Rahul Mehrotra, Professor of Urban Design and Planning, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University

"This is a comprehensive book on the history and theory of urban design, focusing on the paradigms that have transformed the built environment, in a rich combination of theory and practice from around the world. It is written by a leading urban design scholar and would be valuable for all urban students."

Ali Madanipour, Professor of Urban Design, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University,

"Focusing on urban design paradigms, Lang establishes the much-needed generative history of our discipline in the 20th and early 21st centuries, connecting urban design to its roots across space, time, and cultures. More than a historical a narrative, Langs critical perspective highlights the various ideologies that have shaped urban design practice and projects. This book should become a standard text for anyone interested in the contemporary built environments."

Ali Modarres, Director of Urban Studies and the Assistant Chancellor for Community Engagement at University of Washington Tacoma

Preface xi
The Argument xi
Objectives xii
The Outline of the Book xii
Acknowledgments xiii
The Illustrations xiv
PROLOGUE: The Nature of Urban Design
2(14)
The Hierarchical Nature of the Functions of the Built Environment
3(3)
Basic Functions
4(1)
Advanced Functions
5(1)
Functions of the Built Environment and Design
5(1)
Urban Design
6(2)
Urban Design as Project Design and as Public Policy
7(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms, Generic Concepts, Illustrative Designs, and Specific Designs
8(1)
The Philosophical Bases of Urban Design Manifestoes and Paradigms
9(5)
Pragmatism
9(1)
Rationalism
10(2)
Empiricism
12(2)
Observations
14(1)
Key References
14(2)
PART I Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Urban Design
16(72)
The Nineteenth Century
16(3)
The Industrial Revolution and the Victorian Era
17(1)
Urban Development and Design
17(2)
Project Types
19(1)
Pragmatic Urban Designs
19(1)
The Outline of the Discussion
20(1)
Key References
21(2)
1 Religious Canons and Prescriptions
23(14)
Antecedent Ideas
23(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
24(2)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
26(3)
Specific Designs
29(6)
Exemplars of Canonical Designs
30(1)
Teotihuacan, Mexico (ca 100 BCE to 250 CE), and the Forbidden City, Beijing, China (1406--)
30(2)
Hybrid Examples
32(1)
Baghdad Now in Iraq (762--66); Jaipur, Rajasthan, India (1726); Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (1847); and Al Bastakiya (Al Fahidi Historical District), Dubai (1890s)
32(3)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
35(1)
Observations
35(1)
Key References
36(1)
2 The Classical and Beaux Arts Tradition
37(17)
Antecedent Ideas
37(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
39(2)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
41(1)
Specific Designs
42(9)
Exemplars of Classical Urban Designs
45(1)
Zamosc, Poland (1580--1600); Piazza del Popolo, Rome, Italy (1811--22); Napoleon Ill's Paris, France (1854--73); and Vienna, Austria, of Franz Joseph I (1880s)
45(3)
Hybrid Examples
48(1)
Washington, DC, USA (1791); Eixample, Barcelona, Spain (1856); and the Hobrecht Plan for Berlin, Germany (1858--62)
48(3)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
51(1)
Observations
52(1)
Key References
53(1)
3 Social and Philanthropic Urban Design
54(11)
Antecedent Ideas
54(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
55(1)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
56(2)
Specific Designs
58(5)
Exemplars of Model Industrial Towns
59(1)
Saltaire, Yorkshire, England, UK (1851--76), and the Krupp brothers' Villages at Essen, Germany (1850--1903)
59(2)
Hybrid Models
61(1)
Le Familistere de Guise, France (1856), and Echota, New York, USA (1893)
61(2)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
63(1)
Observations
64(1)
Key References
64(1)
4 The Garden Suburb
65(12)
Antecedent Ideas
65(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
67(1)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
68(1)
Specific Designs
69(1)
Exemplars of the Garden Suburb
69(1)
Riverside, Illinois, USA (1869--); Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, England, UK (1906--); and Die Gardenstadt Perlach, Near Munich, Germany (1909--)
69(3)
Hybrid Examples
72(1)
The Civil Lines, Delhi, India (1858--); Margarethenhbhe, Essen, Germany (1915--); and Forest Hills Gardens, Long Island, New York, USA (1909--)
