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E-raamat: Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems: ANSI, IEEE, and IEC Standards

(Power System Studies, Inc., Snellville, Georgia, USA)
  • Formaat: 745 pages
  • Sari: Power Systems Handbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Oct-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351230766
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  • Formaat: 745 pages
  • Sari: Power Systems Handbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Oct-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351230766

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This book provides an understanding of the nature of short-circuit currents, current interruption theories, circuit breaker types, calculations according to ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, theoretical and practical basis of short-circuit current sources, and the rating structure of switching devices. The book aims to explain the nature of short-circuit currents, the symmetrical components for unsymmetrical faults, and matrix methods of solutions, which are invariably used on digital computers. It includes innovations, worked examples, case studies, and solved problems.

Arvustused

"This handy reference book provides essential details, both theoretical and practical, on short-circuit calculations for power transmission and distribution systems. It would be especially useful for practicing power engineers who need a good refence book for calculating short-circuits in power systems as well as those in academia studying power system analysis." -IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February Vol. 36, No. 1

"This handbook is an excellent book which is filled not only with practical wisdom for all of practicing engineers to use as one of their references but also with theoretical depth for all of academia (senior and postgraduate levels) to gain in-depth knowledge of modern power systems in real world situations. An Excellent contribution." Tek Tjing Lie, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

"This book provides a good balance among theoretical, practical, fundamental and advanced analyses. Consequently, this book can be useful for students as well as senior researchers and engineers. The examples discuss from basic problems to advanced applications. The inclusion of DC systems is also very timely, as the interest surrounding these systems has increased recently. These characteristics make this book relevant and valuable." Walmir Freitas, University of Campinas, Brazil

"The book provides a comprehensive and in-depth treatment to the analysis and computation of common short-circuit faults in modern power systems. Not only it brings together theoretical and practical aspects of short-circuit analysis but also present it in a lucid manner. The book elucidates ANSI and IEC short-circuit calculation methods through illustrative examples. It is clearly an outstanding and great resource for college students and power engineers in understanding short-circuit analysis and standard calculation methods." Surya Santoso, The University of Texas at Austin

"Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems: ANSI, IEEE, and IEC Standards contains all essential material to understand the nature of short-circuit currents, the symmetrical components for unsymmetrical faults, and matrix methods of solutions that are used on digital computers. It also covers the methodology of short-circuit calculations using both ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, thus making it useful for both sides of the Atlantic. The conceptual and analytical differences in the calculations between the two standards are illustrated with many practical examples. I am deeply convinced that the approach and selection of topics for this volume is appropriate for practicing electrical power systems engineers or professionals-in-training." Dimitris P. Labridis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece "This handy reference book provides essential details, both theoretical and practical, on short-circuit calculations for power transmission and distribution systems. It would be especially useful for practicing power engineers who need a good refence book for calculating short-circuits in power systems as well as those in academia studying power system analysis." -IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February Vol. 36, No. 1

