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E-raamat: Selenium: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects

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Selenium: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and EffectsSuurem pilt
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Although toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential trace mineral in the animal diet and in some plants. It has a role in making antioxidant enzymes and a particular role in the functioning of the thyroid gland. This volume will examine the chemical activity of selenium and its functional health effects eg towards cancers, in the heart and brain. It will also cover other areas such as functional food enrichment, whole body metabolism, and the effects of selenium deficiency on health.

Part of The Food and Nutritional Components in Focus series, this edited volume will pool knowledge across scientific disciplines in a way that increases its applicability to a wide range of audiences. Victor Preedy’s own distinguished career in nutritional science has made him a prolific author of research articles and books in this area, and this project fills a gap in providing comprehensive synopses of food substances.

Chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, as well as course lecturers will all benefit from this interdisciplinary title written by international experts in this area.



This volume will examine the chemical activity of selenium and its functional health effects eg towards cancers, in the heart and brain. Chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, as well as course lecturers will all benefit from this interdisciplinary title written by international experts in this area.
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Chapter 1 The Chemistry of Selenium
3(13)
Daniel Perrone
Mariana Monteiro
Juliana Cortes Nunes
1.1 Chemical Properties of Selenium
3(3)
1.2 Organoselenium Compounds
6(3)
1.3 Selenium in Soil and Foods
9(7)
Summary Points
11(1)
Keys Facts of Selenoproteins
11(1)
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms
12(1)
List of Abbreviations
13(1)
References
13(3)
Chapter 2 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Selenoproteins
16(24)
Noelia Fradejas
Doreen Braun
Sandra Seeher
Ulrich Schweizer
2.1 Selenoproteins in Mammals
16(7)
2.1.1 Thioredoxin Reductases
16(1)
2.1.2 Glutathione Peroxidases
17(1)
2.1.3 Selenoprotein P
17(5)
2.1.4 Selenoprotein N
22(1)
2.1.5 Iodothyronine Deiodinases
22(1)
2.1.6 Selenoprotein R is a Methionine-Sulfoxide-Reductase
22(1)
2.1.7 Selenoproteins Involved in Protein Biosynthesis, Folding or Degradation
23(1)
2.2 Selenoprotein Biosynthesis
23(17)
2.2.1 Biosynthesis of Selenocysteine
23(3)
2.2.2 Translation of Selenoproteins
26(6)
Summary Points
32(1)
Key Facts: Recoding of UGA
32(1)
Key Facts: Mutations in SECISBP2
32(1)
Definitions
33(1)
List of Abbreviations
33(1)
References
34(6)
Chapter 3 Synthesis of Organoselenium Derivatives of Biological Relevance
40(25)
Oscar Lopez
Penelope Merino-Montiel
Jose G. Fernandez-Bolanos
3.1 Introduction
40(1)
3.2 Isoselenocyanates and Related Selenoxo Compounds
41(4)
3.3 Selenosugars
45(7)
3.4 Ebselen and Derivatives
52(3)
3.5 Miscellaneous
55(10)
Summary Points
58(1)
Key Facts
58(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
58(1)
List of Abbreviations
59(1)
Acknowledgements
60(1)
References
60(5)
Chapter 4 Chemistry and Activity of Selenium Dioxide and Selenite Ions
65(16)
Daniel L. Morris
4.1 Introduction
65(1)
4.2 Oxidation State and Speciation in Aqueous Solution
66(2)
4.3 SeO32- as a Nutritional Supplement
68(1)
4.4 Pro-Oxidant Behavior
68(3)
4.4.1 Oxidative Activity of SeO2
68(1)
4.4.2 ROS Formation and SeO32-
69(1)
4.4.3 Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Activity of SeO32-
70(1)