72(2)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
74(1)
Observations
75(1)
Key References
76(1)
5 The Urbanist Tradition
77(11)
Antecedent Ideas
78(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
79(1)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
80(2)
Specific Designs
82(3)
An Exemplar of Sitte's Ideas on the City
82(1)
Central Vienna, Austria (ca 1890)
82(1)
Hybrid Examples
83(1)
Bagaregdrden, Gothenburg, Sweden (1926), and Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (1969--90)
83(2)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
85(1)
Observations
85(1)
Key References
86(2)
PART II Early-Twentieth-Century Manifestoes, Paradigms, Generic Concepts, and Specific Designs
88(74)
Urban Development and Pragmatic Urban Designs
90(2)
Changes in Architectural and Urban Design Paradigms
92(1)
The Outline of the Discussion
92(1)
Key References
93(2)
6 The City Beautiful
95(15)
Antecedent Ideas
95(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
97(1)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
98(1)
Specific Designs
99(8)
Exemplars of the City Beautiful
100(1)
The McMillan Plan, Washington DC, USA (1902); Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri, USA (1904); The Plan of Chicago, USA (1909); the University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA (1913); and Germania, Berlin, Germany (1936--43)
100(3)
Hybrid Examples
103(1)
Canberra, Australia (1913); New Delhi, India (1914); and Thessaloniki, Greece (1917)
103(4)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
107(1)
Observations
107(2)
Key References
109(1)
7 Modern Empiricism
110(21)
Antecedent Ideas
110(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
112(4)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
116(3)
Specific Designs
119(8)
Exemplars of Empiricist Design
120(1)
Wekerletelep, Budapest, Hungary (1908--); Welwyn Garden City, England, UK (1920--); Radburn, New Jersey, USA (1929); Rockefeller Center, New York, New York, USA (1928--34); and Belrampur, Madras (Now Chennai), India (1917)
120(5)
Hybrid Examples
125(1)
Hufeisensiedlung, Britz, Berlin, Germany (1925) and Tel Aviv, Palestine, Now Israel (1925)
125(2)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
127(1)
Observations
128(2)
Key References
130(1)
8 The Rationalist Response
131(31)
Antecedent Ideas
131(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
133(5)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
138(5)
Specific Designs
143(14)
Exemplars of Rationalist Design
144(1)
Le Corbusier's Plans for Paris, France (1924), Antwerp, Belgium (1933), and Algiers, Algeria (1931); Narkomfin, Moscow, Russia (1928--30); Derzhprom, Kharkiv, Ukraine (1926--28); Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Russia (1929--); the Housing Estates (1921--40); the MARS Plan for London, England, UK (1942); and the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA (1943--56)
144(10)
Hybrid Examples
154(1)
Amsterdam South, the Netherlands (1914); Les Quartiers Modernes Fruges, Pessac, France (1924); Le Quartier de Gratte-ciel, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France (1924--34); and Karl-Marx-Hof Vienna, Austria (1927--30)
154(3)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
157(2)
Observations
159(1)
Key References
160(2)
PART III Post-World War Two Pragmatic Urban Design and the Rationalist and Empiricist Responses
162(92)
The Postwar Years
162(2)
Pragmatic Urban Designs
164(6)
The Outline of the Discussion
170(1)
Key References
170(1)
9 The Post-World War Two Rationalists
171(33)
Antecedent Ideas
171(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
172(5)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
177(4)
Specific Designs
181(19)
Exemplars of Rationalist Designs
186(1)
Civic Center Proposals (1940s to 1970s); Punjab University, Chandigarh, India (1958--); the Pilot Plan, Brasilia, Brazil (1956); Lafayette Park, Detroit, Michigan, USA (1960); La Grande Motte, Occitanie, France (1960s); the Work of Team 10 (1960s); Arcosanti, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA (Late 1960s but Continuing); and the Work of the Metabolists in Japan (1970s)
186(8)
Hybrid Examples
194(1)
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (1952--); Barbican Estate, London, England, UK (1959--82); La Defense, Haut-de-Seine, France (1958--); Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, USA (1959); and the Work of the Tendenza Movement (1965--85)
194(6)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
200(1)
Observations
201(2)
Key References
203(1)