"This handbook is an excellent book which is filled not only with practical wisdom for all of practicing engineers to use as one of their references but also with theoretical depth for all of academia (senior and postgraduate levels) to gain in-depth knowledge of modern power systems in real world situations. An excellent contribution." Tek Tjing Lie, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

"This book provides a good balance among theoretical, practical, fundamental, and advanced analyses. Consequently, this book can be useful for students as well as senior researchers and engineers. The examples discuss from basic problems to advanced applications. The inclusion of DC systems is also very timely, as the interest surrounding these systems has increased recently. These characteristics make this book relevant and valuable." Walmir Freitas, University of Campinas, Brazil

"The book provides a comprehensive and in-depth treatment to the analysis and computation of common short-circuit faults in modern power systems. Not only it brings together theoretical and practical aspects of short-circuit analysis but also present it in a lucid manner. The book elucidates ANSI and IEC short-circuit calculation methods through illustrative examples. It is clearly an outstanding and great resource for college students and power engineers in understanding short-circuit analysis and standard calculation methods." Surya Santoso, University of Texas at Austin

"Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems: ANSI, IEEE, and IEC Standards contains all essential material to understand the nature of short-circuit currents, the symmetrical components for unsymmetrical faults, and matrix methods of solutions that are used on digital computers. It also covers the methodology of short-circuit calculations using both ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, thus making it useful for both sides of the Atlantic. The conceptual and analytical differences in the calculations between the two standards are illustrated with many practical examples. I am deeply convinced that the approach and selection of topics for this volume is appropriate for practicing electrical power systems engineers or professionals-in-training." Dimitris P. Labridis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Series Preface xv
Preface to Volume 1: Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems xvii
Author xix
1 Design and Analyses Concepts of Power Systems
1(34)
1.1 Static and Dynamic Systems
2(1)
1.2 State Variables
3(2)
1.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems
5(1)
1.3.1 Property of Decomposition
6(1)
1.4 Linearizing a Nonlinear System
6(3)
1.5 Time-Invariant Systems
9(2)
1.6 Lumped and Distributed Parameters
11(1)
1.7 Optimization
12(1)
1.8 Planning and Design of Electrical Power Systems
12(2)
1.9 Electrical Standards and Codes
14(1)
1.10 Reliability Analyses
15(10)
1.10.1 Availability
16(1)
1.10.1.1 Exponential Distribution
17(1)
1.10.2 Data for Reliability Evaluations
18(1)
1.10.3 Methods of Evaluation
18(4)
1.10.4 Reliability and Safety
22(3)
1.11 Extent of System Modeling
25(3)
1.11.1 Short-Circuit Calculations
26(2)
1.11.2 Load Flow Calculations
28(1)
1.11.3 Harmonic Analysis
28(1)
1.12 Power System Studies
28(1)
1.13 Power System Studies Software
29(1)
1.14 System of Units
30(5)
Problems
30(2)
References
32(3)
2 Modern Electrical Power Systems
35(50)
2.1 Classification
35(3)
2.1.1 Utility Companies in the USA
36(1)
2.1.2 North American Power System Interconnections
37(1)
2.2 Deregulation of Power Industry
38(1)
2.2.1 Generation Company (GENCO)
38(1)
2.2.2 Transmission Company (TRANSCO)
39(1)
2.2.3 Distribution Company (DISTCO)
39(1)
2.3 The New Energy Platform
39(14)
2.3.1 Sustainable, Renewable, and Green Energy
40(1)
2.3.2 Green Energy
41(1)
2.3.3 Hydroelectric Plants
41(2)
2.3.4 Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Plants
43(1)
2.3.5 Nuclear Power
43(4)
2.3.5.1 Breeder Reactors
47(1)
2.3.5.2 Nuclear Fusion
47(1)
2.3.5.3 Nuclear Power around the Globe
48(1)
