Preface |
|
ix | |
Author |
|
xi | |
|
|
xiii | |
|
Introduction: Free Radical Damage versus Free Radical Signaling |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
Free Radical Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Enzymes---Producers of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species |
|
|
5 | (50) |
|
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase |
|
|
5 | (4) |
|
Mechanism of Catalytic Activity of Xanthine Oxidase |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Inhibitors and Activators of Xanthine Oxidase |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Signaling Processes Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Enhancement of ROS Production by XO in Pathological States |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
ROS Signaling by Phagocyte and Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidases |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Signaling Processes in Activation of Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase |
|
|
10 | (4) |
|
Signaling Processes Catalyzed by Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
Localization and Mechanisms of Activation of Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Activators and Inhibitors of Endothelial NADPH Oxidase |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Signaling Mechanisms of Activation and Catalytic Activity of Endothelial NADPH Oxidase |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
Cyclical Generation of Superoxide in Signaling Processes Catalyzed by Endothelial Nox |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Nonphagocyte Nox in Pathological States |
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
Cross Talk between ROS-Producing Enzymes |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
ROS Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Nitric Oxide Synthases |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Catalysis by NO Synthases |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
Activators and Inhibitors of NO Synthases |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Signaling Mechanisms of Activation of NO Synthases |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
Signaling Processes Catalyzed by NO Synthases |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by NO Synthases in Pathophysiological Processes |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
|
38 | (17) |
|
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Signaling in Mitochondria |
|
|
55 | (26) |
|
ROS Signaling in Mitochondria |
|
|
55 | (13) |
|
Mechanisms of Superoxide Production by Mitochondria |
|
|
55 | (4) |
|
Comparison of Complex I and Complex III as Producers of Superoxide in Mitochondria |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Stimulation and Inhibition of ROS Production in Mitochondria |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
Uncoupled Proteins in Mitochondrial Electron Transport |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial ROS Signaling in Pathological States |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
Mitochondrial ROS Signaling under Physiological Conditions |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
Signaling Functions of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Mitochondria |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
Inhibition of COX and Dioxygen Consumption by Nitric Oxide in Mitochondria |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (10) |
|
ROS and RNS Signaling in Catalysis of Heterolytic Reactions by Kinases, Phosphatases, and Other Enzymes |
|
|
81 | (48) |
|
|
81 | (25) |
|
|
81 | (4) |
|
Protein Kinase Akt/Protein Kinase B |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases ERK1/2 |
|
|
87 | (9) |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs), Also Called Stress-Activated Protein Kinases (SAPKs) |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, I and II (PKAI and PKAII) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
Glutathione Transferase, Soluble Guanylate Cyclase |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Metalloproteinases (MMPs) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Endothelin Converting Enzyme |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (17) |
|
ROS and RNS Signaling in Apoptosis |
|
|
129 | (30) |
|
Stimulation and Inhibition of ROS-Induced Apoptosis |
|
|
129 | (5) |
|
Mitochondrial ROS as Apoptosis Initiators |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling in Apoptosis |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
Enzymatic Apoptotic Cascades Mediated by ROS |
|
|
138 | (8) |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
|
149 | (10) |
|
ROS and RNS Signaling in Senescence and Aging |
|
|
159 | (30) |
|
Free Radicals in Aged Cells, Tissues, and Whole Organisms |
|
|
160 | (11) |
|
Enhancement of ROS Production in Mitochondria, Cells, and Tissue with Age |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
Antioxidant Enzymes CuZnSOD and MnSOD in Aging and Senescence |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
SOD Activities in Aged Humans |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
ROS Signaling in Cellular Aging and Senescence |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Cyclooxygenase-Catalyzed Free Radical Overproduction in Age |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Gene Regulation of Free Radical Formation in Age |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Free Radical-Mediated Apoptosis in Age |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Free Radical-Mediated Damage in Aging and Senescence |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
ROS Signaling and DNA Damage in Senescence and Aging |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial DNA Damage and NO/O2 Competition for Cytochrome c Oxidase as Origins of Senescence and Aging |
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
What Are the Primary Causes of Aging and Senescence? |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Treatment against Aging and Senescence: Possibility of Enlargement of Life Span |
|
|
175 | (4) |
|
Comments on Long-Living Animals |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
α-Lipoic Acid, Ubiquinones, Metallothioneins, and Carnitine |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Mimetics |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (10) |
|
Mechanisms of ROS and RNS Signaling in Enzymatic Catalysis |
|
|
189 | (14) |
|
Major Reactive Signaling Molecules: O2.-, H2O2, NO, ONOO- |
|
|
189 | (4) |
|
ROS and RNS Signaling by Reactions with the Sulfhydryl Groups of Enzymes |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of ROS Signaling during Inactivation of Phosphatases |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of ROS Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Protein Kinases |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Chain Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
Nucleophilic Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling in GTPase-Catalyzed Reactions |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (5) |
Index |
|
203 | |