10 The Post-World War Two Empiricists
204(30)
Antecedent Ideas
204(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
206(7)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
213(6)
Specific Designs
219(11)
Exemplars of Empiricist Designs
222(1)
Columbia, Maryland, USA (1962--2014); Port Grimaud, Var, France (1963--10--); Rector Place Battery Park City, New York, New York, USA (1919--2012); Village Homes, Davis, California, USA (1960--12); and Arumbakkam, Madras (Now Chennai), India (1913--80)
222(4)
Hybrid Examples
226(1)
Runcorn, Merseyside, England, UK (1965--); Ciudad Guasare Proposal, Zulia, Venezuela (1981); Superblocks, Pedestrian Malls, and Transit-Oriented Developments; and Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India (1965--)
226(4)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
230(2)
Observations
232(1)
Key References
233(1)
11 The Postmodernist and the Deconstructivist Response
234(20)
Antecedent Ideas
234(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
236(2)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
238(2)
Specific Designs
240(10)
Exemplars of Postmodern and an Exemplar of Deconstructivist Urban Design
243(1)
Quartier Antigone, Montpelier, France (1919--); Place de Toscane, Marne-la-Valee, France (2006--); Plaza d'Italia, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (1915--18); and Pare de la Villette, Paris, France (1982--83)
243(4)
Hybrid Examples
247(1)
M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India (1919); Tsukuba Civic Center, Tsukuba, Japan (1980--3); Richmond Riverside, London, England, UK (1984--); and Federation Square, Melbourne, Australia (1996--2002)
247(3)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
250(1)
Observations
251(1)
Key References
252(2)
PART IV Urban Design in an Age of Corporate Financial Capital
254(88)
Neoliberalism
255(1)
Neoliberalism and Urban Design
255(2)
Project Types
257(1)
Urban Development and Pragmatic Urban Design
258(2)
The Outline of the Discussion
260(1)
Key References
261(2)
12 Modernist, Neo-modernist, and Hyper-modernist Urban Design
263(18)
Antecedent Ideas
263(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
264(2)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
266(1)
Specific Designs
267(11)
Exemplars of Modernist, Neo-modernist, and Hyper-modernist Urban Design
270(1)
The One, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (2016); Wohnpark Neue Danau, Vienna, Austria (1993--98); Hudson Yards, New York, New York, USA (2010--24); the Central Business District, Beijing, China (2000--); and Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan (1997--)
270(5)
Hybrid Examples
275(1)
EuropaCity, Berlin, Germany (2008--25); The Interlace, Singapore (2007--15); Huangshan Mountain Village, Anhui, China (2017); and Namba Parks, Osaka, Japan (2003)
275(3)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
278(1)
Observations
279(1)
Key References
280(1)
13 Hyper-modernism, Parametricism, and Urban Design
281(12)
Antecedent Ideas
281(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
283(1)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
283(1)
Specific Designs
284(6)
Exemplars of Parametric Urban Design
285(1)
Kartal Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey (2006--), and Longgang City Center, Shenzhen, China (2008)
285(1)
Hybrid Designs
286(1)
One North District, Singapore (2001--16); the 8150 Sunset Boulevard Proposal, Los Angeles, California, USA (2015); and the Center for Fulfillment, Knowledge, and Innovation, Detroit, Michigan, USA (2016)
286(4)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
290(1)
Observations
291(1)
Key References
292(1)
14 The Empiricist Responses
293(17)
Antecedent Ideas
293(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
294(2)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
296(2)
Specific Designs
298(8)
Exemplars of the Empiricist Responses
300(1)
Celebration, Florida, USA (1990--2020); Rouse Hill Town Centre, Hills District, New South Wales, Australia (2000--01); and Legacy Town Center, Piano, Texas, USA (1998--2010)
300(3)
Hybrid Examples
303(1)
Ebbsfleet, Kent, England, UK (2012--); HafenCity, Hamburg, Germany (2008--30); Val d'Europe, Marne-la-Vallee, France (2000--16); and eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (2011)
303(3)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
306(1)
Observations
307(2)
Key References
309(1)
15 Sustainable Urbanism and Urban Design
310(1)
Antecedent Ideas
310(2)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
