| Foreword |
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xxi | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxvii | |
| About this book |
|
xxix | |
| About the authors |
|
xxxiv | |
| About the cover illustration |
|
xxxvi | |
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Part 1 An introduction to SSI |
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1 | (84) |
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1 Why the internet is missing an identity layer--and why SSI can finally provide one |
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3 | (18) |
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1.1 How bad has the problem become? |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 Enter blockchain technology and decentralization |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 The three models of digital identity |
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6 | (4) |
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The centralized identity model |
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7 | (1) |
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The federated identity model |
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8 | (1) |
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The decentralized identity model |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4 Why "self-sovereign"? |
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10 | (2) |
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1.5 Why is SSI so important? |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6 Market drivers for SSI |
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13 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7 Major challenges to SSI adoption |
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17 | (4) |
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Building out the new SSI ecosystem |
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17 | (1) |
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Decentralized key management |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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2 The basic building blocks of SSI |
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21 | (18) |
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2.1 Verifiable credentials |
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22 | (2) |
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2.2 Issuers, holders, and verifiers |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5 Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) |
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30 | (3) |
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2.6 Blockchains and other verifiable data registries |
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33 | (1) |
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2.7 Governance frameworks |
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34 | (2) |
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2.8 Summarizing the building blocks |
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36 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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3 Example scenarios showing how SSI works |
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39 | (19) |
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3.1 A simple notation for SSI scenario diagrams |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2 Scenario 1: Bob meets Alice at a conference |
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41 | (5) |
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3.3 Scenario 2: Bob meets Alice through her online blog |
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46 | (2) |
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3.4 Scenario 3: Bob logs in to Alice's blog to leave a comment |
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48 | (1) |
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3.5 Scenario 4: Bob meets Alice through an online dating site |
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49 | (2) |
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3.6 Scenario 5: Alice applies for a new bank account |
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51 | (1) |
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3.7 Scenario 6: Alice buys a car |
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52 | (2) |
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3.8 Scenario 7: Alice sells the car to Bob |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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4 SSI Scorecard: Major features and benefits of SSI |
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58 | (27) |
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4.1 Feature/benefit category 1: Bottom line |
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60 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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Reduced customer onboarding costs |
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60 | (1) |
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Improved e-commerce sales |
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61 | (1) |
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Reduced customer service costs |
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61 | (1) |
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New credential issuer revenue |
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62 | (1) |
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4.2 Feature/benefit category 2: Business efficiencies |
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62 | (6) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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Delegation and guardianship |
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66 | (1) |
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Payment and value exchange |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3 Feature/benefit category 3: User experience and convenience |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Delegation and guardianship |
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70 | (1) |
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Payment and value exchange |
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71 | (1) |
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4.4 Feature/benefit category 4: Relationship management |
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72 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Loyalty and rewards programs |
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76 | (1) |
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4.5 Feature/benefit category 5: Regulatory compliance |
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77 | (8) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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RegTech (Regulation Technology) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (190) |
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5 SSI architecture: The big picture |
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87 | (24) |
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88 | (1) |
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5.2 Layer 1: Identifiers and public keys |
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88 | (6) |
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Blockchains as DID registries |
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89 | (1) |
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Adapting general-purpose public blockchains for SSI |
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90 | (1) |
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Special-purpose blockchains designed for SSI |
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91 | (1) |
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Conventional databases as DID registries |
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92 | (1) |
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Peer-to-peer protocols as DID registries |
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93 | (1) |
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5.3 Layer 2: Secure communication and interfaces |
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94 | (7) |
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94 | (1) |
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Web-based protocol design using TLS |
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95 | (1) |
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Message-based protocol design using DIDComm |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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API-oriented interface design using wallet Dapps |
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97 | (1) |
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Data-oriented interface design using identity hubs (encrypted data vaults) |
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98 | (1) |
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Message-oriented interface design using agents |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (6) |
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JSON Web Token (JWT) format |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (3) |
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W3C verifiable credential formats 104 - Credential exchange protocols |
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106 | (1) |
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5.5 Layer 4: Governance frameworks |
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107 | (2) |
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5.6 Potential for convergence |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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6 Basic cryptography techniques for SSI |
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111 | (15) |
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112 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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Using hash functions in SSI |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Symmetric-key cryptography |
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114 | (1) |
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Asymmetric-key cryptography |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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6.4 Verifiable data structures |
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116 | (4) |
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Cryptographic accumulators |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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Merkle-Patricia trie: A hybrid approach |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (6) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (3) |
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A final note about proofs and veracity |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (31) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Receiving a free local access pass |
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127 | (1) |
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Using an electronic prescription |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (3) |