2.3.5.4 Is Nuclear Power Green Energy?
48(1)
2.3.6 Geothermal Plants
49(1)
2.3.7 Solar and Wind Energy
50(1)
2.3.8 Biofuels and Carbon-Neutral Fuels
50(1)
2.3.9 Local Green Energy Systems
51(1)
2.3.10 Fuel Cells
51(1)
2.3.11 Reducing Caron Emissions
52(1)
2.4 Large Power Stations of the World
53(4)
2.5 Smart Grid
57(2)
2.5.1 Legislative Measures
58(1)
2.5.2 Technologies Driving Smart Grid
58(1)
2.6 Microgrids and Distributed Generation
59(4)
2.7 Energy Storage
63(5)
2.7.1 Flywheel Storage
64(3)
2.7.2 Superconductivity
67(1)
2.7.2.1 Applications in Electrical Systems
68(1)
2.8 Transmission Systems
68(1)
2.9 Industrial Systems
69(2)
2.10 Distribution Systems
71(6)
2.10.1 The Radial System
72(1)
2.10.2 The Parallel or Loop System
73(1)
2.10.3 Network or Grid System
73(2)
2.10.4 Primary Distribution System
75(2)
2.11 Future Load Growth
77(1)
2.12 Underground versus OH Systems
77(3)
2.12.1 Spot Network
78(2)
2.13 HVDC Transmission
80(5)
2.13.1 HVDC Light
80(1)
2.13.2 HVDC Configurations and Operating Modes
80(2)
Problems
82(1)
Bibliography
82(2)
IEEE Color Books
84(1)
3 Wind and Solar Power Generation and Interconnections with Utility
85(46)
3.1 Prospective of Wind Generation in the USA
85(2)
3.2 Characteristics of Wind Power Generation
87(6)
3.2.1 Maximum Transfer Capability
91(1)
3.2.2 Power Reserves and Regulation
92(1)
3.2.3 Congestion Management
93(1)
3.3 Wind Energy Conversion
93(4)
3.3.1 Drive Train
94(2)
3.3.2 Towers
96(1)
3.3.3 Rotor Blades
96(1)
3.4 The Cube Law
97(2)
3.5 Operation
99(4)
3.5.1 Speed Control
101(1)
3.5.2 Behavior under Faults and Low-Voltage Ride Through
102(1)
3.6 Wind Generators
103(4)
3.6.1 Induction Generators
103(2)
3.6.2 Direct Coupled Induction Generator
105(1)
3.6.3 Induction Generator Connected to Grid through Full Size Converter
105(1)
3.6.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
106(1)
3.6.5 Synchronous Generators
107(1)
3.7 Reactive Power and Wind Turbine Controls
107(4)
3.8 Power Electronics and Harmonics
111(2)
3.8.1 Power Electronics
111(1)
3.8.2 Harmonics
112(1)
3.9 Computer Modeling
113(2)
3.9.1 A Wind Turbine Controller
113(2)
3.10 Solar Power
115(1)
3.11 CSP Plants
116(4)
3.11.1 Solar Energy Collectors
116(1)
3.11.1.1 Parabolic Dish Concentrators
117(1)
3.11.1.2 Solar Tower
118(1)
3.11.2 Trackers
118(1)
3.11.2.1 Photovoltaic Trackers
119(1)
3.12 Direct Conversion of Solar Energy through PV Cells
120(1)
3.12.1 Cells, Modules, Panels, and Systems
120(1)
3.12.1.1 PV Module
120(1)
3.12.1.2 PV Panel
121(1)
3.12.1.3 PV Array
121(1)
3.12.1.4 PV Array Subfield
121(1)
3.13 Classification of Solar Cells
121(2)
3.14 Utility Connections of Distributed Resources
123(8)
3.14.1 Voltage Control
123(1)
3.14.2 Grounding
123(1)
3.14.3 Synchronizing
123(1)
3.14.4 Distribution Secondary Spot Networks
124(1)
3.14.5 Inadvertent Energization
124(1)
3.14.6 Metering
124(1)
3.14.7 Isolation Device
124(1)
3.14.8 EMI Interference
124(1)
3.14.9 Surge Withstand
125(1)
3.14.10 Paralleling Device
125(1)
3.14.11 Area Faults
125(1)
3.14.12 Abnormal Frequencies
125(1)
3.14.13 Reconnection
125(1)
3.14.14 Harmonics
125(1)
Problems
126(1)
References
127(4)
4 Short-Circuit Currents and Symmetrical Components
131(42)
4.1 Nature of Short-Circuit Currents
132(3)
4.2 Symmetrical Components
135(3)
4.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
138(1)
4.4 Symmetrical Component Transformation
