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E-raamat: Sensors and Low Power Signal Processing

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Dec-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780387793924
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Sensors and Low Power Signal ProcessingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Dec-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780387793924
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Low-power sensors and their applications in various fields ranging from military to civilian lives have made tremendous progress in the recent years. Low-power and extended battery life are the key focuses for long term, reliable and easy operation of these sensors. Sensors and Low Power Signal Processing provides a general overview of a sensor's working principle and a discussion of the emerging sensor technologies including chemical, electro-chemical and MEMS based sensors. Also included is a discussion on design challenges associated with low-power analog circuits and the schemes to overcome them. Finally, a short discussion of some of the simple wireless telemetry schemes best suited for low-power sensor applications and sensor packaging issues is discussed. Applications and sensor prototypes included are environmental monitoring, health care monitoring and issues related to the development of sensor prototypes and associated electronics to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio will also be presented.
1 Introduction to Sensors and General Applications 1
1.1 Sensor Basics
1
1.2 Sensor Types
2
1.2.1 Power Supply Requirement
2
1.2.2 Types of Output Signal
2
1.3 Measurement Systems
3
1.4 Applications
4
1.4.1 Health Care
4
1.4.2 Environmental Monitoring
4
1.5 Emerging Sensors and Sensor Technologies
6
1.5.1 Electrochemical Sensors
6
1.5.2 Electromechanical Sensors
10
1.6 Summary
16
References
16
2 Devices for Low Power Electronics 19
2.1 Device Scaling
21
2.1.1 Constant Field Scaling
22
2.1.2 Constant Voltage Scaling
23
2.2 Silicon-on-Insulator CMOS
24
2.3 Silicon-on-Insulator
25
2.4 High-k Dielectric and Metal Gate Technology
28
2.5 Summary
30
References
30
3 Low-Power Circuit Design 31
3.1 Analog. Circuit Design Principles
31
3.1.1 Requirements of the System
31
3.1.2 Signal Processing
32
3.1.3 Indirect Feedback
32
3.1.4 Choice of the Information-Carrying Signal
35
3.1.5 Parasitics
35
3.2 Challenges of Low-Voltage Analog Circuit Design
36
3.3 Low-Power Circuit Techniques
37
3.3.1 Subthreshold Operation
38
3.3.2 Supply Voltage Reduction
38
3.3.3 Bulk-Driven MOSFETs
38
3.3.4 Floating-Gate MOSFET
39
3.3.5 Self-Cascade Structure
40
3.5 Summary
41
References
41
4 Wireless Telemetry and Low-Power Sensor Applications 45
4.1 Introduction
45
4.2 Communication System
45
4.3 Wireless Communication
46
4.3.1 Radio Wave Propagation in Free Space
46
4.3.2 Loss Mechanisms in Radio Wave Propagation
48
4.4 Wireless Technologies
50
4.4.1 Single-Carrier Narrowband Communication
51
4.4.2 Spread Spectrum Communication
51
4.5 Modulation Schemes
52
4.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying
53
4.5.2 Frequency-Shift Keying
54
4.6 Low-Power Transmitter in Integrated Sensor System
54
4.6.1 Conventional or Direct Conversion Transmitter
56
4.6.2 Direct Modulation Transmitter
56
4.6.3 Injection-Locked Transmitter
57
4.6.4 Active Antenna Transmitter
58
4.7 Conclusion
58
References
59
5 Sensors Prototypes and Applications 61
5.1 Introduction
61
5.2 Environmental Monitoring
61
5.2.1 Electrochemical Sensors
62
5.2.2 Biophotonic Biosensors
63
5.2.3 Bioluminescent Bioreporter Integrated Circuits
68
5.2.4 Environmental Sensing Using BBIC Platform
70
5.3 Applications of Sensors Array for Environmental Monitoring
74
5.3.1 Single Substance Detection
74
5.3.2 Odor Monitoring
75
5.3.3 Continuous Monitoring of the Environment
76
5.3.4 Air Quality Monitoring
76
5.3.5 Water Quality Monitoring
77
5.4 Security Applications
79
5.5 Healthcare Applications
83
5.5.1 Sensor Networks for Medical Applications
85
5.6 Conclusions
87
References
87
6 Development of Sensor Prototypes and Associated Electronics 93
6.1 Introduction
93
6.2 Power Management
93
6.3 Energy Sources
94
6.4 Low-Dropout Voltage Regulator
95
6.5 Series Regulator
96
6.5.1 Sampling Resistors
97
6.5.2 Error Amplifier
98
6.5.3 Pass Element
100
6.5.4 Voltage Reference
102
6.6 Temperature Compensation
102
6.7 ASIC design Board-Level Implementation, and Monolithic Integration
103
6.7.1 Literature Review
104
6.7.2 System Architecture
105
6.7.3 Test Results
107
6.7.4 Conclusion and Future Works
111
6.8 Summary
112
References
112
7 Conclusions 115
Index 117
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