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Federated identity management vs. VCs |
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131 | (1) |
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Specific trust relationships in the VC trust model |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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7.4 W3C and the VC standardization process |
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134 | (1) |
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7.5 Syntactic representations |
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135 | (4) |
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135 | (1) |
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Beyond JSON: Adding standardized properties |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (3) |
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7.7 Verifiable presentations |
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142 | (1) |
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7.8 More advanced VC properties |
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143 | (7) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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When the holder is not the subject |
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147 | (3) |
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7.9 Extensibility and schemas |
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150 | (1) |
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7.10 Zero-knowledge proofs |
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151 | (2) |
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7.11 Protocols and employments |
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153 | (2) |
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7.12 Security and privacy evaluation |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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8 Decentralized identifiers |
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157 | (32) |
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8.1 The conceptual level: What is a DID? |
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158 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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8.2 The functional level: How DIDs work |
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161 | (10) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (2) |
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Comparison with the Domain Name System (DNS) |
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168 | (1) |
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Comparison with URNs and other persistent Identifiers |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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8.3 The architectural level: Why DIDs work |
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171 | (8) |
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The core problem of Public Key Infrastruct ure (PK1) |
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172 | (2) |
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Solution 1 The conventional PKI model |
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174 | (2) |
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Solution 2 The web-of-trust model |
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176 | (1) |
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Solution 3 Public key-based identifiers |
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176 | (2) |
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Solution 4 DIDs and DID documents |
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178 | (1) |
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8.4 Four benefits of DIDs that go beyond PKI |
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179 | (4) |
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Beyond PKI benefit 1 Guardianship and controllership |
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179 | (1) |
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Beyond PKI benefit 2 Service endpoint discovery |
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180 | (1) |
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Beyond PKI benefit 3 DID-to-DID connections |
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181 | (1) |
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Beyond PKI benefit 4 Privacy by design at scale |
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182 | (1) |
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8.5 The semantic level: What DIDs mean |
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183 | (6) |
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The meaning of an address |
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183 | (1) |
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DID networks and digital trust ecosystems |
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184 | (1) |
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Why isn't a DID human-meaningful? |
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185 | (1) |
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What does a DID identify? |
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186 | (3) |
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9 Digital wallets and digital agents |
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189 | (31) |
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9.1 What is a digital wallet, and what does it typically contain? |
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190 | (1) |
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9.2 What is a digital agent, and how does it typically work with a digital wallet? |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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9.4 Design principles for SSI digital wallets and agents |
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193 | (3) |
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Portable and Open-By-Default |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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9.5 Basic anatomy of an SSI digital wallet and agent |
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196 | (1) |
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9.6 Standard features of end-user digital wallets and agents |
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197 | (5) |
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Notifications and user experience |
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198 | (1) |
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Connecting: Establishing new digital trust relationships |
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198 | (1) |
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Receiving, offering, and presenting digital credentials |
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199 | (1) |
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Revoking and expiring digital credentials |
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200 | (1) |
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Authenticating: Logging you in |
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201 | (1) |
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Applying digital signatures |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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Automatic encrypted backup |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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9.8 Advanced features of wallets and agents |
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205 | (5) |
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Multiple-device support and wallet synchronization |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Compliance and monitoring |
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207 | (1) |
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Secure data storage (vault) support |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Delegation (rights, roles, permissions) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Specialized wallets and agents |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Special security considerations |
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211 | (1) |
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9.10 Guardianship and delegation |
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212 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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Guardian delegates and guardian credentials |
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213 | (1) |
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9.11 Certification and accreditation |
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214 | (1) |
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9.12 The Wallet Wars: The evolving digital wallet/agent marketplace |
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214 | (6) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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10 Decentralized key management |
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220 | (28) |
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10.1 Why any form of digital key management is hard |
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221 | (1) |
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10.2 Standards and best practices for conventional key management |
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222 | (1) |
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10.3 The starting point for key management architecture: Roots of trust |
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223 | (2) |
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10.4 The special challenges of decentralized key management |
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225 | (2) |
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10.5 The new tools that VCs, DIDs, and SSI bring to decentralized key management |
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227 | (3) |
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Separating identity verification from public key verification |
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227 | (1) |
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Using VCs for proof of identity |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Automatic encrypted backup with both offline and social recovery methods |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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10.6 Key management with ledger4oased DID methods (algorithmic roots of trust) |
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230 | (1) |
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10.7 Key management with peer-based DID methods (self-certifying roots of trust) |
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231 | (2) |
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10.8 Fully autonomous decentralized key management with Key Event Receipt Infrastructure (KERI) |
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233 | (13) |
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Self-certifying identifiers as a root of trust |
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234 | (1) |
