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E-raamat: In Search of Good Energy Policy

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This volume presents a dialogue on the relevance of multi-disciplinary research and offers a look at why science and technology cannot alone meet the needs of energy policy making. This work should be read by anyone interested in understanding how multidisciplinary research and collaboration is essential to crafting good energy policy.

Drawing on political science, economics, philosophy, theology, social anthropology, history, management studies, law, and other subject areas, In Search of Good Energy Policy brings together leading academics from across the social sciences and humanities to offer an innovative look at why science and technology, and the type of quantification they champion, cannot alone meet the needs of energy policy making in the future. Featuring world-class researchers from the University of Cambridge and other leading universities around the world, this innovative book presents an interdisciplinary dialogue in which scientists and practitioners reach across institutional divides to offer their perspectives on the relevance of multi-disciplinary research for 'real world' application. This work should be read by anyone interested in understanding how multidisciplinary research and collaboration is essential to crafting good energy policy.

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Offers an innovative look at why science and technology cannot alone meet the needs of energy policy making in the future.
List of Figures page xiii
List of Tables xv
List of Contributors xvi
Acknowledgments xxix
1 Introduction 1(22)
Marc Ozawa
Jonathan Chaplin
Michael Pollitt
David Reiner
Paul Warde
1.1 Why Do We Need a Multidisciplinary Social Science and Humanities-Based Approach to Energy Policy?
4(3)
1.2 Multidisciplinary Approaches to Energy Policy
7(2)
1.3 Examples of Different Disciplinary Approaches in Social Sciences and Humanities
9(1)
1.4 Book Structure
10(1)
1.5 Highlights and Key Lessons
11(12)
Part I Multidisciplinary Perspectives 23(76)
2 Political Science and Energy
25(7)
David M. Reiner
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Energy and the Political Science Literature
26(1)
2.3 Energy and Political Subfields
27(2)
2.4 Areas of Future Growth: Putting Energy into Environmental and Climate Politics
29(2)
2.5 References
31(1)
3 Economics - The Proper Valuation of Security and Environment
32(13)
David Newbery
3.1 Introduction
32(1)
3.2 The Role and Limitations of Competitive Markets
33(2)
3.3 Market Completeness and Missing Markets
35(2)
3.4 Climate Change Mitigation
37(4)
3.5 Security
41(1)
3.6 Conclusions
42(1)
3.7 References
42(3)
4 Good Energy: Philosophical Perspectives
45(12)
Tim Lewens
4.1 Good Outcomes and Good Processes
45(1)
4.2 Good Outcomes
46(3)
4.2.1 Energy Justice
46(1)
4.2.2 Future Generations
47(1)
4.2.3 Non-identity
47(1)
4.2.4 Comparing Consequences
48(1)
4.3 Good Processes
49(7)
4.3.1 The Role of Experts
49(1)
4.3.2 Inductive Risk
50(2)
4.3.3 Participation
52(2)
4.3.4 Precaution
54(2)
4.4 Conclusions: Science, Policy and Process
56(1)
5 Public Theology - 'Grounded': An Energy Policy Rooted in Human Flourishing
57(12)
Jonathan Chaplin
5.1 The Nature of 'Public Theology'
57(1)
5.2 Environmental Public Theology
58(6)
5.3 Public Theology and 'Good' Energy Policy
64(2)
5.4 Conclusions: From Theology to Action
66(1)
5.5 References
67(2)
6 Anthropology and Energy Policy
69(7)
Charlotte Johnson
6.1 Interests
69(3)
6.1.1 Anthropology of the State
70(1)
6.1.2 Economic Anthropology
70(1)
6.1.3 Material Culture of the Home and Consumption
71(1)
6.1.4 Digital Anthropology
72(1)
6.2 Approaches
72(1)
6.3 Collaborations
73(1)
6.4 References
74(2)
7 History: A Long View?
76(6)
Paul Warde
8 Management - From the Drawing Board to Successful Delivery
82(7)
Jim Platts
8.1 Embodying Wisdom
83(1)
8.2 Developing an Industry
84(1)
8.3 Developing New Infrastructure
85(1)
8.4 Insightful Leadership Identifies the Risks and Removes Them
85(1)
8.5 Developing Bigger Wind Turbines
86(1)
8.6 Making It Happen
87(2)
9 Legal Aspects of Energy Policy
89(10)
Tibisay Morgandi
Jorge E. Vinuales
9.1 Introduction
89(1)
9.2 Extraction of Shale Gas in the European Union
90(3)
9.3 Low-Carbon Policies in the United States
93(2)
9.4 Renewable Energy Support in India
95(1)
9.5 Legal Aspects of 'Good' Energy Policy
96(3)
Part II Cases And Multidisciplinary Responses 99(174)
10 The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Its Past, Present and Future
101(19)
Behnam Taebi
Sabine Roeser
10.1 Introduction
101(2)
10.2 The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Where We Come From
103(1)
10.3 New Nuclear Technology: Old and New Challenges
104(2)
10.4 Multinational Nuclear Waste Disposal and Problems of Justice
106(2)
10.5 The Need for Global Governance of Nuclear Energy
108(1)
10.6 Nuclear Risk, Values and Emotions
109(3)
10.7 Conclusions
112(1)
10.8 References
113(3)
10.9 Response to "The Ethics of Nuclear Energy - Its Past, Present and Future"
116(4)
Alexandra C.H. Skelton
10.9.1 References
119(1)
11 Fukushima and German Energy Policy 2005-2015/2016
120(19)
Christian Growitsch
Felix Hoffler
11.1 -The Immediate Effect of Fukushima
120(7)
11.1.1 The Political Consequences
120(1)
11.1.2 Short-Term Market and Quantity Reactions
121(6)
11.2 Long-Term Effects of the Accelerated Phase-Out
127(5)
11.3 Some Tentative Interpretations
132(4)
11.4 Response to "Tukushima and German Energy Policy 2005-2015/2016"
136(3)
Marc Ozawa
12 Rethinking the Environmental State: An Economic History of the Swedish Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon
139(26)
Magnus Lindmark
12.1 Introduction
139(1)
12.2 The Oil Crises and the Development of Carbon Emissions
140(4)
12.3 Why the Oil Intensity Was So High in 1973
144(3)
12.4 The Role of Taxes and Subsidies
147(2)
12.5 Energy and the 'Third Way' Economic Policy
149(4)
12.6 From Three Mile Island to the Carbon Ceiling and Beyond
153(3)
12.7 Conclusions
156(2)
12.8 References
158(4)
12.8.1 Official Publications
158(1)
12.8.2 Online Resources
159(1)
12.8.3 Newspaper Articles
159(1)
12.8.4 Literature
159(3)
12.9 Response to "Rethinking the Environmental State: An Economic History of the Swedish Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon"
162(3)
Michael G. Pollitt
12.9.1 References
164(1)
13 Fossil Fuel Systems to 1.00 Per Cent Renewable Energy-Based Smart Energy Systems: Lessons from the Case of Denmark, 1973-2017
165(22)
Frede Hvelplund
Soren Djorup
Karl Sperling
13.1 Introduction
165(3)
13.2 The Social Anthropological Going Close Approach
168(1)
13.3 What Can We Learn from the 1975-2017 History of the Danish Energy Sector?
169(3)
13.3.1 From 1975 to 2001
169(1)
13.3.2 From 2001 to 2017
170(2)
13.4 The Development and Implementation of Integrated Smart Energy Systems
172(1)
13.4.1 The Smart Energy System Scenario
172(1)
13.4.2 The Transmission System Scenario
173(1)
13.5 The Ownership Discussion and the Transition to Smart Energy Systems
173(3)
13.6 The Coordination of Smart Energy Systems versus the Coordination of the Transmission Line Paradigm
176(3)
13.6.1 Will Smart Energy Systems Be Able to Politically and Economically Compete with the Transmission Line Paradigm under the Present Institutional Regime?