312(2)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
314(1)
Specific Designs
315(13)
Exemplars of Sustainable Urban Design
318(1)
Hammarby Sjostad, Stockholm, Sweden (1990--2011); Alternative 20, Los Angeles River Restoration, California, USA (2014--); Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE (2001); Eco-City, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE (2001); Forest City, Cancun, Mexico, Proposal (2019); Downsview Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2000--); and the Disaster Mitigation Proposal for New York City, New York, USA (2012--)
318(6)
Hybrid Examples
324(1)
Punggol 21-plus, Singapore (2001--); Meixi Lake Eco-City, proposal, Zhengdong New District, China (2009--); Liuzhou Forest City, China (2016--20); The Springs, Shanghai, China (2018--20); and High Line Park, New York, New York, USA (1999--2018)
324(4)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
328(1)
Observations
329(1)
Key References
330(1)
16 Smart Cities and Urban Design
331(11)
Antecedent Ideas
332(1)
Manifestoes and Paradigms
332(3)
Generic Concepts and Illustrative Designs
335(1)
Specific Designs
335(4)
Exemplars of Smart Designs
336(1)
Karle Town Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India (2019--), and Madrid, Spain (2011--)
336(2)
A Hybrid Example
338(1)
Songdo International Business District, Korea (2003--)
338(1)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
339(1)
Observations
340(1)
Key References
340(2)
EPILOGUE: Looking Back to Look Forward
342(34)
The Pragmatic Future
342(1)
The Outline of the Discussion
343(1)
Key References
344(1)
17 A Critique of Twentieth- and Early-Twenty-First-Century Urban Design
345(15)
General Commentaries
345(2)
The City Beautiful
347(1)
The Modernists
348(7)
Rationalist Urban Design
349(3)
Empiricist Urban Design
352(1)
The Garden City
352(1)
A Note on Broadacre City
353(1)
New Urbanism and Smart Growth
354(1)
Postmodernism
355(1)
Deconstruction
355(1)
Parametric Urban Design
355(1)
Sustainable Designs, Landscape Urbanism, and Agrarian Urbanism
356(1)
Smart Cities
357(1)
Commentary: The Functions Addressed
357(1)
Observations
358(1)
Key References
359(1)
18 The Way Forward: Toward Compact Cities
360(16)
Whereas
360(11)
Societal Issues Confronting Urban Designers
361(1)
Individual Rights of Property Developers
361(1)
Dealing With Complexity
361(1)
Sustainable Environments
362(1)
Population Growth and Demographic Changes
363(1)
Multiculturalism
364(1)
Designing for Declining Cities
364(1)
Income and Resource Disparities
364(1)
Competing Functions /Goals
365(1)
A Changing World
365(1)
Fiscal Responsibilities
366(1)
The Goal
366(1)
A Good City
367(3)
Compacting Cities as a Design Goal
370(1)
Therefore
371(3)
An Agenda for the Next Generation of Urban Designs
371(1)
Piece-by-Piece Urban Design
371(1)
Plug-In Urban Design
372(1)
All-of-a-Piece Urban Design
373(1)
Total Urban Design
374(1)
Conclusion
374(1)
Key References
375(1)
Bibliography and References 376(27)
Credits 403(11)
Index 414
Jon Lang, Emeritus Professor, is the principal of his own consulting firm and formerly the director of urban design for ERG in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His consultancy work has taken him to all the continents of the world, except Antarctica. Born in India, he was educated in that country, England, South Africa, and the United States. He received his architectural degree from the University of the Witwatersrand and city planning from Cornell, where he also obtained his doctorate. Before settling in Australia in 1990, he headed the joint MArch/MCP Program in Urban Design at the University of Pennsylvania. At the University of New South Wales, he headed the School of Architecture and was the associate dean for research in the Faculty of the Built Environment in the 1990s and early 2000s. He has served as a visiting professor at universities in North and South America and Asia and has authored books on architectural theory, on urban design, and on modern architecture in India. His writings on urban design include Urban Design: The American Experience (1994), Urban Design: A Typology of Procedures and Products (2005; 2017), and, with Nancy Marshall, Urban Squares as Places, Links, and Displays (Routledge 2016). His book with Walter Moleski, Functionalism Revisited (2010), provides the intellectual basis for this endeavor. He has been a juror on several international urban design competitions. In 2010, he received the Reed and Malik Medal from the Institution of Civil Engineers in London.
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