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Self-certifying key event logs |
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235 | (1) |
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Witnesses for key event logs |
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236 | (1) |
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Pre-rotation as simple, safe, scalable protection against key compromise |
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236 | (2) |
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System-independent validation (ambient verifiability) |
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238 | (1) |
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Delegated self-certifying identifiers for enterprise-class key management |
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239 | (2) |
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Compatibility with the GDPR "right to be forgotten" |
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241 | (1) |
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KERI standardization and the KERI DID method |
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242 | (1) |
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A trust-spanning layer for the internet |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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11 SSI governance frameworks |
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248 | (27) |
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11.1 Governance frameworks and trust frameworks: Some background |
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248 | (2) |
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11.2 The governance trust triangle |
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250 | (2) |
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11.3 The Trust over IP governance stack |
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252 | (9) |
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Layer 1 Utility governance frameworks |
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253 | (2) |
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Layer 2 Provider governance frameworks |
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255 | (1) |
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Layer 3 Credential governance frameworks |
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256 | (2) |
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Layer 4 Ecosystem governance frameworks |
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258 | (3) |
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11.4 The role of the governance authority |
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261 | (1) |
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11.5 What specific problems can governance frameworks solve? |
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262 | (3) |
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Discovery of authoritative issuers and verified members |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Certification, accreditation, and trust assurance |
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263 | (1) |
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Levels of assurance (LOAs) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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11.6 What are the typical elements of a governance framework? |
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265 | (4) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Risk assessment, trust assurance, and certification |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Inclusion, equitability, and accessibility rules |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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11.7 Digital guardianship |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (4) |
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273 | (2) |
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Part 3 Decentralization as a model for life |
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275 | (56) |
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12 How open source software helps you control your self-sovereign identity |
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277 | (10) |
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12.1 The origin of free software |
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278 | (2) |
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12.2 Wooing businesses with open source |
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280 | (1) |
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12.3 How open source works in practice |
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281 | (2) |
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12.4 Open source and digital identities |
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283 | (4) |
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285 | (2) |
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13 Cypherpunks: The origin of decentralization |
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287 | (6) |
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13.1 The origins of modern cryptography |
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287 | (2) |
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13.2 The birth of the cypherpunk movement |
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289 | (1) |
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13.3 Digital freedom, digital cash, and decentralization |
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290 | (1) |
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13.4 From cryptography to cryptocurrency to credentials |
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291 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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14 Decentralized identity for a peaceful society |
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293 | (7) |
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14.1 Technology and society |
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294 | (1) |
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14.2 A global civil society |
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295 | (2) |
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14.3 Identity as a source of conflict |
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297 | (1) |
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14.4 Identity as a source of peace |
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298 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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15 Belief systems as drivers for technology choices in decentralization |
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300 | (10) |
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15.1 What is a belief system? |
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300 | (1) |
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15.2 Blockchain and DLT as belief systems |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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15.3 How are blockchains and DLTs relevant to SSI? |
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303 | (1) |
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15.4 Characterizing differences between blockchain and DLT |
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304 | (2) |
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Governance: How open is the network to open participation? |
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305 | (1) |
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Censorship resistance: How centralized is trust? |
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305 | (1) |
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Openness: Who can run a node? |
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306 | (1) |
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15.5 Why "believers" and not "proponents" or "partisans"? |
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306 | (2) |
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How do we measure decentralization? |
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307 | (1) |
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15.6 Technical advantages of decentralization |
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308 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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16 The origins of the SSI community |
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310 | (13) |
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16.1 The birth of the internet |
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311 | (1) |
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16.2 Losing control over our personal information |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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16.4 International Planetwork Conference |
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312 | (1) |
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16.5 Augmented Social Network and Identity Commons |
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313 | (1) |
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16.6 The Laws of Identity |
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313 | (1) |
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16.7 Internet Identity Workshop |
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314 | (1) |
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16.8 Increasing support of user control |
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314 | (1) |
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16.9 Rebooting the Web of Trust |
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314 | (1) |
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16.10 Agenda for Sustainable Development and ID2020 |
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315 | (1) |
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16.11 Early state interest |
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316 | (1) |
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16.12 MyData and Learning Machine |
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317 | (1) |
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16.13 Verifiable Claims Working Group, Decentralized Identity Foundation, and Hyperledger Indy |
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318 | (1) |
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16.14 Increasing state support for SSI |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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16.16 World Economic Forum reports |
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319 | (1) |
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16.17 First production government demo of an SSI-supporting ledger |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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16.19 Official W3C standards |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (8) |
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17.1 Going back to the starting point |
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323 | (2) |
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17.2 Identity as the source of relationships and value |
