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E-raamat: Signaling Mechanisms of Oxygen and Nitrogen Free Radicals

(All-Union Vitamin Research Institute, Moscow, Russia)
  • Formaat: 220 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jun-2009
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420073751
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  • Formaat: 220 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jun-2009
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420073751

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Once the existence of free radicals was proven, an avalanche of studies on free radical-mediated biological processes ensued. The study of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) is center stage in biological free radical investigations. Written by a biochemist, Signaling Mechanisms of Oxygen and Nitrogen Free Radicals discusses the regulatory functions of ROS and RNS in physiological and pathophysiological states.





An exploration of the main questions of signaling mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in enzymatic processes, this book draws attention to the chemical mechanisms of these reactions. It elucidates the differences between signaling functions and damaging effects of ROS and RNS in biological systems. The text also covers free radical signaling processes catalyzed by enzymes, producers of superoxide and nitric oxide that are able to use produced ROS and RNS as signaling species in their own catalytic processes. It then examines ROS and RNS signaling produced by mitochondrial enzymes. The author explores signaling functions of ROS and RNS in enzymatic heterolytic reactions, supplying important data on ROS and RNS signaling in the catalysis by the enzymes which do not produce free radicals by themselves. He provides information on signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in apoptosis and aging/senescence and concludes with coverage of mechanisms of free radical signaling in enzymatic processes.





The book provides new understanding of signaling functions in living organisms related to cardiovascular processes, cancer, inflammation, hereditary diseases, and their regulation of physiological functions such as development, aging, and senescence. This information can support the development of new drugs and novel treatment methods.
Preface ix
Author xi
List of Abbreviations
xiii
Introduction: Free Radical Damage versus Free Radical Signaling
1(4)
Free Radical Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Enzymes---Producers of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
5(50)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase
5(4)
Mechanism of Catalytic Activity of Xanthine Oxidase
5(1)
Inhibitors and Activators of Xanthine Oxidase
6(1)
Signaling Processes Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase
7(1)
Enhancement of ROS Production by XO in Pathological States
8(1)
ROS Signaling by Phagocyte and Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidases
9(1)
Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase
9(1)
Signaling Processes in Activation of Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase
10(4)
Signaling Processes Catalyzed by Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase
14(1)
Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase
14(2)
Localization and Mechanisms of Activation of Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase
16(1)
Activators and Inhibitors of Endothelial NADPH Oxidase
17(1)
Signaling Mechanisms of Activation and Catalytic Activity of Endothelial NADPH Oxidase
18(3)
Cyclical Generation of Superoxide in Signaling Processes Catalyzed by Endothelial Nox
21(1)
Nonphagocyte Nox in Pathological States
22(3)
Cross Talk between ROS-Producing Enzymes
25(1)
ROS Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Nitric Oxide Synthases
25(1)
Mechanisms of Catalysis by NO Synthases
26(3)
Activators and Inhibitors of NO Synthases
29(1)
Signaling Mechanisms of Activation of NO Synthases
30(3)
Signaling Processes Catalyzed by NO Synthases
33(3)
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by NO Synthases in Pathophysiological Processes
36(2)
References
38(17)
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Signaling in Mitochondria
55(26)
ROS Signaling in Mitochondria
55(13)
Mechanisms of Superoxide Production by Mitochondria
55(4)
Comparison of Complex I and Complex III as Producers of Superoxide in Mitochondria
59(1)
Stimulation and Inhibition of ROS Production in Mitochondria
60(2)
Uncoupled Proteins in Mitochondrial Electron Transport
62(1)
Mitochondrial ROS Signaling in Pathological States
63(3)
Mitochondrial ROS Signaling under Physiological Conditions
66(2)
Signaling Functions of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Mitochondria
68(3)
Inhibition of COX and Dioxygen Consumption by Nitric Oxide in Mitochondria
70(1)
References
71(10)
ROS and RNS Signaling in Catalysis of Heterolytic Reactions by Kinases, Phosphatases, and Other Enzymes
81(48)
Protein Kinases
81(25)
Protein Kinase C
81(4)
Protein Kinase Akt/Protein Kinase B
85(2)
MAP Kinase
87(1)
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases ERK1/2
87(9)
p38 Kinase
96(4)
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs), Also Called Stress-Activated Protein Kinases (SAPKs)
100(3)
cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, I and II (PKAI and PKAII)
103(1)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
103(1)
Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK)
104(1)
Janus Kinase (JAK)
105(1)
Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1)
105(1)
Phospholipases
106(1)
GTPases
106(2)
Phosphatases
108(2)
The Other Enzymes
110(2)
Glutathione Transferase, Soluble Guanylate Cyclase
110(1)
Tryptophan Hydroxylase
111(1)
Aldose Reductase
111(1)
Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
111(1)
Endothelin Converting Enzyme
112(1)
References
112(17)
ROS and RNS Signaling in Apoptosis
129(30)
Stimulation and Inhibition of ROS-Induced Apoptosis
129(5)
Mitochondrial ROS as Apoptosis Initiators
134(1)
Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling in Apoptosis
135(3)
Enzymatic Apoptotic Cascades Mediated by ROS
138(8)
RNS in Apoptosis
146(3)
References
149(10)
ROS and RNS Signaling in Senescence and Aging
159(30)
Free Radicals in Aged Cells, Tissues, and Whole Organisms
160(11)
Enhancement of ROS Production in Mitochondria, Cells, and Tissue with Age
160(2)
Antioxidant Enzymes CuZnSOD and MnSOD in Aging and Senescence
162(1)
SOD Activities in Aged Humans
163(1)
ROS Signaling in Cellular Aging and Senescence
164(3)
RNS in Cellular Aging
167(1)
Cyclooxygenase-Catalyzed Free Radical Overproduction in Age
168(1)
Gene Regulation of Free Radical Formation in Age
169(1)
Free Radical-Mediated Apoptosis in Age
170(1)
Mechanisms of Free Radical-Mediated Damage in Aging and Senescence
171(4)
ROS Signaling and DNA Damage in Senescence and Aging
171(1)
Mitochondrial DNA Damage and NO/O2 Competition for Cytochrome c Oxidase as Origins of Senescence and Aging
172(2)
What Are the Primary Causes of Aging and Senescence?
174(1)
Antioxidant Treatment against Aging and Senescence: Possibility of Enlargement of Life Span
175(4)
Comments on Long-Living Animals
175(1)
Calorie Restriction
175(1)
Antioxidants
176(1)
Vitamins E and C
176(1)
α-Lipoic Acid, Ubiquinones, Metallothioneins, and Carnitine
177(1)
(-)Deprenyl (Selegiline)
177(1)
Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Mimetics
178(1)
References
179(10)
Mechanisms of ROS and RNS Signaling in Enzymatic Catalysis
189(14)
Major Reactive Signaling Molecules: O2.-, H2O2, NO, ONOO-
189(4)
ROS and RNS Signaling by Reactions with the Sulfhydryl Groups of Enzymes
193(1)
Mechanism of ROS Signaling during Inactivation of Phosphatases
194(1)
Mechanisms of ROS Signaling in Reactions Catalyzed by Protein Kinases
195(2)
Chain Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling
197(1)
Nucleophilic Mechanism of Superoxide Signaling in GTPase-Catalyzed Reactions
197(1)
References
198(5)
Index 203
Afanas'ev, Igor B.