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E-raamat: Seismic Imaging Methods and Applications for Oil and Gas Exploration

, (Assistant Professor, School of Physics, Geophysics Section, University of Science Malaysia, Malaysia), (1 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Geoscience Department, Tron), (Professor in Geophysics at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (Deceased)), , , , , ,
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Mar-2022
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323918879
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Mar-2022
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323918879

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Seismic Imaging Methods and Application for Oil and Gas Exploration connects the legacy of field data processing and imaging with new research methods using diffractions and anisotropy in the field of geophysics. Topics covered include seismic data acquisition, seismic data processing, seismic wave modeling, high-resolution imaging, and anisotropic modeling and imaging. This book is a necessary resource for geophysicist working in the oil and gas and mineral exploration industries, as well as for students and academics in exploration geophysics.
  • Provides detailed methods that are used in the industry, including advice on which methods to use in specific situations
  • Compares classical methods with the latest technologies to improve practice and application in the real world
  • Includes case studies for further explanation of methods described in the book
About the authors ix
Preface xv
1 Seismic data acquisition including survey design and factors affecting seismic acquisition
1(18)
Abdul Rahim Md Arshad
Abdul Halim Abdul Latiff
Yasir Bashir
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Geophysical factors affecting seismic acquisition
1(1)
1.3 Survey design
2(2)
1.4 Land, marine, transition zone, and borehole seismic data acquisition
4(3)
1.5 Ocean bottom cable and ocean bottom node
7(2)
1.6 Land and marine sources and receivers
9(5)
1.7 2D versus 3D seismic
14(1)
1.8 Advances in seismic data acquisition
15(1)
1.8.1 Marine seismic vibrator
15(1)
1.9 Conclusions
15(4)
References
16(3)
2 Seismic data processing
19(38)
Abdul Rahim Md Arshad
Rosita Hamidi
Yasir Bashir
2.1 Introduction
19(3)
2.1.1 Fourier transform
19(3)
2.2 Short-time Fourier transform
22(3)
2.3 Wavelet transform
25(13)
2.3.1 One-dimensional wavelet transform
25(10)
2.3.2 Empirical wavelet transform
35(3)
2.4 Factors affecting seismic reflection amplitude
38(1)
2.5 Acquisition footprint
39(1)
2.6 Wavefield divergence corrections
39(1)
2.7 Absorption correction (anelastic attenuation)
39(2)
2.8 Ground roll and linear noise attenuation
41(2)
2.9 Swell noise attenuation
43(1)
2.10 Deconvolution
44(1)
2.11 Velocity analysis
45(5)
2.12 Multiple attenuation
50(2)
2.12.1 Introduction to multiple
50(1)
2.12.2 Multiple eliminationTnethods
50(2)
2.13 Advances in seismic data processing
52(2)
2.13.1 Modified close-loop SRME
52(1)
2.13.2 Joint migration inversion
52(2)
2.14 Conclusions
54(3)
References
54(3)
3 Seismic wave modeling and high-resolution imaging
57(76)
Yasir Bashir
Seyed Yaser Moussavi Alashloo
Deva Prasad Ghosh
3.1 Introduction
58(1)
3.2 Wavefronts and huygens principle
59(1)
3.3 Geometrical aspect of migration
59(3)
3.4 Theory and practice of seismic diffraction
62(3)
3.5 Diffraction modeling
65(1)
3.6 Reasoning behind diffraction
65(2)
3.7 Logical explanation of diffraction
67(1)
3.8 Amplitude interpretation
68(5)
3.9 Constructive and destructive interference
73(1)
3.10 2D/3D behavior of diffraction curves
73(5)
3.11 Imaging in 2D or 3D
78(3)
3.12 Seismic imaging/migration algorithm
81(3)
3.13 Diffraction separation algorithms
84(6)
3.13.1 Dip frequency filtering
85(2)
3.13.2 Plane-wave destruction
87(2)
3.13.3 Slope estimation
89(1)
3.14 Developed workflows for diffraction separation and imaging
90(2)
3.15 Effect of frequency and migration aperture on seismic diffraction imaging
92(6)
3.15.1 Velocity model building
92(2)
3.15.2 Frequency-dependent modeling and aperture for migration
94(4)
3.16 Importance of seismic diffraction for fracture imaging
98(3)
3.17 Algorithm for diffraction preservation separation methods
101(3)
3.17.1 Comparison of PWD and DFF results
104(1)
3.18 2D synthetic data example: the complex Marmousi model
104(3)
3.19 Effect of offset on diffraction hyperbola
107(1)
3.20 Effect of angle stack on diffraction amplitude
108(1)
3.21 Application on real field data
108(3)
3.22 A new algorithm for advance wave modeling and high-resolution diffraction imaging
111(10)
3.22.1 A complex fractured model: Marmousi
117(4)
3.23 Full wave-equation finite difference modeling
121(1)
3.24 Low-rank approximation
122(6)
3.24.1 Theory of wave extrapolation
124(2)
3.24.2 Low-rank approximation
126(1)
3.24.3 Exploding reflector modeling
126(2)
3.25 Discussion and conclusion
128(5)
References
130(3)
4 Anisotropic modeling and imaging
133(46)
Seyed Yaser Moussavi Alashloo
Yasir Bashir
Deva Prasad Ghosh
4.1 Introduction
133(6)
4.2 Theory: weak elastic anisotropy approximation for VTI media
139(4)
4.3 Numerical examples: weak anisotropy
143(1)
4.4 Theory of TTI pseudo-acoustic wave equation
144(3)
4.5 Numerical examples: pseudo-acoustic wave simulation in a TTI media
147(6)
4.6 VTI travel times for prestack depth imaging
153(2)
4.7 Numerical examples: PDM using VTI fast-marching travel times
155(24)
4.7.1 Synthetic data
155(7)
4.7.2 Prestack depth migration on real data
162(13)
References
175(3)
Further Reading
178(1)
5 Geological reservoir modeling and seismic reservoir monitoring
179(108)
Amir Abbas Babasafari
Deva Prasad Ghosh
Teresa Ratnam
Shiba Rezaei
Chico Sambo
5.1 Introduction
180(11)
5.1.1 Petroleum geology
181(1)
5.1.2 Plate tectonic analysis
182(1)
5.1.3 Geological structure
183(1)
5.1.4 Depositional environment
184(2)
5.1.5 Petrophysics and rock physics for reservoir characterization
186(2)
5.1.6 Reservoir geophysics
188(3)
5.2 Static reservoir modeling
191(32)
5.2.1 Preliminary reservoir analysis
192(3)
5.2.2 Structural modeling
195(5)
5.2.3 Rock and fluid property modeling
200(23)
5.3 Reserve estimation and uncertainty analysis
223(4)
5.4 Dynamic reservoir modeling
227(7)
5.4.1 Pressure-volume-temperature data
229(1)
5.4.2 Reservoir simulation models initialization
229(3)
5.4.3 History matching
232(1)
5.4.4 Production forecasting
233(1)
5.5 4D seismic monitoring and reservoir surveillance
234(31)
5.5.1 Introduction
234(1)
5.5.2 Significance of 4D seismic
235(3)
5.5.3 4D feasibility study
238(2)
5.5.4 Acquisition and processing
240(1)
5.5.5 Data conditioning
241(1)
5.5.6 Seismic inversion
242(4)
5.5.7 4D seismic qualitative and quantitative interpretation
246(5)
5.5.8 4D seismic history matching
251(7)
5.5.9 Impedance domain
258(1)
5.5.10 Water saturation/pressure domain
259(2)
5.5.11 4D seismic monitoring in improved oil recovery fields
261(4)
5.5.12 Application
265(1)
5.6 Drilling optimization
265(1)
5.7 Economic evaluation
266(1)
5.8 Complementary aspects in reservoir characterization and modeling
267(11)
5.8.1 Broadband marine seismic (high-resolution seismic)
268(1)
5.8.2 Wavelet transformation
269(1)
5.8.3 Seismic analysis in an VTI/TTI anisotropic medium
269(2)
5.8.4 Fracture characterization using seismic data
271(2)
5.8.5 Joint probability classification using Bayes Theorem
273(2)
5.8.6 Seismic joint with EM (nonseismic) method
275(1)
5.8.7 Pore pressure prediction and geomechanics assessment
275(3)
5.9 Conclusion
278(9)
References
279(8)
Index 287
Yasir Bashir is an assistant professor at School of Physics, Geophysics Section in Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. He earned his PhD in Petroleum Geosciences from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, and masters in computer science as well as in Geophysics from Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He worked as Research Scientist in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia for 5 years and with OGDCL, Pakistan as Geophysicist. Technical background includes in aspects of developing algorithms including Machine learning for Seismic data processing, Imaging and developing workflow for seismic inversion and prospect evaluation together with hands-on practice. Participated as a team member and leader in several research projects from PETRONAS, Hitachi, UTP, and OGDCL such as Seismic anisotropy imaging, Seismic computing research, Pre-image processing & Diffraction Imaging, PSTM, PSDM, and QI. Research outcomes have recognized and presented in international conferences (SEG, EAGE, OTC, IPTC, and APGCE) and Journals publications. Problem solver with strengths in workflow development and quality control. Effective leadership skills in mixed-gender and multi-ethnic groups. Strong academic background with PETRONAS Institute of Technology, Malaysia. He is a member of SEG, EAGE, PGN, GSM, and PAPG. The late Deva Prasad Ghosh was a Professor in Geophysics at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, appointed in 2011, and teaches the undergraduate and postgraduate course in geophysics. He is appointed Head of the Centre of Seismic Imaging (CSI), where innovative research in seismic, development of state-of-the-art algorithms are undertaken for use by the industry, particularly PETRONAS. His center has produced to date 10 PhD and several masters students by research. Prior to that he was Custodian of geophysics and research advisor for PETRONAS research. Dr. Ghosh in his early years (1974-1999) was with Shell International working in Europe, USA and West Africa in various technological and management position. He has BSc and masters degree from Banaras University India and PhD from Delft University, Holland. He is both EAGE and SEG Honorary Lecturer Amir Abbas Babasafari is a reservoir geophysicist with over 10 years of experience in oil and gas industry. He received B.S. (2006) in mining exploration and M.S. (2008) in geophysics (exploration seismology). After that, he worked as a geophysicist in the oil and gas industry from 2008 to 2017 in Iran and got involved in several exploration as well as field development megaprojects. His main expertise is seismic data interpretation and reservoir characterization where he achieved invaluable experiences in clastic and carbonate reservoirs. He has recently obtained his Ph.D. degree in petroleum geoscience (seismic exploration) at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia (January 2020). His interests range widely, from seismic data processing to interpretation. However, he is more interested in seismic data interpretation, velocity model building, rock physics modeling, seismic data inversion, anisotropic AVO analysis, machine learning techniques for petrophysical properties prediction and lithofacies classification, seismic fracture study, pore pressure prediction, and 4D (time lapse) studies. He is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at Center for Petroleum Studies of Campinas University, Brazil. He