139(7)
4.4.1 Similarity Transformation
139(2)
4.4.2 Decoupling a Three-Phase Symmetrical System
141(4)
4.4.3 Decoupling a Three-Phase Unsymmetrical System
145(1)
4.4.4 Power Invariance in Symmetrical Component Transformation
146(1)
4.5 Clarke Component Transformation
146(4)
4.6 Characteristics of Symmetrical Components
150(3)
4.7 Sequence Impedance of Network Components
153(15)
4.7.1 Construction of Sequence Networks
153(2)
4.7.2 Transformers
155(1)
4.7.2.1 Delta--Wye or Wye--Delta Transformer
155(2)
4.7.2.2 Wye--Wye Transformer
157(1)
4.7.2.3 Delta--Delta Transformer
158(1)
4.7.2.4 Zigzag Transformer
158(1)
4.7.2.5 Three-Winding Transformers
159(4)
4.7.3 Static Load
163(1)
4.7.4 Synchronous Machines
163(5)
4.8 Computer Models of Sequence Networks
168(5)
Problems
170(1)
Bibliography
171(2)
5 Unsymmetrical Fault Calculations
173(40)
5.1 Line-to-Ground Fault
173(2)
5.2 Line-to-Line Fault
175(2)
5.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault
177(2)
5.4 Three-Phase Fault
179(1)
5.5 Phase Shift in Three-Phase Transformers
180(6)
5.5.1 Transformer Connections
180(1)
5.5.2 Phase Shifts in Winding Connections
180(3)
5.5.3 Phase Shift for Negative Sequence Components
183(3)
5.6 Unsymmetrical Fault Calculations
186(7)
5.7 System Grounding
193(11)
5.7.1 Solidly Grounded Systems
195(1)
5.7.2 Resistance Grounding
196(1)
5.7.2.1 High-Resistance Grounded Systems
197(6)
5.7.2.2 Coefficient of Grounding
203(1)
5.8 Open Conductor Faults
204(9)
5.8.1 Two-Conductor Open Fault
204(1)
5.8.2 One-Conductor Open
204(5)
Problems
209(2)
Bibliography
211(1)
References
211(2)
6 Matrix Methods for Network Solutions
213(46)
6.1 Network Models
213(1)
6.2 Bus Admittance Matrix
214(5)
6.3 Bus Impedance Matrix
219(2)
6.3.1 Bus Impedance Matrix from Open-Circuit Testing
220(1)
6.4 Loop Admittance and Impedance Matrices
221(2)
6.4.1 Selection of Loop Equations
223(1)
6.5 Graph Theory
223(3)
6.6 Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrices by Graph Approach
226(7)
6.6.1 Primitive Network
226(2)
6.6.2 Incidence Matrix from Graph Concepts
228(4)
6.6.3 Node Elimination in Y-Matrix
232(1)
6.7 Algorithms for Construction of Bus Impedance Matrix
233(13)
6.7.1 Adding a Tree Branch to an Existing Node
234(2)
6.7.2 Adding a Link
236(2)
6.7.3 Removal of an Uncoupled Branch
238(1)
6.7.4 Changing Impedance of an Uncoupled Branch
238(1)
6.7.5 Removal of a Coupled Branch
238(8)
6.8 Short-Circuit Calculations with Bus Impedance Matrix
246(10)
6.8.1 Line-to-Ground Fault
246(1)
6.8.2 Line-to-Line Fault
246(1)
6.8.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault
247(9)
6.9 Solution of Large Network Equations
256(3)
Problems
257(1)
Bibliography
258(1)
7 Current Interruptions in AC Networks
259(54)
7.1 Rheostatic Breaker
259(2)
7.2 AC Arc Interruption
261(2)
7.2.1 Arc Interruption Theories
261(1)
7.2.1.1 Cassie's Theory
261(1)
7.2.1.2 Mayr's Theory
262(1)
7.2.1.3 Cassie-Mayr Theory
262(1)
7.3 Current-Zero Breaker
263(1)
7.4 Transient Recovery Voltage
264(5)
7.4.1 First Pole to Clear Factor
266(3)
7.5 The Terminal Fault
269(2)
7.5.1 Four-Parameter Method
269(1)
7.5.2 Two-Parameter Representation
270(1)
7.6 The Short-Line Fault
271(2)
7.7 Interruption of Low Inductive Currents
273(3)
7.7.1 Virtual Current Chopping
275(1)
7.8 Interruption of Capacitance Currents
276(2)
7.9 TRV in Capacitive and Inductive Circuits
278(1)
