| About the Author |
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vii | |
| Foreword |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
| List of Abbreviations |
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xix | |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (8) |
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1.01 The Early Years: Trade Facilitation Negotiations from Uruguay to Doha |
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1 | (2) |
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1.02 Developing Countries' Resistance towards Single Windows and Other Trade Facilitation Measures |
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3 | (4) |
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1.03 Renewed Hope under the Bali Package |
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7 | (1) |
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1.04 Single Windows as a Tool for Economic Development |
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7 | (1) |
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1.05 Organization of the Book |
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8 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 The Importance of Single Windows as a Trade Facilitative Tool |
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9 | (28) |
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9 | (1) |
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2.02 The Concept of Trade Facilitation |
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10 | (19) |
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A Trade Facilitation Tools |
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11 | (14) |
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1 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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b Automated System for Customs Data |
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12 | (1) |
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2 The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |
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13 | (2) |
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a The Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention) 1975 |
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13 | (1) |
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b The United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business |
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14 | (1) |
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3 World Customs Organisation |
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15 | (3) |
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a The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Revised Kyoto Convention) |
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15 | (1) |
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b WCO Framework of the Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE Framework) |
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16 | (1) |
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c The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System |
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17 | (1) |
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4 World Trade Organization |
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18 | (7) |
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a Agreement on Trade Facilitation |
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18 | (1) |
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i Improvements to GATT Article X |
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18 | (1) |
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ii Improvements to GAIT Article VIII |
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19 | (1) |
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iii Improvements to GATT Article V |
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20 | (1) |
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b GATT Article IX: Marks of Origin |
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21 | (1) |
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c Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 (Customs Valuation Agreement) |
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22 | (1) |
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d Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade |
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23 | (1) |
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e Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures |
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24 | (1) |
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B Single Windows as a Trade Facilitation Tool |
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25 | (4) |
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25 | (1) |
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2 International Single Window Implementation |
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26 | (3) |
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2.03 Trade Facilitative Benefits of Single Windows |
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29 | (6) |
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A Efficiency in Processing of Documents |
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29 | (3) |
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1 Documentation Barriers to Efficient Border Processing |
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29 | (2) |
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2 Improving Border Processing Efficiency through Single Windows |
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31 | (1) |
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B Efficiency in Transmission of Documents |
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32 | (1) |
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C Efficiency in Border Tax Collection |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Single Window Systems and E-government Initiatives |
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37 | (16) |
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37 | (1) |
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3.02 Defining E-government |
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38 | (2) |
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A Definition of E-government |
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38 | (1) |
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B E-government Service Sectors |
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39 | (1) |
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3.03 Stages of E-government Development |
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40 | (5) |
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41 | (1) |
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B Stage 2: Two-Way Interaction |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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D Stage 4: Vertical Integration |
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43 | (1) |
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E Stage 5: Seamless Integration |
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44 | (1) |
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3.04 The Potential Benefits of E-government |
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45 | (5) |
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A Efficiency in Service Delivery |
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45 | (1) |
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B Increased Accountability, Transparency and Reduced Corruption |
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46 | (2) |
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C Improving Access to Government Services |
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48 | (1) |
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D Improving the Quality of Decision Making |
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49 | (1) |
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E Increasing Business Competitiveness and Economic Development |
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49 | (1) |
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3.05 E-government and Single Window Systems |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
| Chapter 4 Single Window Systems as a Tool for Combating Corruption in Customs |
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53 | (18) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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4.03 Causes of Corruption |
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56 | (4) |
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57 | (1) |
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B High Discretionary Powers |
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58 | (1) |
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C Ineffective Accountability |
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59 | (1) |
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4.04 Consequences of Corruption |
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60 | (1) |
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4.05 Role of Electronic Trade in Combating Customs Corruption |
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61 | (9) |
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A The Philippine Bureau of Customs |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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C Qatari General Directorate of Customs |
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66 | (4) |
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70 | (1) |
| Chapter 5 Attracting Foreign Direct Investment through Single Window Implementation |
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71 | (24) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (6) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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D The Structure of a Typical Global Value Chain |
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76 | (2) |
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5.03 Customs Efficiency as an FDI Incentive |
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78 | (4) |
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A The Impact of Border Inefficiencies on FDI |
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78 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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2 Disrupting JIT Processing |
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79 | (1) |
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3 Limiting Quantity of Manufactured Goods |
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80 | (1) |
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4 Disrupting Access to Markets |
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80 | (1) |
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B Empirical Link between Border Inefficiency and FDI |
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81 | (1) |
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5.04 Economic Benefits of FDI |
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82 | (10) |
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A FDI and Employment Creation |
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84 | (3) |
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B FDI and Technology Transfer |
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87 | (3) |
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C FDI and Export-Led-Growth |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (3) |
| Chapter 6 Technological Challenges to Single Window Implementation in Developing Countries |
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95 | (28) |
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95 | (1) |
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6.02 Establishing and Maintaining Basic Infrastructure Necessary to Support Electronic Trading Systems |
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96 | (14) |
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A The Digital Divide Barriers to Electronic Border Environment in Developing Countries |
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97 | (3) |
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1 Lack of Modern ICT Infrastructure |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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B Bridging the Digital Divide through Legal Reform |
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100 | (9) |
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1 Legal Reforms Allowing for Market Liberalization |
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100 | (6) |
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a Liberalizing ICT Markets |
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101 | (2) |
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b Regulation of Competition |
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103 | (2) |
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c Establishing a Regulatory Body |
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105 | (1) |
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2 Legal Reform Promoting ICT Awareness |
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106 | (1) |
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3 Legislating against Cybercrimes |
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107 | (2) |
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C Gradual Path to Complete ICT Development |
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109 | (1) |
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6.03 Selecting and Implementing an Electronic Customs System |
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110 | (10) |
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A Choice between In-House and Off-the-Shelf System |
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111 | (2) |
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B Cost of System Implementation and Maintenance |
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113 | (2) |
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C Overcoming Single Window Implementation Costs |
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115 | (4) |
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1 Self-Funded Implementation |
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115 | (1) |
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2 International Donor Support |
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115 | (3) |
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3 Public-Private Partnership |
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118 | (1) |
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D Managing Operational Costs |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
| Chapter 7 Legal Effectiveness of Electronic Trade Documents |
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123 | (18) |
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123 | (2) |
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7.02 Policy Objectives Underlying Authentication and Signature Requirement |
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125 | (2) |
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A Identification Function |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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7.03 Electronic Signature Techniques |
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127 | (3) |
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A Digital Signatures/Public Key Cryptography |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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7.04 Electronic Signatures: Compliance with Signature Requirements |
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130 | (3) |
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A E-signatures and Identification Function |
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130 | (1) |
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B E-signatures and Attribution Function |
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131 | (1) |
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C E-signatures and Integrity Function |
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132 | (1) |
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D The Importance of Granting Legal Recognition to Electronic Signatures |
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133 | (1) |
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7.05 Legislative Approaches to Recognizing Electronic Signatures |
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133 | (4) |
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A Technology-Specific/Prescriptive Approach |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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C Two-Tiered/Two-Pronged Approach |
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136 | (1) |
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7.06 Adopting a Legislative Approach Suitable for International Trade |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 Conclusion |
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141 | (4) |
| References |
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145 | (20) |
| Table of Legislation and Regulation |
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165 | (2) |
| Index |
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167 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta