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E-raamat: Seafloor Processes and Geotechnology

(Cal Poly Humboldt, USA),
  • Formaat: 578 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781482207415
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Seafloor Processes and GeotechnologySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 578 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781482207415
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An ideal resource for civil engineers working with offshore structures, pipelines, dredging, and coastal erosion, Seafloor Processes and Geotechnology bridges the gap between the standard soil mechanics curriculum of civil engineering and published material on marine geotechnology. Utilizing organized information on sediments and foundations for marine applications from a variety of sources, it provides practical reference information and approaches for analysis and design.

This book provides an understanding of the processes and loadings affecting the sediment/water interface and the sediment column on the continental shelf and slope as well as the abyssal plains. It outlines the geological and geotechnical factors that should be considered in an investigation, and provides practicing professionals with the information they need to analyze potential environmental hazards and problems in marine foundations and slope stability. It covers geology, site investigation, drilling and sampling sediments, material properties, foundation design, slope stability, and more.

Exploring marine geotechnology from a historical perspective, this book:











Describes the development of marine geotechnology, the marine environment, and the geology of the seabed Discusses the various elements of a site investigation Explains how to investigate a site by remote sensing over the macro scale, probing to look at a more defined area, and drilling and sampling at the micro scale Looks at the physical, acoustic, and geochemical properties of marine sediments at the micro scale Focuses on slope stability and marine foundations







Seafloor Processes and Geotechnology

provides the background for in situ investigation, drilling, soil sampling, and laboratory testing technologies and serves as a complete handbook for engineers, geologists, as well as marine and environmental scientists.

Arvustused

" a compendium of many years of valuable information neatly packaged in one place. The book is written so that a non-technical person can read and understand the concepts of marine geotechnology. The authors did their homework and have put forth a lot of good and practical informationThe topics seem to cover just about everything engineering wise about the seafloor." Kendra S. Adams, President, Blue Rock Labs, Inc, USA.

" provides practical and useful descriptions of marine geology, marine geoscientific exploration techniques and marine geotechnical engineering in one text. the primary author has been a long-time contributor in research, practice, chairing symposia and development of standards. His experience and expertise are well known worldwide." Ron Ebelhar, Terracon, Olathe, Kansas, USA

" the authors have done an excellent job a great reference and a must read for anyone planning an offshore site investigation or involved in the design of structures to be built offshore." Kenneth Bell, Bechtel Infrastructure, USA

"Chaney (emer., environmental resources engineering, Humboldt State Univ.) and Almagor, (emer., senior geologist, Geological Survey of Israel) provide a wealth of information on seafloor environment, science, and engineering in this 11-chapter volume. () The authors write carefully and well. Proper use of tables and graphs, representative schematics, and a nice flow of text make reading very easy, enabling readers to quickly navigate through the book. It is written from a practical point of view that relies mainly on site measurements and experimental data (tables and charts) and therefore has few mathematical expressions. Though the presented material is based mostly on research and publications in the 1980s, it is still a valuable resource that covers most of the needed basics for researchers and engineers with an interest in offshore engineering."

--M. Alam, University of California, Berkeley " a compendium of many years of valuable information neatly packaged in one place. The book is written so that a non-technical person can read and understand the concepts of marine geotechnology. The authors did their homework and have put forth a lot of good and practical informationThe topics seem to cover just about everything engineering wise about the seafloor." Kendra S. Adams, President, Blue Rock Labs, Inc., USA

" provides practical and useful descriptions of marine geology, marine geoscientific exploration techniques and marine geotechnical engineering in one text. the primary author has been a long-time contributor in research, practice, chairing symposia and development of standards. His experience and expertise are well known worldwide." Ron Ebelhar, Terracon, Olathe, Kansas, USA

" the authors have done an excellent job a great reference and a must read for anyone planning an offshore site investigation or involved in the design of structures to be built offshore." Kenneth Bell, Bechtel Infrastructure, USA

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Authors xix
Section I Environmental Characterization
1 Origin and Development of Marine Geotechnology
3(12)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Definition and Scope of Marine Geotechnology
3(1)
1.3 Origin of Marine Geotechnology (1786-1899)
4(1)
1.4 Twentieth-Century Precedents (1900-1949)
5(1)
1.5 Development of Marine Geotechnology (1950-2000)
5(4)
1.5.1 Two Different Paths
5(2)
1.5.2 Shear Strength Measurements
7(1)
1.5.3 Submarine Slope Stability
7(1)
1.5.4 Lake Maracaibo
7(1)
1.5.5 Mississippi Delta
7(1)
1.5.6 North Sea
8(1)
1.5.7 Academic
9(1)
1.5.8 Marine Geotechnical Laboratories
9(1)
1.6 Events Occurring to Change Marine Geotechnology in the Late 1970s and Early 1980s
9(1)
1.7 Inter- and Multidisciplinary Aspects
10(5)
2 Geological Environments/Processes and Provinces
15(56)
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Plate Tectonics and the Physiography of the Ocean Floor
16(2)
2.3 Sediment Accumulation and Response to Sea-Level Changes
18(7)
2.4 Sediments
25(3)
2.5 Marine Sedimentary Environments
28(43)
2.5.1 Shoreline Depositional System
28(21)
2.5.1.1 Siliciclastic Shorelines
29(13)
2.5.1.2 Environments of Carbonate and Evaporite Sedimentation
42(7)
2.5.2 Shallow Open-Sea Environments-Shelf Seas
49(3)
2.5.2.1 Tide-Dominated Shelves
51(1)
2.5.2.2 Storm-Dominated Shelves
51(1)
2.5.2.3 Oceanic Current-Dominated Shelves
52(1)
2.5.3 Continental Slope and Continental Rise
52(10)
2.5.3.1 Siliciclastic Slopes and Submarine Fans
52(10)
2.5.3.2 Carbonate Slopes
62(1)
2.5.4 Pelagic Environments
62(3)
2.5.5 Glaciomarine Depositional Systems
65(6)
Section II Site Investigation
3 Elements of Site Investigations
71(22)
3.1 Introduction
71(1)
3.2 Planning a Site Investigation
71(4)
3.3 Site Survey Flow Plan
75(2)
3.4 Positioning
77(2)
3.4.1 Location or Positioning
77(1)
3.4.1.1 Above Sea Level
77(1)
3.4.1.2 In Water Column
77(1)
3.4.2 Water Depth Determination
78(1)
3.5 Geophysical Surveys: Equipment and Techniques
79(8)
3.5.1 Introduction
79(1)
3.5.2 Nature of Underwater Explosions
79(3)
3.5.2.1 Introduction
79(2)
3.5.2.2 Nonexplosive Energy Sources
81(1)
3.5.3 Detection of Reflections
82(1)
3.5.4 Imaging the Seafloor and Obstacles
83(1)
3.5.5 Vertical Profiling
84(2)
3.5.5.1 Reflection Surveys
84(1)
3.5.5.2 Multichannel Seismic Reflection Profiling
85(1)
3.5.5.3 Refraction Surveys
85(1)
3.5.6 Interpretation of Records
86(1)
3.5.7 Typical Seismic Profiling Operation
86(1)
3.6 Vessel Operations
87(1)
3.7 In Situ Investigations
87(1)
3.8 Data Management
87(6)
3.8.1 Types of Data Acquired
88(1)
3.8.2 Management of Data (Metadata)
88(1)
3.8.3 Presentation and Interpretation of Data
89(6)
3.8.3.1 Presentation of Data
89(1)
3.8.3.2 Interpretation of Data
90(3)
4 In Situ Testing
93(36)
4.1 Introduction
93(2)
4.2 Deployment Systems
95(6)
4.2.1 Introduction
95(1)
4.2.2 Stationary Seabed Systems
95(3)
4.2.2.1 Stingray
97(1)
4.2.2.2 Seacalf
97(1)
4.2.3 Mobile or Submersible Seabed Systems
98(1)
4.2.4 Borehole Systems
99(2)
4.2.4.1 Wison Wireline Cone Penetrometer
101(1)
4.3 Sensors
101(24)
4.3.1 Shear Strength
101(15)
4.3.1.1 Cone Penetration Test
102(4)
4.3.1.2 Mechanical Friction Cone Penetrometer
106(1)
4.3.1.3 Electric Friction Cone Penetrometer
106(2)
4.3.1.4 Correlations to Physical Properties
108(2)
4.3.1.5 Vane Shear Test
110(3)
4.3.1.6 Correction for Undrained Strength
113(1)
4.3.1.7 Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure and OCR
114(2)
4.3.2 Disturbance Caused by In Situ Strength Testing
116(3)
4.3.2.1 Disturbance Caused by Drilling Operation
116(1)
4.3.2.2 Disturbance Caused by Probe Insertion
117(1)
4.3.2.3 Disturbance Caused by Test Procedure
117(2)
4.3.3 Other Strength Tests
119(5)
4.3.3.1 Penetrometers
120(4)
4.3.4 Water Content and Density
124(1)
4.3.5 Stress-Strain
124(1)
4.3.6 Seismic and Shear Wave
124(1)
4.4 Sensor Calibration
125(1)
4.5 Special-Purpose Tests
125(4)
4.5.1 Plate Bearing Tests
125(1)
4.5.2 Hydraulic Fracture
126(1)
4.5.3 Resistivity/Conductivity
126(3)
5 Drilling, Sampling, and Handling of Marine Sediments
129(30)
5.1 Introduction
129(1)
5.2 Offshore Soil Sampling
130(14)
5.2.1 Introduction
130(1)
5.2.2 Self-Contained Shallow Penetration Samplers
130(4)
5.2.2.1 Gravity Coring Devices
131(1)
5.2.2.2 Bottom Platform
131(3)
5.2.3 Fixed Seabed Structures
134(1)
5.2.4 Deep Penetration-Rotary Drilling and Sampling through a Drill String
134(10)
5.2.4.1 Introduction
134(2)
5.2.4.2 Drill Rig and Other Drilling Components
136(1)
5.2.4.3 Drill String and Drill Bit
136(1)
5.2.4.4 Vertical Stabilization of the Drill
137(2)
5.2.4.5 Samplers Operated in Motion-Uncompensated Drill String
139(5)
5.3 Sampler Disturbance
144(10)
5.3.1 Alterations of Constituent Materials
146(8)
5.4 Handling and Storage
154(5)
5.4.1 Handling and Opening of Cores
154(1)
5.4.2 Storage
155(4)
5.4.2.1 Prevention of Moisture Loss
155(1)
5.4.2.2 Vertical versus Horizontal Storage
156(1)
5.4.2.3 Storage Time
156(1)
5.4.2.4 Temperature of Storage
157(2)
6 Laboratory Testing at Sea and Ashore
159(62)
6.1 Introduction
159(6)
6.1.1 Requirements for Geotechnical Testing
159(3)
6.1.2 Disturbance
162(1)
6.1.2.1 Introduction
162(1)
6.1.2.2 Nature and Mechanism of Sample Disturbance
163(1)
6.1.3 Destructive and Nondestructive Tests
163(2)
6.2 Preparation of Soil Samples
165(2)
6.2.1 Introduction
165(2)
6.3 Logging, X-Radiography, and Computed Tomography
167(1)
6.4 Index/Classification Testing
167(23)
6.4.1 Introduction
167(1)
6.4.2 Principles of Measurement at Sea
168(5)
6.4.2.1 Mass Measurement
168(1)
6.4.2.2 Measurement of Volume Using Helium Pycnometer
168(3)
6.4.2.3 Measurement Matrix for Index Properties
171(2)
6.4.3 Mass and Volume Relationships
173(16)
6.4.3.1 Water Content
174(2)
6.4.3.2 Microwave Drying
176(1)
6.4.3.3 Freeze Drying
176(1)
6.4.3.4 Pore Water Density
177(1)
6.4.3.5 Bulk Density
178(1)
6.4.3.6 Density of Solids (Grain Density)
179(1)
6.4.3.7 Dry Density/Dry Unit Weight
179(1)
6.4.3.8 Porosity
180(1)
6.4.3.9 Void Ratio
181(1)
6.4.3.10 Total Density/Total Unit Weight
181(1)
6.4.3.11 Description of Mass-Volume with Correction for Salt Content in Soils
182(7)
6.4.4 Particle Characteristics
189(1)
6.4.4.1 Grain Size Distribution and Classification
189(1)
6.4.4.2 Mineralogy, Atterberg Limits, and Fabric
190(1)
6.5 Consolidation
190(5)
6.5.1 Effects of Disturbance
193(2)
6.5.1.1 Effect on Consolidation Properties
194(1)
6.6 Permeability
195(1)
6.6.1 Test Procedures
195(1)
6.7 Static Shear Strength
196(20)
6.7.1 Undrained Shear Strength
196(2)
6.7.2 Test Procedure
198(1)
6.7.3 Triaxial Testing of High Gas Content Sediments
199(6)
6.7.3.1 Gas Initially in Solution
200(3)
6.7.3.2 Gas Initially in Bubble Phase
203(1)
6.7.3.3 Gas Evolving
204(1)
6.7.3.4 Effect on Strength and Other Properties
204(1)
6.7.4 Methods of Correcting Lab Values to In-Situ Strengths
205(16)
6.7.4.1 Empirical Correction Method
207(1)
6.7.4.2 Analytical Model Technique
207(6)
6.7.4.3 Residual Pore Pressure Technique
213(2)
6.7.4.4 Analysis of Case Studies
215(1)
6.8 Cyclic and Dynamic Strengths
216(5)
Section III Geotechnical Properties of Marine Sediments
7 Properties of Marine Soils
221(32)
7.1 Introduction