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325 | (1) |
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17.3 The properties of money |
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325 | (1) |
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17.4 The three functions of money |
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326 | (1) |
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17.5 The tokenization of value with identity |
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327 | (4) |
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329 | (2) |
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Part 4 How SSI will change your business |
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331 | (9) |
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18 Explaining the value of SSI to business |
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333 | (7) |
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18.1 How might we best explain SSI to people and organizations? |
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334 | (3) |
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Failed experiment 1 Leading with the technology |
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335 | (1) |
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Failed experiment 2 Leading with the philosophy |
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335 | (1) |
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Failed experiment 3 Explaining by demonstrating the tech |
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336 | (1) |
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Failed experiment 4 Explaining the (world's) problems |
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337 | (1) |
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18.2 Learning from other domains |
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337 | (1) |
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18.3 So how should we best explain the value of SSI? |
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338 | (1) |
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18.4 The power of stories |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Part 1 The current physical world |
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340 | (2) |
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Part 2 The SSI world--like the current physical world, but better |
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342 | (2) |
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Part 3 Introducing the Sparkly Ball--or, what's wrong with many current digital identity models |
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344 | (63) |
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18.6 SSI Scorecard for apartment leasing |
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345 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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19 The Internet of Things opportunity |
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347 | (9) |
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19.1 IoT: Connecting everything safely |
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347 | (1) |
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19.2 How does SSI help IoT? |
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348 | (1) |
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19.3 The business perspective for SSI and IoT |
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349 | (1) |
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19.4 An SSL-based IoT architecture |
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350 | (2) |
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19.5 Tragic story: Bob's car hacked |
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352 | (1) |
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19.6 The Austrian Power Grid |
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353 | (1) |
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19.7 SSI Scorecard for IoT |
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354 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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20 Animal care and guardianship just became crystal clear |
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356 | (9) |
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20.1 Enter Mei and Bailey |
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357 | (6) |
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Bailey gets aleif-sovereign identity |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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Vacation for Mei and Bailey |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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Lost and found at your fingertips |
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361 | (2) |
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20.2 Digital identity unlocks opportunities for the well-being of animals and people |
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363 | (1) |
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20.3 SSI for animals reaffirms their inherent worth |
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363 | (1) |
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20.4 SSI Scorecard for pets and other animals |
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364 | (1) |
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21 Open democracy, voting, and SSI |
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365 | (9) |
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21.1 The problems with postal voting |
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366 | (1) |
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21.2 The problems with e-voting |
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367 | (1) |
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21.3 Estonia: A case study |
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367 | (1) |
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21.4 The three pillars of voting |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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21.5 The advantages of SSI |
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369 | (5) |
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SSI Scorecard for voting 3 |
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70 | (302) |
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372 | (2) |
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22 Healthcare supply chain powered by SSI |
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374 | (9) |
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375 | (1) |
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22.2 Supply chain transparency and efficiency through SSI |
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376 | (1) |
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22.3 Industry ecosystem efficiency powered by SSI |
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377 | (2) |
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22.4 Future supply chain transformation across industries: The big picture |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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22.6 Authentication and quality |
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380 | (1) |
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22.7 SSI Scorecard for the pharma supply chain |
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380 | (3) |
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382 | (1) |
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23 Canada: Enabling self-sovereign identity |
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383 | (11) |
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23.1 The Canadian context |
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384 | (1) |
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23.2 The Canadian approach and policy framework |
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384 | (1) |
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23.3 The Pan-Canadian Trust Framework |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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23.6 Digital ecosystem roles |
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388 | (2) |
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23.7 Supporting infrastructure |
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390 | (1) |
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23.8 Mapping the SSI stack to the PCTF model |
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391 | (1) |
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23.9 Using the Verifiable Credentials Model |
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391 | (1) |
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23.10 Enabling Self-Sovereign Identity |
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392 | (1) |
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23.11 SSI Scorecard for the Pan-Canadian Trust Framework |
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392 | (2) |
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24 From elDAS to SSI in the European Union |
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394 | (13) |
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Dr. Ignacio Alamillo-Domingo |
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24.1 PKI: The first regulated identity service facility in the EU |
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395 | (1) |
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24.2 The EU legal framework |
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396 | (2) |
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24.3 The EU identity federation |
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398 | (4) |
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The legal concept of electronic identification (eID) |
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398 | (2) |
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The scope of the eIDAS FIM Regulation and its relationship with national law |
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400 | (2) |
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24.4 Summarizing the value of eIDAS for SSI adoption |
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402 | (1) |
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24.5 Scenarios for the adoption of SSI in the EU identity metasystem |
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403 | (3) |
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24.6 SSI Scorecard for the EBSI |
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|
406 | (1) |
| References |
|
407 | (2) |
| Appendix A Additional Livebook chapters |
|
409 | (5) |
| Appendix B Landmark essays on SSI |
|
414 | (3) |
| Appendix C The path to self-sovereign identity |
|
417 | (8) |
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| Appendix D Identity in the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem |
|
425 | (9) |
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| Appendix E The principles of SSI |
|
434 | (3) |
| Contributing authors |
|
437 | (12) |
| Index |
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449 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta