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E-raamat: Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges

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(Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA), (Federal Highway Administration, USA)
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Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel BridgesSuurem pilt
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Nonlinear static monotonic (pushover) analysis has become a common practice in performance-based bridge seismic design. The popularity of pushover analysis is due to its ability to identify the failure modes and the design limit states of bridge piers and to provide the progressive collapse sequence of damaged bridges when subjected to major earthquakes. Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges fills the need for a complete reference on pushover analysis for practicing engineers.

This technical reference covers the pushover analysis of reinforced concrete and steel bridges with confined and unconfined concrete column members of either circular or rectangular cross sections as well as steel members of standard shapes. It provides step-by-step procedures for pushover analysis with various nonlinear member stiffness formulations, including:











Finite segmentfinite string (FSFS) Finite segmentmoment curvature (FSMC) Axial loadmoment interaction (PM) Constant moment ratio (CMR) Plastic hinge length (PHL)

Ranging from the simplest to the most sophisticated, the methods are suitable for engineers with varying levels of experience in nonlinear structural analysis.

The authors also provide a downloadable computer program, INSTRUCT (INelastic STRUCTural Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete and Steel Structures), that allows readers to perform their own pushover analyses. Numerous real-world examples demonstrate the accuracy of analytical prediction by comparing numerical results with full- or large-scale test results. A useful reference for researchers and engineers working in structural engineering, this book also offers an organized collection of nonlinear pushover analysis applications for students.
Series Preface xv
Preface xvii
Series Editor xxi
Authors xxiii
Chapter 1 Overview of Seismic Design of Highway Bridges in the United States
1(22)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 AASHTO Bridge Seismic Design Philosophy
1(17)
1.2.1 AASHO Elastic Design Procedures (1961-1974)
2(1)
1.2.2 AASHTO Force-Based Design Procedures (1975-1992)
3(2)
1.2.3 AASHTO Force-Based Design Procedures (1992-2008)
5(8)
1.2.3.1 Force-Reduction R -Factor
13(2)
1.2.3.2 Capacity Design Concept
15(1)
1.2.4 AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design (2009)
16(1)
1.2.4.1 Nonlinear Pushover Analysis Procedure
17(1)
1.3 Direct Displacement-Based Design Procedures
18(5)
Chapter 2 Pushover Analysis Applications
23(12)
2.1 Displacement Capacity Evaluation for the Seismic Design of New Bridges
23(1)
2.2 Performance Level Verification for New Bridges Designed by DDBD
23(5)
2.3 Capacity/Demand Ratios for the Seismic Evaluation of Existing Bridges
28(1)
2.4 Quantitative Bridge System Redundancy Evaluation
29(2)
2.5 Moment-Curvature Curves and Axial Load-Moment Interaction Curves
31(1)
2.6 Other Applications
31(4)
Chapter 3 Nonlinear Pushover Analysis Procedure
35(28)
3.1 Introduction
35(2)
3.2 SOL01---Elastic Static Analysis
37(1)
3.3 SOL04---Nonlinear Static Pushover (Cyclic or Monotonic) Analysis
38(3)
3.3.1 Flowchart in SOL04
38(1)
3.3.2 Nonlinear Pushover Procedure
39(2)
3.4 Material Library
41(13)
3.4.1 Elastic 3D Prismatic Beam Material (3D-BEAM)
41(1)
3.4.2 Bilinear Hysteresis Model (BILINEAR)
41(1)
3.4.3 Gap/Restrainer Model (GAP)
41(1)
3.4.4 Takeda Hysteresis Model (TAKEDA)
42(1)
3.4.5 Bilinear Moment-Rotation Model (HINGE)
43(1)
3.4.6 Bilinear Hysteresis Model (IA_BILN)