221(1)
7.2 Soil Characterization
221(12)
7.2.1 Texture, Structure, and Composition of Soil Particles
221(1)
7.2.2 Clastic Soils
222(11)
7.2.2.1 Size, Shape, and Structure
222(3)
7.2.2.2 Structure of Coarse-Grained/Noncohesive Sediments
225(2)
7.2.2.3 Pore Fluids and Clay Microstructure
227(6)
7.3 Classification of Sediments
233(12)
7.3.1 Laboratory and Visual Procedures
233(10)
7.3.1.1 Systems of Classification
233(1)
7.3.1.2 Engineering Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments
234(4)
7.3.1.3 Classification of Carbonate Sediments
238(5)
7.3.2 In-Situ Classification Methods
243(2)
7.4 Geophysical Properties of Marine Sediments
245(8)
7.4.1 Introduction
245(1)
7.4.2 Acoustic Properties of Marine Sediments
245(8)
8 Index, Compressibility, and Strength Properties of Marine Sediments
253(50)
8.1 Introduction
253(1)
8.2 Density and Water Content
254(2)
8.3 Consistency Properties and Organic Materials
256(5)
8.4 Compressibility and Permeability of Fine-Grained Marine Sediments
261(16)
8.4.1 Sedimentation of a Clay-Water System
261(3)
8.4.2 Volume Change of Sediments
264(19)
8.4.2.1 Modeling Volume Change
264(4)
8.4.2.2 Effect of Sediment Deposition and Erosion on Consolidation
268(1)
8.4.2.3 Secondary Consolidation
269(3)
8.4.2.4 Apparent Overconsolidation
272(5)
8.5 Permeability
277(6)
8.6 Shear Strength Characterization
283(10)
8.6.1 Theoretical Background
284(4)
8.6.2 Mohr-Coulomb Approach
288(3)
8.6.3 Empirical Approach
291(1)
8.6.4 Normalized Behavior Approach
291(2)
8.6.5 Typical Shear Strength Behavior
293(1)
8.7 Effect of Time on Soil Behavior
293(10)
8.7.1 Introduction
293(2)
8.7.2 Creep Behavior
295(8)
8.7.2.1 Introduction
295(4)
8.7.2.2 Viscoelastic Model Approach
299(1)
8.7.2.3 Rate Process Approach
300(1)
8.7.2.4 Empirical Approach
301(2)
9 Cyclic and Dynamic Properties of Marine Sediments
303(68)
9.1 Introduction
303(1)
9.2 Theoretical Background
303(8)
9.2.1 Threshold Strain Concept
305(3)
9.2.2 Clay Minerals under Cyclic Loading
308(3)
9.2.3 Sands under Cyclic Loading
311(1)
9.3 Soil Parameter Modeling
311(3)
9.4 Behavior of Clays and Silts
314(18)
9.4.1 Strength Determination
316(3)
9.4.2 Pore Pressure Build-Up
319(3)
9.4.3 Reduction and Degradation of Stiffness
322(10)
9.4.3.1 Effect of Soil Plasticity on Cyclic Response
325(4)
9.4.3.2 Factors That Affect Measurement of Dynamic Properties of Clays
329(3)
9.5 Analytical Methods to Predict Cyclic Response of Clays
332(1)
9.6 Behavior of Granular Materials
332(10)
9.6.1 Mechanism and Implications of Liquefaction Phenomena
334(1)
9.6.2 Variations in Liquefaction
335(1)
9.6.3 Wave Interaction with Seabed
336(35)
9.6.3.1 Rigid Seabed
339(1)
9.6.3.2 Deformable Seabed
340(2)
9.7 Historical Review of Liquefaction in the Coastal Environment
342(1)
9.8 Post-Cyclic Loading Behavior
342(29)
Section IV Slope Stability and Foundations
10 Marine Foundations
371(78)
10.1 Introduction
371(1)
10.1.1 Foundation Types
371(1)
10.2 Loadings on Foundations
371(2)
10.3 Pile Structures in the Marine Environment
373(39)
10.3.1 Introduction
373(1)
10.3.2 Modeling the Installation and Loading of a Driven Pile
373(1)
10.3.2.1 Capacity of Driven Piles in Clay
373(1)
10.3.2.2 Pore Pressure Equalization
374(1)
10.3.3 Pile Design
374(38)
10.3.3.1 Design Loading and Factor of Safety
374(1)
10.3.3.2 Axial Capacity
374(17)
10.3.3.3 Pile Settlement
391(4)
10.3.3.4 Design of Piles for Lateral Loads
395(4)
10.3.3.5 Effect of Cyclic Loading
399(6)
10.3.3.6 Construction and Installation of Pile Structures
405(7)
10.4 Gravity Platforms
412(17)
10.4.1 Introduction
412(2)
10.4.2 Design Requirements
