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E-raamat: Semiotics of Clowns and Clowning: Rituals of Transgression and the Theory of Laughter

(University of Toronto, Canada)
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During the last 300 years circus clowns have emerged as powerful cultural icons. This is the first semiotic analysis of the range of make-up and costumes through which the clowns' performing identities have been established and go on developing. It also examines what Bouissac terms 'micronarratives' - narrative meanings that clowns generate through their acts, dialogues and gestures.

Putting a repertory of clown performances under the semiotic microscope leads to the conclusion that the performances are all interconnected and come from what might be termed a 'mythical matrix'. These micronarratives replicate in context-sensitive forms a master narrative whose general theme refers to the emergence of cultures and constraints that they place upon instinctual behaviour.

From this vantage point, each performance can be considered as a ritual which re-enacts the primitive violence inherent in all cultures and the temporary resolutions which must be negotiated as the outcome. Why do these acts of transgression and re-integration then trigger laughter and wonder? What kind of mirror does this put up to society? In a masterful semiotic analysis, Bouissac delves into decades of research to answer these questions.

Arvustused

One of the major contributions of the book is that, after reading it, watching clown performances can never be the same: the author guides us through the semiotics of clowning in such detail that every move and feature of clown acts will be overloaded with meaning(s) for the readers ... [ A] reader-friendly book and an invaluable ethnographic approach to an area of study that has been most neglected by (humour and other) scholars ... particularly interesting for humour researchers, especially those who investigate clown performances in or, mostly nowadays, outside circuses. * European Journal of Humour Research * An important addition to literature on clowns and laughter, and an ambitious attempt to address in transcendent terms the negotiation of meaning at the heart of clown-generated laughter ... Valuable insights into practice abound ... Bouissacs knowledge of and sensitivity to a breadth of cultural contexts allows for fascinating and relevant examinations of time-honored clown routines ... Indeed his book finds its full value in a sustained reflection from a perspective we dont usually encounter: the sign-rich soil beneath our social interaction and the precise manner of its playful overturning by the classic circus clown. * Humor * In this book, Paul Bouissac, pioneer and master of the scientific approach to circus arts, demonstrates in a complete and brilliant way, by semiotic, anthropological and cognitive approaches, how the clowning art is a multimodal and complex act of communication, which produces laughter and sense through cognitive and cultural constructions shared by artists and spectators. THE definitive reference to understand clowning! -- Philippe Goudard, Professor of Performing Arts, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, France Bouissac brings his customary rigour and a true respect and love for the art of clowning to the task of discussing what clowns actually do and what it might mean. The full force of semiotic analysis bears generous fruit as Bouissac bases any theoretical analysis or deductions upon actual detailed descriptions of clowns in action. A hugely valuable contribution to the growing field of clown studies and an antidote to the lazy off-the-shelf popular mythologizing about clowning which passes for commentary in many quarters. -- Jon Davison, Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, University of London, UK

Muu info

Showcases the semiotic import of the act of clowning and how these narrative acts refer back to the origins of civilization.
Introduction 1(18)
1 The Faces of the Clown
19(30)
Appearance and identity
19(2)
The making of a face
21(2)
Kinds and scales of facial transformations in clowns
23(2)
The crafting of a clown's makeup
25(7)
The face of dominance
32(6)
Interpreting the face of a clown
38(4)
The modern face of the clown
42(4)
When clowns go postmodern
46(3)
2 The Costumes of the Clowns
49(12)
The clowns' trunks
49(1)
The splendor and sophistication of the whiteface
50(3)
The auguste's misfits and tatters
53(2)
The sociosemiotics and biosemiotics of clown costumes
55(2)
Clowns in drag: Cross-dressing and transvestism
57(4)
3 The Clown's Workshop
61(14)
The semiotics of artifacts
61(2)
A visit to Charlie Cairoli's workshop
63(6)
When clowns play magic
69(2)
Clowns as craftsmen and engineers
71(1)
The clown's barnyard
72(3)
4 The Semiotics of Gags
75(32)
What is a gag?
75(3)
Gags in context
78(7)
Rob Torres: A solo clown act in New York
85(3)
The semiotic anatomy of gags
88(7)
The physics of gags
95(12)
5 The Game of the Rules
107(16)
The language of clowning
107(2)
The straight, the tight, and the loose
109(5)
Identity: One in two, two in one
114(9)
6 Clown and Trickster
123(20)
Master of tricks
123(3)
Too good to be true
126(1)
Transgression and consequences
127(2)
Master of fire
129(3)
The trickster and his avatars
132(5)
Understanding tricksters and clowns
137(2)
Peering into the cultural past: A reasoned speculation
139(4)
7 Clowns and Gender Play: The Politics and Economics of Sex
143(16)
Beyond sex and gender
143(1)
Images of desire
144(2)
An odd couple
146(3)
A "normal" couple
149(4)
A bird tale
153(2)
Gender play
155(4)
8 Clowns, Death, and Laughter
159(12)
Death at the circus
159(4)
Death of the auguste
163(2)
Realm of the macabre: Ghosts, corpses, and skeletons
165(3)
Clowns and death in the arts: Laughter at the edge
168(3)
9 Profaning the Sacred: The Saga of the Clown
171(10)
The avatars of Clown
171(2)
A grand narrative and its fractal performances
173(2)
The sacred and the profane
175(2)
Putting things inside out and upside down
177(4)
10 Clowns without Borders
181(32)
Mapping clowns around the world
181(1)
Clowns without borders?
182(3)
Clowning beyond the cultural fences
185(3)
Clowning in Java
188(7)
The gentrification of clowning
195(2)
Clowns with a mission
197(4)
Conclusion: Contribution to the Theory of Laughter
201(1)
What is laughter?
201(2)
The meaning of laughter
203(2)
Senseless laughing
205(2)
Laughing as an addiction: A hypothesis and an agenda
207(6)
References 213(4)
Index 217
Paul Bouissac is Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto (Victoria College), Canada. He is a world renowned figure in semiotics and a pioneer of circus studies. He runs the SemiotiX Bulletin [ www.semioticon.com/semiotix] which has a global readership.