4.5 Interactions with Metal Ions
71(2)
4.5.1 Role of SeO32- in Mediating Metal Toxicity
71(1)
4.5.2 Se02 and SeO32- as Antioxidants
72(1)
4.6 Conclusion
73(8)
Summary Points
74(1)
Key Facts
74(2)
Definitions and Explanation of Key Terms
76(1)
List of Abbreviations
77(1)
References
77(4)
Chapter 5 Chemistry and Biochemistry: Selenium Species in Fish
81(22)
Mamoru Haratake
Kaori Koga
Sakura Yoshida
Takeshi Fuchigami
Morio Nakayama
5.1 Background
81(1)
5.2 Selenoproteins
82(3)
5.3 Low Molecular Mass Organoselenium Compounds
85(7)
5.4 Conclusions
92(11)
Summary Points
92(1)
Key Facts
92(1)
Key Facts of Selenoprotein L (SelL)
92(1)
Key Facts of Fish 15 kDa Selenoprotein-like Protein (Fep15)
93(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
93(1)
List of Abbreviations
94(1)
References
94(9)
Analysis
Chapter 6 Current Analytical Strategies and Techniques Related to Selenoproteins in Foods
103(23)
Miguel Angel Garcia-Sevillano
Macarena Gonzalez-Fernandez
Tamara Garcia-Barrera
Jose Luis Gomez-Ariza
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.1.1 Selenoproteins in Food
104(1)
6.2 The Role of ICP-MS in Selenoproteins Speciation
104(2)
6.3 Sample Preparation Procedures for Selenoproteins Speciation
106(3)
6.3.1 Conventional Sample Preparation Procedures for Selenoproteins Speciation
106(1)
6.3.2 New Trends in Extraction Procedures for Selenoproteins from Food Matrices
107(1)
6.3.3 Cleanup Procedures
108(1)
6.3.4 Stability of Selenoproteins During Storage
109(1)
6.4 Current Analytical Strategies and Hyphenated Techniques for Selenoproteins Speciation in Foods
109(6)
6.4.1 Separation and Detections Techniques for Selenoproteins Based on Liquid Chromatography
110(3)
6.4.2 Electrophoretic Techniques
113(1)
6.4.3 Isotopic Dilution Analysis in Selenoproteins Quantification
114(1)
6.4.4 Speciation Methods to Evaluate Selenium Status in Human
115(1)
6.5 Selected Cases Studies
115(11)
6.5.1 Selenoproteins in Meat
115(1)
6.5.2 Selenoproteins in Seafood
116(1)
6.5.3 Selenoproteins in Milk
117(1)
6.5.4 Selenoproteins in Vegetables
118(1)
6.5.5 Selenoproteins in Food Supplements
118(3)
Summary Points
121(1)
Key Facts of Selenium in Foods
121(1)
Key Facts of Selenium Analysis in Foods
121(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
122(1)
List of Abbreviations
122(2)
References
124(2)
Chapter 7 Focus on Determination of Selenocysteine and Selenomethionine in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin by 2D Size-Exclusion Reversed-Phase HPLC-ICP-MS
126(18)
Katarzyna Bierla
Simon Godin
Ryszard Lobinski
Joanna Szpunar
7.1 Introduction
126(2)
7.2 Selenium in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin
128(3)
7.2.1 Meat and Meat Products
128(1)
7.2.2 Dairy Products
129(1)
7.2.3 Eggs
130(1)
7.2.4 Fish
130(1)
7.3 Determination of Selenomethionine and Selenocysteine by 2D HPLC-ICP-MS
131(7)
7.3.1 Analytical Procedure
131(4)
7.3.2 Selenoamino Acid Distribution in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin
135(3)
7.4 Conclusions
138(6)
Summary Points
138(1)
Key Facts of Selenoaminoacids Determination
138(1)
Definitions of Key Terms
139(1)
List of Abbreviations
140(1)
References
140(4)
Chapter 8 Some Aspects of Selenium Determination Employing Solid-Phase Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
144(14)
Ana Lucia Silva Figueiredo de Paiva
Ayla Campos do Lago
Grazielle Cabral de Lima
Celio Wisniewski
Cristiana Schmidt de Magalhaes
Pedro Orival Luccas
8.1 Introduction
145(13)
8.1.1 Se species and Concentrations in Different Samples
145(3)
8.1.2 Techniques Used in Selenium Determination
148(1)
8.1.3 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) to Determine Se
149(3)
Summary Points
152(1)
Key Facts: Analytical Aspects in Selenium Determination
152(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
153(1)
List of Abbreviations
154(1)
References
155(3)