is eager to learn and discover new aspects of exploration and also share his experiences with others. Abdul Rahim Md Arshad received his BSc in geophysics from the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada in 1987. From 1989 to 2001, he was a geophysicist with PETRONAS Research & Scientific Services Sdn Bhd working on specialized seismic processing projects that include velocity model building, depth migration and AVO analysis. In 2001, he joined Veritas DGC Sdn Bhd as a Processing Manager. CGG merged with Veritas in 2007. Abdul Rahim remained with CGG until 2016 when he left the company as a Geophysical Supervisor. He was an Adjunct Lecturer with the Department of Geosciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) from 2014-2016. Abdul Rahim is currently pursuing a PhD with UTP. His research interests include demultiple, non-linear imaging, velocity modeling and Marchenko redatuming. En Abdul Rahim is an Active Member of SEG since 2001 and a Member of EAGE since 2006. Seyed Yaser Moussavi Alashloo is an assistant professor in Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences. He worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Centre of Seismic Imaging (CSI), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) for two years. He obtained his Ph.D. in petroleum geosciences from UTP in 2017, with focus on seismic imaging, seismic anisotropy and wave propagation. He received his MSc. in applied geophysics from Universiti Sains Malaysia. He collaborated with PETONAS R&D department in different projects to develop anisotropic wave modeling and anisotropic traveltime computing algorithms to improve the resolution and imaging capabilities. His current research deals with the wave propagation and wavefield continuation imaging techniques, and application of least squares RTM in near surface and complex crustal scale geologies. He is a member of EAGE, SEG, and EGU. Abdul Halim Abdul Latiff is currently leading the Centre for Subsurface Seismic Imaging (CSI), an oil and gas industry-oriented research centre in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). He obtained his MSc and Doctorate from UTP and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) respectively with special interest in seismic acquisition and deep-earth seismology. His main area of expertise is in seismic processing and imaging, both for active and passive seismic (including earthquake seismology). With several years as an industry practitioner with CGG Malaysia as well as researcher and academician with UTP, Halim is on a mission to spread the knowledge in geosciences and nurturing more earth scientist for a sustainable and better future. Rosita Hamidi is Research Geophysicist at Center of Subsurface Imaging (CSI), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). Rositas research is mainly focused on development of Deep Learning based algorithms in seismic data analysis. With background in seismic attributes studies and reservoir characterisation, she implements Deep Neural Network architectures for seismic auto-interpretation and property prediction. The results have been presented in several international journals, conferences and meetings. Rosita received her Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering- Exploration from Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic). Prior to joining UTP, she worked at National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) as an Exploration Engineer and was involved in the exploration activities in offshore and onshore prospects in Iran. Shiba Rezaei is an Exploration Geophysicist and she received the B.Tech. and M.Sc. degree in Petroleum Geoscience from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in 2017 and 2020, respectively. She has worked as an intern at PETRONAS Carigali prior to completing her undergraduate studies where she focused on reservoir static modelling project. During masters program she served as a graduate research assistant at the Centre of Seismic Imaging (CSI), where she was responsible for Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring for pore pressure and water saturation estimation” project. Her current research interests are time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring, seismic data analysis and inversion, and artificial intelligence field which motivates her to pursue her studies in earth sciences. Teresa Ratnam Obtained a Bachelor of Engineering in Petroleum Engineering majoring in Reservoir Engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). Proceeded to obtain her Master's in Petroleum Geoscience by research. Her research covered the topics of reservoir modeling, seismic inversion, and machine learning Chico Sambo is a Ph.D candidate in petroleum engineering at Louisiana State University, USA. He completed his master from university of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA. He graduated in 2017 with bachelors degree from university Technology PETRONAS, Malaysia. He worked at center of seismic and hydrocarbon prediction for more than two years as research officer. His research interest includes the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence technology in oil and gas industry. He has published more than 10 international conferences and peer review articles. Currently, he serves as editor of international journal of Advances in Geo-Energy (AGER) and serves as a reviewer to the journal of natural gas science and engineering, petroleum science and engineering