7.10 Prestrikes in Circuit Breakers
279(1)
7.11 Overvoltages on Energizing HV Lines
280(8)
7.11.1 Overvoltage Control
282(1)
7.11.2 Synchronous Operation
283(1)
7.11.3 Synchronous Capacitor Switching
283(1)
7.11.4 Shunt Reactors
284(3)
7.11.4.1 Oscillation Modes
287(1)
7.12 Out-of-Phase Closing
288(1)
7.13 Resistance Switching
289(4)
7.14 Failure Modes of Circuit Breakers
293(2)
7.15 Stresses in Circuit Breakers
295(1)
7.16 Classification of Circuit Breakers according to Interrupting Medium
295(9)
7.16.1 SF6 Circuit Breakers
296(1)
7.16.1.1 Electronegativity of SF6
297(2)
7.16.2 Operating Mechanisms
299(1)
7.16.3 Vacuum Interruption
300(1)
7.16.3.1 Current Chopping and Multiple Ignitions
301(2)
7.16.3.2 Switching of Unloaded Dry-Type Transformers
303(1)
7.17 Part Winding Resonance in Transformers
304(2)
7.17.1 Snubber Circuits
306(1)
7.18 Solid-State Circuit Breakers
306(7)
Problems
308(1)
Bibliography
309(1)
References
310(3)
8 Application and Ratings of Circuit Breakers and Fuses according to ANSI Standards
313(58)
8.1 Total and Symmetrical Current Basis
314(2)
8.2 Asymmetrical Ratings
316(1)
8.2.1 Contact Parting Time
316(1)
8.3 Voltage Range Factor K
317(3)
8.4 Circuit Breaker Timing Diagram
320(1)
8.5 Maximum Peak Current
321(1)
8.6 Permissible Tripping Delay
322(1)
8.7 Service Capability Duty Requirements and Reclosing Capability
322(4)
8.7.1 Transient Stability on Fast Reclosing
323(3)
8.8 Shunt Capacitance Switching
326(9)
8.8.1 Switching of Cables
331(4)
8.9 Line Closing Switching Surge Factor
335(2)
8.9.1 Switching of Transformers
336(1)
8.10 Out-of-Phase Switching Current Rating
337(1)
8.11 Transient Recovery Voltage
337(16)
8.11.1 Circuit Breakers Rated Below 100 kV
338(1)
8.11.2 Circuit Breakers Rated 100 kV and Above
338(4)
8.11.3 Short-Line Faults
342(2)
8.11.4 Oscillatory TRV
344(1)
8.11.4.1 Exponential (Overdamped) TRV
344(1)
8.11.5 Initial TRV
345(1)
8.11.6 Adopting IEC TRV Profiles in IEEE Standards
345(5)
8.11.7 Definite-Purpose TRV Breakers
350(1)
8.11.8 TRV Calculation Techniques
350(3)
8.12 Generator Circuit Breakers
353(5)
8.13 Specifications of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
358(1)
8.14 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
358(5)
8.14.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers
358(1)
8.14.2 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs)
359(1)
8.14.3 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs)
359(2)
8.14.3.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability
361(1)
8.14.3.2 Short-Time Ratings
361(1)
8.14.3.3 Series Connected Ratings
362(1)
8.15 Fuses
363(8)
8.15.1 Current-Limiting Fuses
364(1)
8.15.2 Low-Voltage Fuses
365(1)
8.15.3 High-Voltage Fuses
365(1)
8.15.4 Interrupting Ratings
366(1)
Problems
367(1)
References
368(3)
9 Short Circuit of Synchronous and Induction Machines and Converters
371(50)
9.1 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine
372(3)
9.1.1 Leakage Reactance XI
372(1)
9.1.2 Subtransient Reactance X"d
372(1)
9.1.3 Transient Reactance X'd
372(1)
9.1.4 Synchronous Reactance Xd
372(1)
9.1.5 Quadrature Axis Reactances X"q, X'q, and Xq
373(1)
9.1.6 Negative Sequence Reactance X2
374(1)
9.1.7 Zero Sequence Reactance X0
374(1)
9.1.8 Potier Reactance Xp
374(1)
9.2 Saturation of Reactances
375(1)
9.3 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines
375(1)
9.3.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant T'do
375(1)
9.3.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant T'd
375(1)
9.3.3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant T'd
375(1)
9.3.4 Armature Time Constant Ta
375(1)
9.4 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Short Circuit
375(11)
9.4.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault
380(3)
9.4.2 Fault Decrement Curve
383(3)
9.5 Circuit Equations of Unit Machines
386(4)
9.6 Park's Transformation
390(5)
9.6.1 Reactance Matrix of a Synchronous Machine
390(3)
9.6.2 Transformation of Reactance Matrix
393(2)
9.7 Park's Voltage Equation
395(2)
9.8 Circuit Model of Synchronous Machines
397(2)
9.9 Calculation Procedure and Examples
399(9)
9.9.1 Manufacturer's Data
406(2)
9.10 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers
408(1)
9.11 Induction Motors
409(4)
9.12 Capacitor Contribution to the Short-Circuit Currents
413(1)
9.13 Static Converters Contribution to the Short-Circuit Currents
414(3)
9.14 Practical Short-Circuit Calculations
417(4)
Problems
418(1)
References
419(1)
Bibliography
419(2)
10 Short-Circuit Calculations according to ANSI Standards
421(58)
10.1 Types of Calculations
421(2)
10.1.1 Assomptions
422(1)
10.1.2 Maximum Peak Current
422(1)
10.2 Accounting for Short-Circuit Current Decay
423(2)
10.2.1 Low-Voltage Motors
424(1)
10.3 Rotating Machine Model
425(1)
10.4 Type and Severity of System Short Circuits
426(1)
10.5 Calculation Methods
427(8)
10.5.1 Simplified Method X/R ≤ 17
427(1)
10.5.2 Simplified Method X/R > 17
427(1)
10.5.3 E/X Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments
427(1)
10.5.4 Fault Fed from Remote Sources
428(2)
10.5.5 Fault Fed from Local Sources
430(5)
10.5.6 Weighted Multiplying Factors
435(1)
10.6 Network Reduction
435(2)
10.6.1 E/X or E/Z Calculation
436(1)
10.7 Breaker Duty Calculations
437(1)
10.8 Generator Source Asymmetry
437(2)
10.9 Calculation Procedure
439(5)
10.9.1 Necessity of Gathering Accurate Data
439(1)
10.9.2 Calculation Procedure
440(1)
10.9.3 Analytical Calculation Procedure
441(1)
10.9.4 Hand Calculations
441(1)
10.9.5 Dynamic Simulation
441(1)
10.9.6 Circuit Breakers with Sources on Either Side
441(2)
10.9.7 Switching Devices without Short-Circuit Interruption Ratings
443(1)
10.9.8 Adjustments for Transformer Taps and Ratios
443(1)
10.10 Examples of Calculations
444(20)
10.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties
444(4)
10.10.2 K-Rated 15 kV Breakers
448(4)
10.10.3 4.16 kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters
452(1)
10.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches
452(1)
10.10.5 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
452(1)
10.10.6 Bus Bracings
452(3)
10.10.7 Power Cables
455(1)
10.10.8 Overhead Line Conductors
456(4)
10.10.9 Generator Source Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current
460(1)
10.10.10 Generator Source Asymmetrical Current
461(1)
10.10.11 System Source Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current
461(1)
10.10.12 System Source Asymmetrical Short-Circuit Current
462(1)
10.10.13 Required Closing Latching Capabilities
462(1)
10.10.14 Selection of the Generator Breaker
463(1)
10.11 Deriving an Equivalent Impedance
464(5)
10.12 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents
469(1)
10.13 Fault Current Limiters
470(9)
10.13.1 Superconducting Fault Current Limiters
473(1)
Problems
474(3)
References
477(2)
11 Short-Circuit Calculations according to IEC Standards
479(42)
11.1 Conceptual and Analytical Differences
479(4)
11.1.1 Breaking Capability
479(1)
11.1.2 Rated Restriking Voltage
480(1)
11.1.3 Rated Making Capacity
480(1)
11.1.4 Rated Opening Time and Break Time
480(1)
11.1.5 Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current
480(1)
11.1.6 Peak Making Current
481(1)
11.1.7 Breaking Current
481(1)
11.1.8 Steady-State Current
481(1)
11.1.9 Highest Short-Circuit Currents
482(1)
11.2 Prefault Voltage
483(1)
11.3 Far-From Generator Faults
483(6)
11.3.1 Nonmeshed Sources
485(2)
11.3.2 Meshed Networks
487(1)
11.3.2.1 Method A: Uniform Ratio R/X or X/R Ratio Method
487(1)
11.3.2.2 Ratio R/X or X/R at the Short-Circuit Location
487(1)
11.3.2.3 Method C: Equivalent Frequency Method
488(1)
11.4 Near-to-Generator Faults
489(6)
11.4.1 Generators Directly Connected to Systems
489(1)
11.4.2 Generators and Unit Transformers of Power Station Units
490(1)
11.4.3 Motors
491(1)
11.4.4 Short-Circuit Currents Fed from One Generator
491(1)
11.4.4.1 Breaking Current
491(1)
11.4.4.2 Steady-State Current
492(1)
11.4.5 Short-Circuit Currents in Nonmeshed Networks
493(1)
11.4.6 Short-Circuit Currents in Meshed Networks
494(1)
11.5 Influence of Motors
495(2)
11.5.1 Low-Voltage Motor Groups
496(1)
11.5.2 Calculations of Breaking Currents of Asynchronous Motors
496(1)
11.5.3 Static Converter Fed Drives
497(1)
11.6 Comparison with ANSI/IEE Calculation Procedures
497(2)
11.7 Examples of Calculations and Comparison with ANSI Methods
499(14)
11.8 Electromagnetic Transients Program Simulation of a Generator Terminal Short Circuit
513(8)
11.8.1 The Effect of PF
513(4)
Problems
517(2)
References
519(2)
12 Calculations of Short-Circuit Currents in Direct Current Systems
521(34)
12.1 DC Short-Circuit Current Sources
521(2)
12.2 Calculation Procedures
523(2)
12.2.1 IEC Calculation Procedure
523(2)
12.2.2 Matrix Methods
525(1)
12.3 Short-Circuit of a Lead Acid Battery
525(6)
12.4 Short-Circuit of DC Motors and Generators
531(6)
12.5 Short-Circuit of a Rectifier
537(6)
12.6 Short-Circuit of a Charged Capacitor
543(1)
12.7 Total Short-Circuit Current
544(1)
12.8 DC Circuit Breakers
545(3)
12.9 DC Rated Fuses
548(1)
12.10 Protection of the Semi-Conductor Devices
548(2)
12.11 High-Voltage DC Circuit Breakers
550(5)
Problems
553(1)
References
553(2)
Appendix A Matrix Methods 555(32)
Appendix B Sparsity and Optimal Ordering 587(8)
Appendix C Transformers and Reactors 595(34)
Appendix D Solution to the Problems 629(80)
Index 709
Dr. J.C. Das is currently the President of Power System Studies, Inc. Snellville, USA. He headed the Electrical Power Systems Analysis Department at AMEC Inc., (now AMEC Foster Wheeler, Inc.) Tucker, GA, USA, for the last 30 years. He has varied experience in the utility industry, industrial establishments, hydroelectric generation, and atomic energy. He is responsible for power system studies, including short-circuit, load flow, harmonics, stability, arc-flash hazard, grounding, switching transients, EMTP simulations, and protective relaying. He conducts courses for continuing education in power systems and has authored or coauthored approximately 65 technical publications, six textbooks, and over 7,000 total published pages.