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E-raamat: Self-Commutating Converters for High Power Applications

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(University of Canterbury, New Zealand), (Mighty River Power Limited), (Inner Mongolia University), (University of Canterbury, New Zealand)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jan-2010
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470682128
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Self-Commutating Converters for High Power ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jan-2010
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470682128
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This book reviews the present state and future prospects of self-commutating static power converters for applications requiring either ultra high voltages (over 600 kV) or ultra high currents (in hundreds of kA). It is an important reference for electrical engineers working in the areas of power generation, transmission and distribution, utilities, manufacturing and consulting organizations.This text has a host of helpful material that also makes it a useful source of knowledge for final year engineering students specializing in power engineering, and those involved in postgraduate research. For very high voltage or very high current applications, the power industry still relies on thyristor-based Line Commutated Conversion (LCC), which limits the power controllability to two quadrant operation. However, the ratings of self-commutating switches such as the Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT), are reaching levels that make the technology possible for very high power applications.This unique book reviews the present state and future prospects of self-commutating static power converters for applications requiring either ultra high voltages (over 600 kV) or ultra high currents (in hundreds of kA). It is an important reference for electrical engineers working in the areas of power generation, transmission and distribution, utilities, manufacturing and consulting organizations.All topics in this area are held in this one complete volume. Within these pages, expect to find thorough coverage on: modelling and control of converter dynamics; multi-level Voltage Source Conversion (VSC) and Current Source Conversion (CSC); ultra high-voltage VSC and CSC DC transmission; low voltage high DC current AC-DC conversion; industrial high current applications; power conversion for high energy storage. This text has a host of helpful material that also makes it a useful source of knowledge for final year engineering students specializing in power engineering, and those involved in postgraduate research.
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Early developments
1
1.2 State of the large power semiconductor technology
2
1.2.1 Power ratings
3
1.2.2 Losses
4
1.2.3 Suitability for large power conversion
4
1.2.4 Future developments
6
1.3 Voltage and current source conversion
6
1.4 The pulse and level number concepts
8
1.5 Line-commutated conversion (LCC)
10
1.6 Self-commutating conversion (SCC)
11
1.6.1 Pulse width modulation (PWM)
11
1.6.2 Multilevel voltage source conversion
12
1.6.3 High-current self-commutating conversion
13
1.7 Concluding statement
13
References
13
2 Principles of Self-Commutating Conversion 15
2.1 Introduction
15
2.2 Basic VSC operation
16
2.2.1 Power transfer control
17
2.3 Main converter components
19
2.3.1 DC capacitor
20
2.3.2 Coupling reactance
20
2.3.3 The high-voltage valve
21
2.3.4 The anti-parallel diodes
23
2.4 Three-phase voltage source conversion
23
2.4.1 The six-pulse VSC configuration
23
2.4.2 Twelve-pulse VSC configuration
27
2.5 Gate driving signal generation
27
2.5.1 General philosophy
27
2.5.2 Selected harmonic cancellation
30
2.5.3 Carrier-based sinusoidal PWM
31
2.6 Space-vector PWM pattern
34
2.6.1 Comparison between the switching patterns
40
2.7 Basic current source conversion operation
42
2.7.1 Analysis of the CSC waveforms
43
2.8 Summary
43
References
44
3 Multilevel Voltage Source Conversion 47
3.1 Introduction
47
3.2 PWM-assisted multibridge conversion
48
3.3 The diode clamping concept
49
3.3.1 Three-level neutral point clamped VSC
49
3.3.2 Five-level diode-clamped VSC
53
3.3.3 Diode clamping generalization
56
3.4 The flying capacitor concept
61
3.4.1 Three-level flying capacitor conversion
61
3.4.2 Multi-level flying capacitor conversion
62
3.5 Cascaded H-bridge configuration
65
3.6 Modular multilevel conversion (MMC)
67
3.7 Summary
70
References
70
4 Multilevel Reinjection 73
4.1 Introduction
73
4.2 The reinjection concept in line-commutated current source conversion
74
4.2.1 The reinjection concept in the double-bridge configuration
76
4.3 Application of the reinjection concept to self-commutating conversion
78
4.3.1 Ideal injection signal required to produce a sinusoidal output waveform
78
4.3.2 Symmetrical approximation to the ideal injection
82
4.4 Multilevel reinjection (MLR) – the waveforms
85
4.5 MLR implementation – the combination concept
87
4.5.1 CSC configuration
87
4.5.2 VSC configuration
89
4.6 MLR implementation – the distribution concept
94
4.6.1 CSC configuration
94
4.6.2 VSC configuration
95
4.7 Summary
96
References
97
5 Modelling and Control of Converter Dynamics 99
5.1 Introduction
99
5.2 Control system levels
100
5.2.1 Firing control
100
5.2.2 Converter state control
101
5.2.3 System control level
102
5.3 Non-linearity of the power converter system
102
5.4 Modelling the voltage source converter system
103
5.4.1 Conversion under pulse width modulation
103
5.5 Modelling grouped voltage source converters operating with fundamental frequency switching
107
5.6 Modelling the current source converter system
120
5.6.1 Current source converters with pulse width modulation
120
5.7 Modelling grouped current source converters with fundamental frequency switching
129
5.8 Non-linear control of VSC and CSC systems
145
5.9 Summary
151
References
152
6 PWM–HVDC Transmission 153
6.1 Introduction
153
6.2 State of the DC cable technology
154
6.3 Basic self-commutating DC link structure
154
6.4 Three-level PWM structure
156
6.4.1 The cross sound submarine link
156
6.5 PWM–VSC control strategies
165
6.6 DC link support during AC system disturbances
166
6.6.1 Strategy for voltage stability
166
6.6.2 Damping of rotor angle oscillation
166
6.6.3 Converter assistance during grid restoration
167
6.6.4 Contribution of the voltage source converter to the AC system fault level
167
6.6.5 Control capability limits of a PWM–VSC terminal
168
6.7 Summary
169
References
169
7 Ultra High-Voltage VSC Transmission 171
7.1 Introduction
171
7.2 Modular multilevel conversion
172
7.3 Multilevel H-bridge voltage reinjection
174
7.3.1 Steady state operation of the MLVR-HB converter group
175
7.3.2 Addition of four-quadrant power controllability
180
7.3.3 DC link control structure
182
7.3.4 Verification of reactive power control independence
183
7.3.5 Control strategies
185
7.4 Summary
195
References
196
8 Ultra High-Voltage Self-Commutating CSC Transmission 197
8.1 Introduction
197
8.2 MLCR-HVDC transmission
198
8.2.1 Dynamic model
198
8.2.2 Control structure
199
8.3 Simulated performance under normal operation
202
8.3.1 Response to active power changes
202
8.3.2 Response to reactive power changes
202
8.4 Simulated performance following disturbances
204
8.4.1 Response to an AC system fault
204
8.4.2 Response to a DC system fault
207
8.5 Provision of independent reactive power control
207
8.5.1 Steady state operation
209
8.5.2 Control structure
211
8.5.3 Dynamic simulation
217
8.6 Summary
219
References
220
9 Back-to-Back Asynchronous Interconnection 221
9.1 Introduction
221
9.2 Provision of independent reactive power control
222
9.3 MLCR back-to-back link
224
9.3.1 Determining the DC voltage operating limits
225
9.4 Control system design
226
9.5 Dynamic performance
229
9.5.1 Test system
229
9.5.2 Simulation verification
230
9.6 Waveform quality
231
9.7 Summary
232
References
232
10 Low Voltage High DC Current AC–DC Conversion 235
10.1 Introduction
235
10.2 Present high current rectification technology
236
10.2.1 Smelter potlines
237
10.2.2 Load profile
238
10.3 Hybrid double-group configuration
239
10.3.1 The control concept
240
10.3.2 Steady state analysis and waveforms
241
10.3.3 Control system
247
10.3.4 Simulated performance
248
10.4 Centre-tapped rectifier option
251
10.4.1 Current and power ratings
252
10.5 Two-quadrant MLCR rectification
253
10.5.1 AC system analysis
255
10.5.2 Component ratings
257
10.5.3 Multigroup MLCR rectifier
259
10.5.4 Controller design
262
10.5.5 Simulated performance of an MLCR smelter
264
10.5.6 MLCR multigroup reactive power controllability
268
10.6 Parallel thyristor/MLCR rectification
274
10.6.1 Circuit equations
276
10.6.2 Control system
278
10.6.3 Dynamic simulation and verification
280
10.6.4 Efficiency
285
10.7 Multicell rectification with PWM control
287
10.7.1 Control structure
288
10.7.2 Simulated performance
288
10.8 Summary
289
References
290
11 Power Conversion for High Energy Storage 293
11.1 Introduction
293
11.2 SMES technology
294
11.3 Power conditioning
295
11.3.1 Voltage versus current source conversion
297
11.4 The SMES coil
299
11.5 MLCR current source converter based SMES power conditioning system
300
11.5.1 Control system design
301
11.6 Simulation verification
303
11.7 Discussion — the future of SMES
306
References
306
Index 309
Professor Jos Arrillaga, Electrical and Computer Engineering Building, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Professor Arrillaga has been a professor at the University of Canterbury since 1975. He led the Power Systems group at the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) between 1970 and 1974. In 1997 he achieved the IEEE Uno Lamm Medal in Berlin for pioneering work in the field of High Voltage Direct Current, also the John Munganest International Power Quality Award of the Power Industry in the US. Between 1998 and 2006 he won numerous awards for his work in Paris and New Zealand, including the J.R. Scott medal of the Royal Society of New Zealand for services to Electrical Engineering education and research. So far he has published 8 books with Wiley and over 200 papers on the subjects of HVDC Transmission and Power System Harmonics.

Yonghe H. Liu, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, China Professor Liu is currently a professor at Inner Mongolia University of Technology. He spends 6 months of the year in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Canterbury as a researcher through the EPCA (Electric Power Computer Applications) Fellowship. His work has had a large impact on the development of modern HVDC power transmission. Before joining the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington in January 2004, he worked at the DSPS R&D Center of Texas Instruments. Professor Liu has won the College of Engineering Outstanding Young Faculty Award, Research Excellence Award and writes for various transactions and journals. He was on the program committee for IEEE MASS 2008 and IEEE SECON 2008, amongst others.

Neville R. Watson, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Professor Watson has been working at the University of Canterbury since 1987. He has taught undergraduate courses on electric power engineering, power systems engineering and the fundamentals of power electronics, and a graduate course on advanced power system engineering. He writes for many journals including the IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery and has co-written 3 books with Professor Arrillaga, all published by Wiley.

Nicholas J. Murray, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Nicholas J. Murray- Received? his BE (Hon) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Canterbury (NZ) in 2001, where he has just completed a PhD degree on the topic "Flexible reactive power control in large power current source conversion". He spent 8 years in the pulp and paper industry, the last four as a high voltage and control system engineer. His present interests include power system modelling, artificial intelligence and transient analysis of high ac/dc converters.
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