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E-raamat: Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing

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Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly PublishingSuurem pilt
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Exploring the ways in which new techniques in markup language can enhance the vital task of quality assessment in drafting legal documents, this work presents a fresh approach which tackles pressing issues such as the lack of descriptive metadata schemas.



This work deals with the applications of Semantic Publishing technologies in the legal domain, i.e., the use of Semantic Web technologies to address issues related to the Legal Scholarly Publishing. Research in the field of Law has a long tradition in the application of semantic technologies, such as Semantic Web and Linked Data, to real-world scenarios. This book investigates and proposes solutions for three main issues that Semantic Publishing needs to address within the context of the Legal Scholarly Publishing: the need of tools for linking document text to a formal representation of its meaning; the lack of complete metadata schemas for describing documents according to the publishing vocabulary and the absence of effective tools and user interfaces for easily acting on semantic publishing models and theories.

In particular, this work introduces EARMARK, a markup meta language that allows one to create markup documents without the structural and semantic limits imposed by markup languages such as XML. EARMARK is a platform to link the content layer of a document with its intended formal semantics and it can be used with the Semantic Publishing and Referencing (SPAR) Ontologies, another topic in this book. SPAR Ontologies are a collection of formal models providing an upper semantic layer for describing the publishing domain. Using EARMARK as a foundation for SPAR descriptions opens up to a semantic characterisation of all the aspects of a document and of its parts. Finally, four user-friendly tools are introduced: LODE, KC-Viz, Graffoo and Gaffe. They were expressly developed to facilitate the interaction of publishers and domain experts with Semantic Publishing technologies by shielding such users from the underlying formalisms and semantic models of such technologies.

1 Introduction
1(6)
References
6(1)
2 The Digital Publishing Revolution
7(38)
2.1 Towards Semantics-Aware Markup Languages
9(7)
2.1.1 Overlapping Markup
10(3)
2.1.2 Markup Semantics and Semantic Markup
13(3)
2.2 Markup Languages for Legal and Legislative Documents
16(6)
2.2.1 Formex
16(1)
2.2.2 Norme in Rete
17(1)
2.2.3 LexDania
18(1)
2.2.4 METALex NL
19(1)
2.2.5 CEN MetaLex
19(1)
2.2.6 Akoma Ntoso
20(1)
2.2.7 HTML + RDFa and XML in gov.uk Websites
21(1)
2.3 Metadata Schema, Vocabularies and Ontologies for Publishing
22(7)
2.3.1 Dublin Core
22(1)
2.3.2 PRISM
23(1)
2.3.3 BIBO
24(1)
2.3.4 MARC 21
24(1)
2.3.5 FRBR
25(2)
2.3.6 RDA
27(1)
2.3.7 SWAN Citations Ontology
28(1)
2.3.8 SKOS
29(1)
2.4 Ontologies for Legal Documents
29(4)
2.4.1 MetaLex Ontology
30(1)
2.4.2 Core Legal Ontology
31(1)
2.4.3 LKIF Core Legal Ontology
32(1)
2.4.4 A Light Legal Ontology on TLC
32(1)
2.5 Projects, Conferences and Initiatives about Semantic Publishing
33(12)
2.5.1 Jisc's Open Citation and Open Bibliography Projects
33(2)
2.5.2 Jisc's Lucero Project
35(1)
2.5.3 SePublica and Linked Science
35(1)
2.5.4 Beyond Impact, the PDF and Research Communication
36(1)
2.5.5 Special Issues of Journals on Semantic Publishing
37(1)
References
37(8)
3 Markup Beyond the Trees
45(50)
3.1 EARMARK, a Semantic Web Approach to Metamarkup
47(9)
3.1.1 Ghost Classes
49(3)
3.1.2 Shell Classes
52(2)
3.1.3 An Example
54(2)
3.2 The Issue of Overlapping Markup
56(23)
3.2.1 Range and Markup Item Overlap
56(2)
3.2.2 EARMARK as a Standoff Notation
58(2)
3.2.3 Looking for Authorial Changes in Office Documents
60(10)
3.2.4 Overlapping with Microformats and RDFa
70(3)
3.2.5 Wikis: No Overlapping Where Some Should be
73(6)
3.3 Structural Validation of Semantically-Defined Markup
79(16)
3.3.1 Defining Content-Models on EARMARK Documents
79(3)
3.3.2 Structural Patterns
82(7)
3.3.3 Validation of Document Markup
89(1)
References
90(5)
4 Markup Semantics and Quality Evaluation of Legal Drafting
95(26)
4.1 Akoma Ntoso for Legal and Legislative Documents
96(9)
4.1.1 The Authorial Layers
98(2)
4.1.2 The Editorial Layer
100(2)
4.1.3 Semantic Technologies and Akoma Ntoso
102(3)
4.2 Linguistic Act Ontology
105(4)
4.3 Searches on Heterogeneous Digital Libraries
109(1)
4.4 Semantic-Aware Quality Assessment of Legal Drafting
110(4)
4.5 From Akoma Ntoso to CEN MetaLex Through EARMARK
114(7)
References
118(3)
5 The Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies
121(74)
5.1 Representing Bibliographic Information Using FaBiO
124(14)
5.1.1 Bibliographic Reference Metadata Encoding Using DC Terms
125(2)
5.1.2 Bibliographic Reference Metadata Encoding Using BIBO
127(2)
5.1.3 Bibliographic Reference Metadata Encoding Using FRBR
129(2)
5.1.4 Bibliographic Reference Metadata Encoding Using FaBiO
131(7)
5.2 Characterising Citations with CiTO
138(3)
5.3 Documents and Their Bibliographic References
141(12)
5.3.1 Describing the Bibliographic Reference Lists of Articles with BiRO
143(7)
5.3.2 C40: How Much, Where and what Someone is Citing
150(3)
5.4 Characterising Document Parts with DoCO
153(8)
5.4.1 Building Blocks for Structuring Documents
155(3)
5.4.2 Mixing Rhetorical Characterisation and Structural Components
158(3)
5.5 In the Past you were it, Now you are not it
161(15)
5.5.1 Using Class Subsumptions
161(1)
5.5.2 Using Property Links
162(1)
5.5.3 Using Inter-Linked Classes
163(2)
5.5.4 Using N-ary Class Modelling
165(1)
5.5.5 A General Pattern for Roles and Statuses
166(5)
5.5.6 Identifying a Person's Roles with PRO
171(3)
5.5.7 Specifying Document Statuses with PSO
174(2)
5.6 Describing Publishing Workflows with PWO
176(10)
5.6.1 An Example of Workflow in Scholarly Publishing
178(3)
5.6.2 An Example of Workflow in the Legislative Domain
181(5)
5.7 How Communities Uptake SPAR
186(9)
5.7.1 SWAN Ontology
186(1)
5.7.2 CiteULike
187(1)
5.7.3 WordPress
188(1)
5.7.4 Linked Education
188(1)
5.7.5 Virtual Observatory
188(1)
5.7.6 Open Citations Corpus
188(1)
5.7.7 Web Tracks
189(1)
5.7.8 Societa editrice il Mulino
189(1)
5.7.9 Utopia
190(1)
References
190(5)
6 Semantic Data Interfaces for the Masses
195(62)
6.1 How to Help Users: Tools and Applications for Semantic Data
196(8)
6.1.1 Ontology Documentation
197(1)
6.1.2 Ontology Sense-Making
198(2)
6.1.3 Visual Modelling of Ontologies
200(1)
6.1.4 Authoring Tools for Ontologies
201(3)
6.2 LODE: Generating HTML Documentation from Ontologies
204(9)
6.2.1 What Axioms are Used to Create the Documentation
205(1)
6.2.2 Special Parameters to Call the Service
206(3)
6.2.3 URI Fragments
209(1)
6.2.4 Content Negotiation via .htaccess
210(1)
6.2.5 Test and Evaluation
211(2)
6.3 KC-Viz, a Tool for Visualising and Navigating Ontologies
213(13)
6.3.1 Key Concept Extraction
215(1)
6.3.2 KC-Viz Main Features
216(6)
6.3.3 Empirical Evaluation
222(4)
6.4 Graffoo, a Framework for Visual Ontology Modelling
226(5)
6.4.1 Introducing Classes and Properties
227(1)
6.4.2 Defining Restrictions and Additional Class Axioms
228(2)
6.4.3 Linking Class Individuals
230(1)
6.4.4 Defining Assertions Between Ontologies
230(1)
6.5 Gaffe, a Flexible and User-Friendly Authoring Tool for Semantic Data
231(11)
6.5.1 OWiki: Ontology-Driven Generation of Templates and Forms for Semantic Wikis
234(4)
6.5.2 Studying OWiki Through a Use-Case
238(4)
6.6 From LIME to Semantically-Enhanced Legislative Editors
242(15)
6.6.1 Bungeni
243(2)
6.6.2 AT4AM
245(1)
6.6.3 LIME
245(2)
6.6.4 Towards the Next Generation of Legislative Editors
247(4)
References
251(6)
7 Conclusions
257(6)
7.1 EARMARK: Future Works
259(1)
7.2 SPAR: Future Works
260(1)
7.3 LODE: Future Works
260(1)
7.4 KC-Viz: Future Works
261(1)
7.5 Graffoo: Future Works
261(1)
7.6 Gaffe: Future Works
261(2)
References
262(1)
Appendices 263(38)
Index 301
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