Chapter 9 Identification of Selenometabolites in Animals and Plants by Mass Spectrometry
158(15)
Yasumitsu Ogra
9.1 Analytical Techniques for the Detection and Identification of Selenometabolites
158(4)
9.1.1 Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Speciation
158(2)
9.1.2 Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
160(1)
9.1.3 Other Techniques
161(1)
9.2 Identification of Selenometabolites
162(6)
9.2.1 Selenosugars
162(1)
9.2.2 Unique Selenoamino Acids
163(5)
9.3 Conclusion
168(5)
Summary Points
168(1)
Key Facts of Selenometabolites
168(1)
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms
169(1)
List of Abbreviations
169(1)
References
170(3)
Chapter 10 Bioavailability of Selenium and Selenium Compounds in Foodstuff by In Vivo Testing
173(24)
Jorge Moreda-Pineiro
Antonio Moreda-Pineiro
10.1 Introduction
173(6)
10.1.1 Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability/Bioactivity Definitions
174(2)
10.1.2 Bioavailability Assessment: In Vivo Tests
176(3)
10.2 In Vivo Testing for Assessing Selenium Species Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability
179(18)
10.2.1 In Vivo Tests in Humans
179(3)
10.2.2 In Vivo Tests in Animals
182(5)
Summary Points
187(1)
Key Facts of In Vivo Testing for Bioavailability Assessment
188(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
188(1)
Abbreviations and Acronyms
189(1)
References
189(8)
Chapter 11 Bioavailability of Selenium and Selenium Compounds in Foodstuff by In Vitro Testing
197(24)
Jorge Moreda-Pineiro
Antonio Moreda-Pineiro
11.1 Introduction
197(1)
11.2 Bioavailability Assessment: In Vitro Tests
198(6)
11.2.1 In Vitro Static Models
199(4)
11.2.2 In Vitro Dynamic Models
203(1)
11.3 In Vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Methods to Selenium Species Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability in Foodstuff
204(17)
11.3.1 Oral Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability of Selenium in Food Samples
204(8)
11.3.2 Effect of Food Processing on Selenium Species Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability
212(1)
11.3.3 Effect of Sample Composition on Selenium Species Bioaccessibility/Bioavailability
213(1)
Summary Points
214(1)
Key Facts of In Vitro Testing for Bioavailability Assessment
215(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
215(1)
Abbreviations and Acronyms
216(1)
References
216(5)
Chapter 12 Assay of Selenium in Dietary Supplements
221(19)
Krzysztof Jankorwski
Anna Tyburska-Staniewska
Marta Jankowska
12.1 Introduction
221(2)
12.2 Basic Characteristics of Selenium-Containing Dietary Supplements
223(1)
12.3 Sample Pretreatment and Separation of Selenium
224(2)
12.4 Instrumental Techniques for Selenium Assay in Dietary Supplements
226(3)
12.4.1 Electrochemical Methods
226(1)
12.4.2 Spectroscopic Methods
227(2)
12.5 Selenium Speciation in Dietary Supplements
229(3)
12.6 Conclusions
232(8)
Summary Points
233(1)
Key Facts
234(1)
Key Facts of Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)
234(1)
Key Facts of Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
234(1)
Key Facts of Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS)
234(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
234(2)
List of Abbreviations
236(1)
References
236(4)
Chapter 13 Selenium as a Modulator of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra in Cancer
240(18)
Anshoo Malhotra
D. K. Dhawan
13.1 Introduction
240(5)
13.1.1 Sources of Selenium
241(1)
13.1.2 Selenoproteins and their Biosynthesis
242(1)
13.1.3 Selenium -- Its Role in Cancer
243(2)
13.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
245(3)
13.2.1 FTIR -- Applications in Medical Sciences
246(1)
13.2.2 FTIR Spectra
247(1)
13.3 Selenium and FTIR Spectra
248(4)
13.4 Future Prospects
252(6)
Summary Points
253(1)
Key Facts
253(1)
Definition of Words and Key Terms
253(1)
List of Abbreviations
254(1)
References
254(4)
Chapter 14 Selenium Status Assessment by Questionnaire in Clinical and Cardiovascular Studies
258(15)
Yap-Hang Chan
Hung-Fat Tse
14.1 Introduction: Need for Selenium Status Assessment Tools in Clinical Studies
258(1)
14.2 Clinical Assessment Tools for Long-Term Exposures
259(1)
14.2.1 Food-Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ)
259(1)
14.2.2 Other Questionnaire-Based Assessment Options
260(1)
14.3 Comparison of FFQ with Clinical Biomarkers for Assessment of Selenium Status
260(3)
14.3.1 Duration of Exposure Assessed -- Long-Term versus Short Term
260(1)
14.3.2 Categorized versus Continuous Estimates
261(1)
14.3.3 Geographical Variations
261(1)
14.3.4 Seasonality
262(1)
14.3.5 Assessment and Adjustment for Other Dietary Factors
262(1)
14.3.6 Recall Bias
262(1)
14.3.7 Noninvasiveness
263(1)
14.3.8 Timeliness
263(1)
14.3.9 Selenium as an Acute Phase Reactant
263(1)
14.4 Summary and Future Research Prospects
263(10)
Summary Points
265(1)
Definition of Key Words and Terms
265(1)
Key Facts of Food-Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
266(1)
List of Abbreviations
267(1)
References
267(6)
Function and Effects
Chapter 15 Functional Foods Enriched in Selenium
273(18)
Tamara Garcia-Barrera
Jose Luis Gomez-Ariza
Veronica Gomez Jacinto
Ines Garbayo Nores
Carlos Vilchez Lobato
Zivan Gojkovica
15.1 Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods: Selenium-Enriched Foods
273(2)
15.2 Selenium Biotransformation in Microalgae and Yeast
275(4)
15.2.1 Selenized Yeast as Selenium Source
275(1)
15.2.2 Microalgae as Selenium-Containing Functional Food
276(3)
15.3 Nutritional Significance and Toxicological Aspects of Selenium Species
279(2)
15.4 Selenium Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability in Food
281(3)
15.4.1 Selenium Bioavailability in Fish
282(1)
15.4.2 Selenium Bioavailability in Meat
283(1)
15.4.3 Selenium Bioavailability in Milk and Derived Products
283(1)
15.4.4 Selenium Bioavailability in Se-Fortified Foodstuffs
283(1)
15.5 Antagonistic and Synergistic Interactions of Selenium with Other Elements
284(7)
15.5.1 Selenium Against Mercury Toxicity
285(1)
15.5.2 The Interaction of Selenium and Iodine in Human Health: Food Supplemented with Iodine and Selenium
285(2)
Summary Points
287(1)
Key Facts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
287(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
288(1)
List of Abbreviations
288(1)
References
289(2)
Chapter 16 Selenium in Parenteral Nutrition
291(13)
Malki Miller
Sathyaprasad Burjonrappa
16.1 A Historical Overview
291(2)
16.2 Physiology and Biological Function
293(1)
16.3 Dosage Guidelines
293(2)
16.4 A Focus on Critical Care
295(2)
16.4.1 Sepsis
296(1)
16.4.2 Burns
296(1)
16.4.3 Gastrointestinal Surgery
297(1)
16.5 Pharmacology
297(1)
16.6 Monitoring Selenium Status
298(1)
16.7 Summary
299(5)
Summary Points
299(1)
Key Facts
300(1)
Key Facts of the Development of Parenteral Nutrition
300(1)
Key Facts of Parenteral Nutrition
301(1)
Definitions
302(1)
List of Abbreviations
303(1)
References
303(1)
Chapter 17 Biofortification of Fruit and Vegetables with Selenium
304(20)
Marian McKenzie
Ross Lill
Stephen Trolove
David Brummell
17.1 Introduction
304(2)
17.2 Brassica Crops
306(3)
17.3 Alliums
309(1)
17.4 Leafy Vegetables
310(1)
17.5 Shoots and Sprouts
311(1)
17.6 Fruit
312(2)
17.7 Root Crops
314(1)
17.8 Mushrooms
314(1)
17.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
315(9)
Summary Points
316(1)
Key Facts of Human Se Nutrition
317(1)
Key Facts of Se Metabolism in Plants
317(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
318(1)
List of Abbreviations
318(1)
Acknowledgements
319(1)
References
319(5)
Chapter 18 Biofortification of Legumes with Selenium in Semiarid Conditions
324(17)
M.J. Poblaciones
S. Rodrigo
O. Santamaria
18.1 Selenium
324(3)
18.2 Importance of Legumes in Cropping Systems
327(1)
18.3 Legumes in the Mediterranean Diet
327(1)
18.4 Selenium Biofortification in the Main Legume Crops under Mediterranean Conditions
328(6)
18.4.1 Beans
329(1)
18.4.2 Peas
329(2)
18.4.3 Chickpeas
331(2)
18.4.4 Lentils
333(1)
18.5 Other Considerations for Se Agronomic Biofortification under Semiarid Conditions
334(7)
Summary Points
335(1)
References
336(5)
Chapter 19 Selenium in Saliva and Impact on Health
341(13)
Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
Aysen Yarat
Serap Akyuz
19.1 Saliva and Salivary Components
341(1)
19.2 Salivary Selenium
342(2)
19.3 Selenium and Teeth
344(1)
19.4 Selenium and Dental Caries
345(1)
19.5 Cariogenic Effect of Selenium in Laboratory Animals
346(1)
19.6 The Role of Selenium in the Antioxidant Activity of Saliva
347(2)
19.7 Conclusion
349(5)
Summary Points
349(1)
Key Facts of Salivary Selenium
349(1)
Key Facts of Selenium and Teeth
350(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
350(1)
List of Abbreviations
351(2)
References
353(1)
Chapter 20 Selenohomolanthionine and Its Potential Use in Medicine and Nutrition
354(9)
Yasumitsu Ogra
20.1 Identification of Selenohomolanthionine and Its Derivatives in Biota
354(3)
20.2 Biosynthetic Pathway of Selenohomolanthionine in Plants gag
20.3 Metabolic Pathway of Selenohomolanthionine in Animals
357(1)
20.4 Antiseptic Effect of Selenohomolanthionine
358(5)
Summary Points
359(1)
Key Facts of Selenohomolanthionine
360(1)
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms
360(1)
List of Abbreviations
360(1)
References
360(3)
Chapter 21 Therapy with Selenium Cocktails and Co-use of Lycopene and Selenium
363(14)
Letteria Minutoli
Francesco Squadrito
Domenica Altavilla
Herbert Marini
21.1 Selenium
363(4)
21.1.1 General Aspects
363(1)
21.1.2 Selenium Deficiency
364(1)
21.1.3 Selenium and Cancer
364(1)
21.1.4 Selenium and Other Human Diseases
365(1)
21.1.5 Selenium Toxicity
365(2)
21.2 Lycopene
367(1)
21.2.1 General Aspects
367(1)
21.2.2 Lycopene and Cancer
367(1)
21.2.3 Lycopene and Other Human Diseases
368(1)
21.3 Co-use of Selenium, Lycopene and Serenoa repens
368(3)
21.4 Conclusions
371(6)
Summary Points
371(1)
Key Facts of Selenium, Lycopene and Serenoa repens
372(1)
List of Abbreviations
372(1)
References
373(4)
Chapter 22 Selenium and Cancer
377(14)
Katarzyna Jaworska-Bieniek
Marcin Lener
Magdalena Muszynska
Pablo Serrano-Fernandez
Grzegorz Sukiennicki
Katarzyna Durda
Tomasz Gromowski
Satish Gupta
Jozef Kladny
Anna Wiechowska-Kozlowska
Tomasz Grodzki
Ewa Jaworowska
Jakub Lubinski
Barbara Gorecka-Szyld
Grazyna Wilk
Tomasz Huzarski
Tomasz Byrski
Cezary Cybulski
Jacek Gronwald
Tadeusz Debniak
Olgierd Ashuryk
Aleksandra Toloczko-Grabarek
Antoni Morawski
Rodney J. Scott
Anna Jakubowska
Jan Lubinski
22.1 Introduction
378(1)
22.2 Forms of Selenium and Its Metabolism in Organisms
378(2)
22.3 Medical Applications
380(4)
22.3.1 Selenium and Cancer Mortality
380(1)
22.3.2 Selenium as a Marker of Selection for Control Examinations in Surveillance
381(2)
22.3.3 Selenium and Cancer Prevention
383(1)
22.4 Summary
384(7)
Summary Points
385(1)
Key Facts
385(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
385(2)
List of Abbreviations
387(1)
References
387(4)
Chapter 23 Selenium and Skin Cancer
391(17)
Pamela B. Cassidy
Sancy A. Leachman
Philip J. Moos
23.1 Etiology and Genetics of Skin Cancers
391(2)
23.2 Dietary Selenium and Selenium Metabolism
393(1)
23.3 Se and the Risk for Skin Cancer
394(4)
23.4 Selenoproteins and the Skin
398(2)
23.4.1 Glutathione Peroxidases
398(1)
23.4.2 Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase
399(1)
23.4.3 Thioredoxin Reductases
399(1)
23.5 Studies of Se and Skin Cancer in Model Systems
400(8)
Summary Points
403(1)
Key Facts of Skin Cancer
403(1)
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms
403(1)
List of Abbreviations
404(1)
References
405(3)
Chapter 24 Selenium and Cancer Metastasis
408(20)
Yu-Chi Chen
Andrea M. Mastro
24.1 Selenium in Cancer
408(2)
24.1.1 Overview
408(1)
24.1.2 Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for the Beneficial Effect of Se in Regard to Cancer
409(1)
24.2 Se in Cancer Metastasis
410(12)
24.2.1 Se and Cancer Metastasis
410(2)
24.2.2 Metastasis
412(1)
24.2.3 The Effect of Se on Cell Integrity and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
412(3)
24.2.4 The Effect of Se on Cell Migration, Invasion and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Degradation
415(3)
24.2.5 Angiogenesis
418(1)
24.2.6 The Effects of Se on ECM Degradation and Angiogenesis
419(3)
24.3 The Future and Challenges of the Application of Se on Cancer and Metastasis Prevention
422(6)
Summary Points
423(1)
Key Facts of Metastasis
423(1)
Definitions
424(1)
List of Abbreviations
424(71)
References
495
Chapter 25 The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT): Prevention of Prostate Cancer Using Selenium and/or Vitamin E in the SELECT Cancer Prevention Trial
428(30)
Holly L. Nicastro
Barbara K. Dunn
25.1 Prostate Cancer
428(2)
25.2 Selenium
430(3)
25.2.1 Definition and Sources
430(1)
25.2.2 Metabolism and Biological Activities
430(2)
25.2.3 Nutritional Requirements
432(1)
25.3 Vitamin E
433(2)
25.3.1 Definition and Sources
433(1)
25.3.2 Metabolism and Biological Activities
434(1)
25.3.3 Nutritional Requirements
434(1)
25.4 Rationale for SELECT
435(7)
25.4.1 Prostate-Cancer Prevention by Selenium
435(3)
25.4.2 Prostate-Cancer Prevention by Vitamin E
438(2)
25.4.3 Prostate-Cancer Prevention by Selenium and Vitamin E Combined
440(2)
25.5 SELECT
442(5)
25.5.1 Rationale and Objectives
442(1)
25.5.2 Agent Formulations and Dose
442(1)
25.5.3 Trial Design and Outcome Ascertainment
443(1)
25.5.4 Cohort
443(1)
25.5.5 Primary Endpoint Results
444(1)
25.5.6 Secondary Endpoints, Adverse Outcomes, and Adherence
444(3)
25.6 Why Didn't SELECT Produce Expected Results?
447(4)
25.6.1 Acceptance of Null Hypothesis
447(1)
25.6.2 Agent
447(1)
25.6.3 Cohort
448(2)
25.6.4 Design
450(1)
25.7 Implications and Future Directions
451(7)
Summary Points
452(1)
Key Facts
452(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
453(1)
List of Abbreviations
454(1)
References
455(3)
Chapter 26 Selenium in Autoimmune Thyroiditis
458(21)
D. Nacamulli
D. Petricca
C. Mian
C. Betterle
26.1 Introduction
458(3)
26.2 Selenium Supplementation in Hashimoto Thyroiditis
461(5)
26.2.1 Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Thyroid Autoantibodies
461(4)
26.2.2 Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Thyroid Echogenicity
465(1)
26.2.3 Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Circulating Cytokine Production
466(1)
26.2.4 Effects of Selenium Supplementation on TSH and Thyroid Hormones
466(1)
26.3 Selenium Supplementation in Postpartum Thyroiditis
466(1)
26.4 Selenium Supplementation in Graves' Disease and Graves' Orbitopathy
467(1)
26.5 Discussion
468(11)
Summary Points
472(1)
Key Facts
472(1)
Definitions of Key Terms
473(1)
List of Abbreviations
474(1)
References
475(4)
Chapter 27 Selenoproteins in Brain
479(18)
Ulrich Schweizer
Sandra Seeher
27.1 Selenoproteins in the Brain
479(3)
27.1.1 Mice Deficient in Selenoprotein P Paved the Way to the Discovery that Selenium is Essential for Brain Function
479(1)
27.1.2 Selenoprotein P and Its Endocytic Receptors Rationalize a Model of Selenium Transport to the Brain
480(1)
27.1.3 Most Selenoproteins are Expressed in Neurons
481(1)
27.2 Functions of Selenoproteins in the Brain
482(4)
27.2.1 Selenoproteins Are Essential for Neuronal Development and Survival
483(1)
27.2.2 Inhibitory Interneurons of the Parvalbumin+ Class are Most Sensitive to Impaired Selenoprotein Expression
483(1)
27.2.3 The Role of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 and Vitamin E
484(1)
27.2.4 Other Potentially Essential Selenoproteins
485(1)
27.3 Human Brain Disorders and Selenoproteins
486(4)
27.3.1 Mutations in Selenocysteine Synthase in Humans Lead to Progressive Cerebello Cerebral Atrophy
487(1)
27.3.2 Mutations in the SECISBP2 Gene in Humans Lead to a Multisystem Disorder also Involving the Central Nervous System
487(1)
27.3.3 Evidence that Selenoproteins are Related to Major Neurodegenerative Disorders
488(2)
27.4 Conclusions
490(7)
Summary Points
490(1)
Key Facts: Selenoprotein Biosynthesis
490(1)
Key Facts: Essential Selenoproteins and Biosynthetic Cofactors for the Brain
491(1)
Key Facts: Mutations in Genes Affecting Selenoprotein Expression
491(1)
Definitions
492(1)
List of Abbreviations
492(1)
References
493(4)
Chapter 28 Selenoprotein H in Neuronal Cells
497(19)
P. Andy Li
Suresh L. Mehta
Li Jing
28.1 Selenoprotein Biosynthesis
497(1)
28.2 The Functions of Selenoprotein H
498(1)
28.3 Mitochondrial Protective Effects of Selenoprotein H
499(1)
28.4 Effects of Selenoprotein H on Mitochondrial Biogenesis
500(1)
28.5 Selenoprotein H Regulates PGC-lα Upstream Signaling Pathways
501(2)
28.6 Effects of Selenium on the Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis
503(4)
28.7 Selenium Affects Mitochondrial Dynamics
507(9)
Summary Points
508(1)
Key Facts
508(1)
Key Facts of PGC-la in Relationship to Mitochondrial Biogenesis
508(1)
Key Features of Mitochondrial Biogenesis
509(1)
Mitochondrial Dynamics
509(1)
Definitions of Word and Terms
509(2)
List of Abbreviations
511(1)
References
512(4)
Chapter 29 Current Clinical Perspectives of Selenium in Vascular Function and Cardiomyopathy
516(18)
Yap-Hang Chan
Hung-Fat Tse
29.1 Introduction
516(1)
29.2 Selenium Deficiency and Relation to Cardiovascular Events
517(1)
29.3 Clinical Evidence of Selenium Impacting on Vascular Function
518(4)
29.3.1 Clinical Observational Studies
518(1)
29.3.2 Clinical Interventional Studies
519(3)
29.4 Selenium in Other Endothelial Dysfunction-Related Clinical Conditions
522(1)
29.4.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis
523(1)
29.4.2 Pre-eclampsia
523(1)
29.5 Selenium Deficiency, Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
523(1)
29.6 Genetic Polymorphisms of Selenoprotein: Cardiovascular Implications
524(1)
29.7 The Selenium Paradox
525(1)
29.8 Current Recommendations and Future Directions
525(9)
Summary Points
526(1)
Key Facts
526(1)
The Key Facts of Heart Failure, Including Pathophysiological Features, Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis
527(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
527(1)
List of Abbreviations
528(1)
References
529(5)
Chapter 30 Selenium and the Heart
534(18)
Jacob Joseph
30.1 Introduction
534(1)
30.2 Selenium Deficiency and Cardiomyopathy
535(1)
30.2.1 Keshan Disease
535(1)
30.3 Selenium and Ischemic Myocardial Diseases
536(2)
30.3.1 Myocardial Infarction
536(1)
30.3.2 Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion
537(1)
30.4 Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)-Induced Cardiomyopathy and Selenium
538(1)
30.5 Selenium, Redox-Methylation Balance and the Heart
538(1)
30.5.1 Selenium, via the Methionine-Homocysteine Cycle, Affects Redox and Methylation Potential
539(1)
30.5.2 Selenium and Myocardial Dysfunction: Role of Redox-Methylation Balance
540(4)
30.6 Selenistasis -- Selenium in Health and Disease
544(1)
30.7 Conclusions
545(7)
Summary Points
546(1)
Key Facts
546(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
547(1)
List of Abbreviations
547(1)
References
548(4)
Chapter 31 Selenium and Kashin-Beck Disease
552(20)
Xiong Guo
Yu-jie Ning
Xi Wang
31.1 The History of Kashin-Beck Disease
552(4)
31.1.1 Epidemiological Distribution
553(1)
31.1.2 Clinical and Radiographic Changes
554(2)