414(1)
10.4.3 Design Elements
415(1)
10.4.4 Geotechnical Design of Foundation System
415(14)
10.4.4.1 Bearing Capacity
417(3)
10.4.4.2 Lateral Resistance
420(1)
10.4.4.3 Foundation Deformations
421(3)
10.4.4.4 Dowel and Skirt Penetration Resistance
424(3)
10.4.4.5 Base Contact Stress
427(1)
10.4.4.6 Foundation Tilt
427(1)
10.4.4.7 Piping and Erosion
427(1)
10.4.4.8 Dynamic Analysis
428(1)
10.4.4.9 Construction and Installation
428(1)
10.5 Anchor Uplift Capacity
429(7)
10.5.1 Embedment Mechanisms
429(3)
10.5.1.1 Propellant-Actuated Anchor
430(1)
10.5.1.2 Vibration Embedment Anchor
430(1)
10.5.1.3 Screw-In Anchor
431(1)
10.5.1.4 Driven Anchor
432(1)
10.5.1.5 Jetted Anchors
432(1)
10.5.2 Anchor Holding Capacity
432(4)
10.5.2.1 Cohesive Soil: Short-Term Static Loading
434(1)
10.5.2.2 Cohesive Soil: Long-Term Static Loading
435(1)
10.5.2.3 Cohesive Soil: Short-Term Cyclic Loading
435(1)
10.5.2.4 Granular Soil: Short- or Long-Term Drained Loading
435(1)
10.5.2.5 Granular Soil: Long-Term Cyclic Loading
435(1)
10.6 Jack-Up Platforms
436(11)
10.6.1 Introduction
436(3)
10.6.2 Support Methods
439(1)
10.6.3 Prediction of Leg Penetration during Installation
440(9)
10.6.3.1 Footings Supported on Uniform Soil
441(1)
10.6.3.2 Footings Supported on Layered Soils
441(6)
10.7 Hydraulic Filled Islands
447(2)
11 Slope Stability
449(36)
11.1 Introduction
449(1)
11.2 Types of Seafloor Movements
449(3)
11.2.1 Slide Classification
451(1)
11.2.1.1 Slides Occurring at Time of Deposition
452(1)
11.2.1.2 Slides Occurring Long after Deposition by Changes in Sedimentary and Erosional Processes
452(1)
11.2.1.3 Slides Occurring Long after Deposition due to Tectonic Processes
452(1)
11.3 Mechanisms of Movement
452(1)
11.3.1 Introduction
452(1)
11.4 Evaluation of Initiation of Instability
453(17)
11.4.1 Introduction
453(1)
11.4.2 Limit Equilibrium Methods
454(13)
11.4.2.1 Undrained Analysis
461(1)
11.4.2.2 Drained Analysis
462(1)
11.4.2.3 Partially Drained Analysis
462(5)
11.4.3 Finite-Element Models
467(3)
11.4.3.1 F.S Approach
469(1)
11.4.3.2 Potential Strain Approach
469(1)
11.4.3.3 Permanent Deformation Approach
470(1)
11.5 Evaluation of the Large Movements of the Soil Mass
470(15)
11.5.1 Introduction
471(1)
11.5.2 Turbidity Currents (Density Flow Models)
472(1)
11.5.3 Plastic and Viscous Flow Models
472(6)
11.5.4 Empirical Methods
478(2)
11.5.5 Mass Creep
480(5)
References 485(60)
Index 545
Ronald C. Chaney is emeritus professor of environmental resources engineering, former director of the Telonicher Marine Laboratory, and head of vessel operations at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. Prior to that, he was an associate professor of civil engineering at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He received his PhD in engineering from the University of California-Los Angeles in 1978. In addition, Dr. Chaney was the editor of the International Journal of Marine Geotechnology, Journal of Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, and the American Society for Testing and Materialss Geotechnical Testing Journal. He is a fellow of both ASCE and ASTM.

Gideon Almagor is an emeritus senior geologist from the Geological Survey of Israel, specializing in coastal and marine geology, and geotechnology. He is currently affiliated with AdaMa Environmental and Geological Sciences as a geologist. He received his PhD from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1977. He has extensive experience in shipboard operations (geophysical, coring) and laboratory testing.
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