176(2)
13.6.2 If the Conditions for Smart Energy Systems Improve, Will These Systems Be Consumer- or Municipality-Owned?
178(1)
13.7 Policy Suggestions
179(1)
13.8 Conclusions
180(4)
13.9 Comments on Danish Heating Policies since 1950: A Social Science Perspective on Danish Heat Systems
184(3)
Paul Warde
14 The Politics of Carbon Capture and Storage: How Interests Have Outstripped Economics in Shaping the Evolution of a Technology
187(15)
David M. Reiner
14.1 Introduction
187(2)
14.2 A Pre-History of CCS: The Analysts' (and Stakeholder?) Favourite
189(3)
14.3 A Brief Golden Era of CCS (2003-2009)
192(2)
14.4 Moving beyond Rhetorical Support (2009-): A More Sceptical View of Interests
194(3)
14.4.1 Government
194(1)
14.4.2 Energy Industry
195(1)
14.4.3 NGOs
196(1)
14.5 Conclusions: Why Have the Politics of CCS Been So Difficult?
197(3)
14.6 Response to "The Politics of Carbon Capture and Storage: How Interests Have Outstripped Economics in Shaping the Evolution of a Technology"
200(2)
Jim Platts
15 Scaling Clean Energy for Data Centres: Trends, Problems, Solutions
202(22)
Atif Ansar
Dan Madrigal
Seth Collins
15.1 Introduction
202(2)
15.2 Energy Use in Data Centres
204(1)
15.2.1 Utilisation
204(1)
15.2.2 Virtualisation
205(1)
15.3 Facility Types and Energy Consequences
205(1)
15.4 Metrics and Measurement
205(2)
15.5 Twin Solutions: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Generation
207(3)
15.5.1 The Case for Efficiency
207(1)
15.5.2 Efficiency Gains in Cooling Technologies
207(1)
15.5.3 PUE Innovation
208(1)
15.5.4 The Case for Renewable Power in Data Centres
209(1)
15.6 Data Centre Siting
210(5)
15.6.1 The Opportunity of Site Selection
211(3)
15.6.2 Limitations to Siting
214(1)
15.6.3 Conflict and Change: Grid Interface and Policy Influence
214(1)
15.7 Achieving Scale
215(3)
15.8 References
218(3)
15.9 Response to "Scaling Clean Energy for Data Centres" - A History and Policy Perspective
221(3)
Tae Hoon Kim
16 Public Participation in the Context of Energy Activities: The Role of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee
224(13)
Leslie-Anne Duvic-Paoli
16.1 Introduction
224(1)
16.2 The Aarhus Convention, An Instrument of Energy Governance
225(3)
16.3 The Aarhus Compliance Committee and Its Case Law on Energy
228(4)
16.3.1 Case Study 1- Construction of a Nuclear Power Station
228(1)
16.3.2 Case Study 2- Design of a Renewable Energy Policy
229(1)
16.3.3 Assessment
230(2)
16.4 International Law and the Democratisation of Energy Policies
232(2)
16.5 Conclusions
234(1)
16.6 Response to "Public Participation in the Context of Energy Activities: The Role of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee"
234(15)
David Newbery
16.6.1 References
236(1)
17 Biofuel Energy, Ancestral Time and the Destruction of Borneo: An Ethical Perspective
237(20)
Michael S. Northcott
17.1 Bibliography
249(2)
17.2 Works Cited
251(3)
17.3 Response to "Biofuel Energy, Ancestral Time and the Destruction of Borneo: An Ethical Perspective"
254(3)
David Reiner
17.3.1 References
256(1)
18 From Inspiration to Implementation: Laudato Si', Public Theology and the Demands of Energy Policy
257(16)
Jonathan Chaplin
18.1 Introduction
257(1)
18.2 Laudato Si' on the Ecological Crisis
258(1)
18.3 A Theology of Interconnectedness
259(1)
18.4 Ecological Crisis and Societal Structure: 'Integral Ecology'
260(1)
18.5 Minding the Gap: Technology, the Market and the State
261(8)
18.5.1 Technology
261(1)
18.5.2 The Market
262(3)
18.5.3 The State
265(2)
18.5.4 Challenges Ahead
267(2)
18.6 References
269(1)
18.7 Response to "From Inspiration to Implementation: Laudato Si', Public Theology and the Demands of Energy Policy"
270(7)
Vladimir Kmec
Part III Multidisciplinary Cases 273(78)
19 Introduction to Multidisciplinary Approaches
275(7)
Marc Ozawa
Michael Pollitt
19.1 Two Teams, Two Universities and Two Countries
277(2)
19.2 Five Disciplines across One University
279(3)
20 A Comparative Study of Air Pollution Trends in Historical London and Contemporary Beijing
282(23)
Jacqueline CK Lam
Yang Han
Shanshan Wang
Victor OK Li
Michael Pollitt
Paul Warde
20.1 Introduction
282(1)
20.2 London 1950-1966
283(5)
20.2.1 Air Pollution Trends 1950-1966
283(1)
20.2.2 Socio-economic and Energy Landscape
284(1)
20.2.3 Regulatory and Policy Landscape
285(3)
20.3 Beijing 2000-2016
288(9)
20.3.1 Air Pollution Trends 2000-2016
288(2)
20.3.2 Socio-economic, Energy and Transport Landscape
290(2)
20.3.3 Regulatory and Policy Landscape
292(5)
20.4 Comparing the Air Pollution Trends and the Socio-economic and Regulatory Landscape in Historical London and Contemporary Beijing
297(2)
20.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications
299(1)
20.6 References
300(5)