31.1.3 Hypothesis of Se Deficiency Causing KBD
556(1)
31.2 The Etiological Relationship between Se Deficiency and Kashin-Beck Disease
556(3)
31.2.1 Cross-Sectional Study
556(2)
31.2.2 Prospective Studies
558(1)
31.2.3 The Natural Decrease in KBD Prevalence
558(1)
31.3 Biological Changes Related to Low Se in KBD Patients
559(2)
31.3.1 Metabolic Disorders in Kashin-Beck Disease Caused by Se Deficiency
559(1)
31.3.2 Regulatory Factors and Gene Expression in KBD
560(1)
31.4 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in KBD Patients
561(1)
31.5 Animal KBD Model with Low-Se Diet
562(1)
31.6 The Preventive and Therapeutical Effect of Se Supplement
563(4)
31.6.1 The Effect of Se Supplements on Articular Chondrocytes
564(1)
31.6.2 Sodium Selenite Tablets
564(1)
31.6.3 Se-Enriched Salt
565(1)
31.6.4 Se-Fortified Wheat
565(1)
31.6.5 Se Supplement Combined with Other Elements
566(1)
31.6.6 Nano-Se-Chondroitin Sulfate
567(1)
31.7 Conclusions
567(5)
Summary Points
567(1)
Key Facts of Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD)
567(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
568(1)
List of Abbreviations
569(1)
References
569(3)
Chapter 32 Selenium, the Placenta and Trophoblast Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress
572(17)
Anthony V. Perkins
32.1 The Importance of the Placenta to Lifelong Health
572(1)
32.2 Importance of Micronutrition to Placental Health
573(1)
32.3 Placental Oxidative Stress
574(2)
32.4 Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress
576(3)
32.5 The Role of Selenium in Human Health and Reproduction
579(1)
32.6 Importance of Selenium in Human Pregnancy
580(9)
Summary Points
583(1)
Key Facts
583(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
584(1)
List of Abbreviations
584(1)
References
585(4)
Chapter 33 Selenium and Antioxidant Microgels
589(19)
Yushi Bai
Tiezheng Pan
Quan Luo
Junqiu Liu
33.1 Introduction
589(3)
33.2 Antioxidant Microgels
592(9)
33.2.1 Microgels as "Smart" Materials to Build an Artificial Antioxidant
592(4)
33.2.2 Microgels as Platform to Construct a Synergistic Antioxidant Enzymatic System
596(5)
33.3 Summary and Perspective
601(7)
Summary Points
602(1)
Key Facts
602(1)
Key Facts of Antioxidants
602(1)
Key Facts of Enzyme Assay
603(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
603(1)
List of Abbreviations
604(1)
References
605(3)
Subject Index 608
Victor R. Preedy is a senior member of King's College London (Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry) and King's College Hospital (Professor of Clinical Biochemistry; Hon). He is attached to both the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division and the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. He is also Director of the Genomics Centre and a member of the School of Medicine. Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. He gained his University of London PhD in 1981 and in 1992, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Biology in 1995 and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000. Since then he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (2004) and The Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene (2004). In 2009, Professor Preedy became a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health and in 2012 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. During his career, Professor Preedy has worked at the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA and Germany. He is a leading expert on nutritional and food sciences and has a long standing interest in how food, food quality, nutrition and diet affect wellbeing and health. He has lectured nationally and internationally. To his credit, Professor Preedy has over 600 publications, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews, books and volumes.
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