43(1)
3.4.7 Finite-Segment Steel Stress-Strain Hysteresis Model (STABILITY1)
43(2)
3.4.8 Finite-Segment Reinforced Concrete Stress-Strain Hysteresis Model (R/CONCRETE1)
45(7)
3.4.9 Finite Segment-Moment Curvature Model (MOMCURVA1)
52(1)
3.4.10 Plate Material (PLATE)
53(1)
3.4.11 Point Material (POINT)
53(1)
3.4.12 Brace Material (BRACE)
53(1)
3.5 Element Library
54(8)
3.5.1 Elastic 3D Prismatic Element (3D-BEAM)
54(1)
3.5.2 Spring Element (SPRING)
55(3)
3.5.3 Inelastic 3D Beam Element (IE3DBEAM)
58(1)
3.5.4 Finite-Segment Element (STABILITY)
59(1)
3.5.5 Plate Element (PLATE)
60(1)
3.5.6 Point Element (POINT)
61(1)
3.5.7 Brace Element (BRACE)
62(1)
3.6 Material-Element Cross Reference
62(1)
Chapter 4 Nonlinear Bending Stiffness Matrix Formulations
63(34)
4.1 Bilinear Interaction Axial Load-Moment Method
63(2)
4.2 Plastic Hinge Length Method
65(7)
4.3 Constant Moment Ratio Method
72(7)
4.4 Finite Segment-Finite String Method
79(2)
4.5 Finite Segment-Moment Curvature Method
81(1)
4.6 Concrete Column Failure Modes
82(9)
4.7 Bilinear Moment-Curvature Curves
91(2)
4.8 Column Axial Load-Moment Interaction
93(1)
4.9 Column Axial Load-Plastic Curvature Capacity Curve
94(3)
Chapter 5 Analytical Formulation for Structures
97(28)
5.1 Joint Definition and Degrees of Freedom
97(4)
5.1.1 Global Coordinate System
97(1)
5.1.2 Joint Coordinate System
97(1)
5.1.3 Rigid Body Constraints
98(3)
5.1.4 Condensed Degrees of Freedom
101(1)
5.1.5 Global Degrees of Freedom
101(1)
5.2 Inelastic IE3DBEAM Element
101(10)
5.2.1 Element Coordinate System and Degrees of Freedom
102(1)
5.2.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS
103(3)
5.2.3 Element Stiffness Matrix in Terms of Global Degrees of Freedom
106(3)
5.2.4 Element Geometric Stiffness Matrix in Gdof
109(2)
5.3 Finite-Segment Element
111(2)
5.3.1 Element Coordinate System and Degrees of Freedom
111(1)
5.3.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS
111(2)
5.4 Brace Element
113(2)
5.4.1 Element Coordinate System and Degrees of Freedom
113(1)
5.4.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS
114(1)
5.4.3 Element Stiffness Matrix in Gdof
114(1)
5.5 Plate Element
115(3)
5.5.1 Element Coordinate System and Degrees of Freedom
116(1)
5.5.2 Element Stiffness Matrix in ECS
116(1)
5.5.3 Element Stiffness Matrix in Gdof
117(1)
5.6 Unbalanced Forces
118(7)
5.6.1 Unbalanced Element Forces
118(1)
5.6.2 Global Unbalanced Joint Forces
119(1)
5.6.3 Assembly of the Global Structural and Geometric Stiffness
120(5)
Chapter 6 Input Data for INSTRUCT Program
125(44)
Notes on Input
125(1)
6.1 Structure---define the Structural Model
126(33)
6.1.1 Joints and Degrees of Freedom
127(3)
6.1.2 Materials and Hysteresis Models
130(19)
6.1.3 Geometric Stiffness Data
149(1)
6.1.4 Element Data
150(8)
6.1.5 Mass
158(1)
6.1.6 Damping
159(1)
6.2 SOL01---Elastic Static Solution
159(3)
6.2.1 Joint Loads
159(1)
6.2.2 Element Loads
160(2)
6.3 SOL04---Incremental Static (Pushover) Solution
162(3)
6.3.1 Output Data to Plot Files
162(2)
6.3.2 Joint Loads
164(1)
6.3.3 Element Loads
164(1)
6.3.4 Load Factors
164(1)
6.4 BUG---Set Bug Options
165(1)
6.5 READ---Read Plot Files
166(1)
6.6 NOECHO---Inhibit Input Echo
166(1)
6.7 DUMP---Print Memory
166(1)
6.8 RELEASE---Release Memory
166(1)
6.9 STOP---Terminate Execution
167(2)
Chapter 7 Numerical Examples
169(198)
7.1 Structural Limit State Indicators
169(1)
7.2 Member Yield Indicators
170(1)
7.3 Numerical Examples
170(197)
7.3.1 Example 1: Moment-Curvature Analysis
170(12)
7.3.2 Example 2: Single-Column Bent
182(7)
7.3.3 Example 3: Steel Member Plastic Analysis
189(5)
7.3.4 Example 4: Two-Column Bent (Displacement Control)
194(36)
7.3.5 Example 5: Two-Column Bent (Force Control)
230(10)
7.3.6 Example 6: Column with Rectangular Section
240(4)
7.3.7 Example 7: Three-Column Bent (with 3D-BEAM, IE3DBEAM, SPRING, PLATE, and POINT elements)
244(3)
7.3.8 Example 8: Four-Column Bent
247(4)