21 The Power of Siberia: A Eurasian Pipeline Policy 'Good' for Whom?
305(31)
Marc-Ozawa
Chi Kong Chyong
Kun-Chin Lin
Tim Reilly
Caroline Humphrey
Corine Wood-Donnelly
21.1 Introduction
305(4)
21.2 Geopolitical Considerations
309(2)
21.3 Regional Geopolitical Considerations, Russia and Europe
311(4)
21.3.1 Regional Geopolitical Considerations for China
313(2)
21.4 Economic Considerations and the Valuation of the Power of Siberia Gas Pipeline - Gazprom and Russian Perspectives
315(5)
21.4.1 Benefits to Gazprom as a Supplier to China through Power of Siberia
315(3)
21.4.2 Wider Benefits to Russia
318(2)
21.5 Considerations for China as a Demand Market for Power of Siberia
320(3)
21.6 Legal and International Institutional Dimensions
323(3)
21.7 Environmental and Social Factors
326(4)
21.7.1 Responses from Local and Indigenous Communities
327(2)
21.7.2 Environment
329(1)
21.8 Conclusions
330(1)
21.9 References
331(5)
22 Responses and Final Thoughts
336(15)
Emily Shuckburgh
John Deutch
Ronald Oxburgh
Marc Ozawa
Jonathan Chaplin
Michael Pollitt
David Reiner
Paul Warde
22.1 'Multicultural' Policy: Integrating Expertise from a Span of Disciplines to Inform Policy
336(3)
22.1.1 References
338(1)
22.2 Crossing the Chasm to 'Good' Global Climate Policy
339(1)
22.3 Climate Change - Will China Save the Planet?
340(3)
22.4 Response from the Editors
343(8)
Marc Ozawa
Jonathan Chaplin
Michael Pollitt
David Reiner
Paul Warde
22.4.1 General Lessons From the Editors
345(1)
22.4.2 Editors - Future Multidisciplinary Research on Energy Policy and Final Thoughts
346(1)
22.4.3 Editors' response references
350(1)
Index 351
Marc Ozawa is an associated researcher of the Energy Policy Research Group (EPRG) at the University of Cambridge. His current research examines the role of trust in international relations, NATO-Russian relations and Russian, East European and Eurasian affairs. Jonathan Chaplin is a specialist in political theology and a member of the 'In Search of 'Good' Energy' Project. He was Director of the Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics, based in Cambridge, from 2006 to 2017. Currently an independent scholar, he is a member of the Divinity Faculty at the University of Cambridge, a Senior Fellow of the Canadian think-tank Cardus and a consultant researcher for the London-based religion and society think-tank Theos. Michael Pollitt is Professor of Business Economics at the Cambridge Judge Business School in the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He is chair of the 'In Search of 'Good' Energy Policy' Grand Challenge initiative of Energy@Cambridge and an Assistant Director of the Energy Policy Research Group (EPRG). David Reiner is Assistant Director of the Energy Policy Research Group at the University of Cambridge. His research focuses on energy and climate change politics, policy, economics, regulation and public attitudes, with a particular focus on social license to operate. Paul Warde is a Reader in Environmental History at the University of Cambridge, previously having been Professor of Environmental History at the University of East Anglia. His previous publications include The Invention of Sustainability: Nature and Destiny, c.15001870 (2018); The Environment: A History of the Idea (2018); and Power to the People: Energy in Europe Over the Last Five Centuries (2013).