7.3.9 Example 9: Pile Cap Bent
251(9)
7.3.10 Example 10: Cross Frame Analysis
260(5)
7.3.11 Example 11: Column with Shear Failure
265(10)
7.3.12 Example 12: Beam-Column Joint Failure
275(1)
7.3.12.1 For Test Specimen #1
275(2)
7.3.12.2 For Test Specimen #2
277(10)
7.3.13 Example 13: Cyclic Response of a Cantilever Beam
287(6)
Appendix A Stiffness Matrix Formulation for Bilinear PM Method
293(4)
Appendix B Stiffness Matrix Formulation for Finite Segment
297(16)
Appendix C Unbalanced Forces of a Finite Segment
313(2)
Appendix D Nonlinear Incremental Solution Algorithms
315(4)
Appendix E Plastic Curvature Capacities and Neutral Axis Depth in Columns
319(6)
Appendix F Elastic and Inelastic Time History Analysis
325(10)
Appendix G Elastic and Inelastic Response Spectra
335(12)
Appendix H Response Spectrum Analysis of Multiple-dof System
347(10)
Appendix I Polynomial Curve Fitting
357(6)
Appendix J Plate Element Stiffness Matrix
363(4)
References 367(4)
Index 371
Jeffrey Ger, PhD, PE, is the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Division Bridge Engineer in Florida, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. His research experience has been in the field of earthquake engineering, nonlinear structural response, and building and highway bridge design. He has published more than 40 technical papers in structural engineering. Dr. Ger received the U.S. Secretary of Transportations Team Award in 2004 "for providing extraordinary transportation services to move food, water and shelter materials to relieve the pain and suffering by millions of victims of the 2004 Hurricanes." He provided critical support in the wake of Floridas 2004 hurricanes, completing an emergency interstate bridge repair project 26 days ahead of schedule. In 2006, he received the FHWA Bridge Leadership Councils Excellent Award, recognizing his outstanding customer service in carrying out the bridge program in Florida. He received the FHWA Engineer of the Year Award and an award from the National Society of Professional Engineers in 2007, and in 2008 received the Civil Engineering Academy Award from the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Missouri-Rolla. Dr. Ger was appointed as one of the seven members of the U.S. Transportation Infrastructure Reconnaissance Team that traveled to Chile in April 2010 to assess the bridge damage condition due to the February 27, 2010, Chile earthquake.

Franklin Y. Cheng, PhD, PE, is a distinguished member (formerly honorary) of ASCE; a member of the Academy of Civil Engineers, Missouri University of Science and Technology (MST); and Curators Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at MST. He is one of the pioneers in allying computing expertise to large, complex, seismic-resistant structures. Dr. Cheng has received four honorary professorships abroad and chaired seven of his 24 National Science Foundation (NSF) delegations to various countries for research and development cooperation. He has served as either chairman or member of 37 professional societies and committees. Dr. Cheng has served as a consultant for Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc., Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Martin & Huang International, among others. The author, coauthor, or editor of 26 books and over 250 publications, Dr. Cheng is the recipient of numerous honors, including the MSM-UMR Alumni Merit, ASCE State-of-the-Art (twice), the Faculty Excellence, and the Halliburton Excellence awards. In 2007, he was elected as the 565th honorary member of ASCE since 1852. Dr. Cheng has numerous publications to his credit, the most recent being Structural Optimization: Dynamic and Seismic Applications, Smart Structures: Innovative Systems for Seismic Response Control, and Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamic: Applications and Earthquake Engineering.
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