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E-raamat: Sixty Years of EU State Aid Law and Policy: Analysis and Assessment

  • Formaat: 480 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: Kluwer Law International
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789041189240
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  • Formaat: 480 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: Kluwer Law International
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789041189240
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"[ This book provides a review of] state aid, from its evolution to the practical implementation of current rules. If an EU industrial policy can be said to exist, its contours may be found in the complex and evolving concept of state aid. Because approaching any state aid issue can be fraught with multiple and sometimes conflicting interpretations, an in-depth analysis of the rationales, initiatives and regulations that constitute the state aid system is much needed. In response to this need, this book provides a...clarifying context through which recent reforms, policy shifts and judicial decisions concerning state aid can be understood and applied to specific situations."--

If an EU industrial policy can be said to exist, its contours may be found in the complex and evolving concept of State aid. Because approaching any State aid issue can be fraught with multiple and sometimes conflicting interpretations, an in-depth analysis of the rationales, initiatives, and regulations that constitute the State aid system is much needed. In response to this need, this book provides a fine-grained clarifying context through which recent reforms, policy shifts, and judicial decisions concerning State aid can be understood and applied to specific situations.

Focusing on the impacts of landmark cases and policy developments leading up to a deeply informed critique of the current State Aid Modernisation Programme, the authors cover such issues and topics as the following:

  • – linkages to other established and evolving EU common policies and common strategies;
  • – effect of EU State aid rules in the expanding geopolitical regions of EU influence;
  • – interaction with the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement;
  • – the problem of a ‘subsidies culture’;
  • – how the European Commission’s notion of ‘bad’ State aid has evolved;
  • – effect of EU policy imperatives (e.g., environmental goals) which implicitly argue for increased subsidisation;
  • – nexus with EU tax harmonisation;
  • – competition among undertakings versus competition among Member State policies; and
  • – nature of the quasi-devolution of regulatory responsibilities to EU Member States.

This book is a crucially important source of both theoretical enlightenment and practical wisdom that will greatly enhance confident progress through any legal matter involving EU State aid rules. It will prove of immeasurable value to practitioners, in-house counsel, policymakers, and academics for many years to come.

About the Authors vii
Preface xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
List of Tables xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(6)
1.1 State Aid from the Beginning
1(1)
1.2 State Aid-Good or Bad?
2(1)
1.3 The EU Regulatory Approach
3(2)
1.4 The Analysis and Assessment of 60 Years of EU State Aid Law and Policy
5(2)
Chapter 2 State Aid and How the EU System Works 7(84)
2.1 Starting with Coal and Steel
7(1)
2.2 Sectoral Widening from the EEC Treaty to Articles 107 and 108 of the TFEU
8(1)
2.3 Substance and Exemptions
9(3)
2.4 General Procedural Approach
12(4)
2.5 Articles 106 and 109 of the TFEU
16(6)
2.5.1 State Enterprises and Enterprises with Special or Exclusive Rights-Article 106 of the TFEU
17(4)
2.5.2 Rule-Making and Article 109 of the TFEU
21(1)
2.6 A Closer Look at the Notion of Aid
22(31)
2.6.1 Measures Excluded by the Treaty (Test 1)
22(10)
2.6.1.1 Agriculture
23(4)
2.6.1.2 Transport
27(4)
2.6.1.3 Defence and Security
31(1)
2.6.2 By or Through State Resources (Test 2)
32(5)
2.6.3 Providing a Selective Advantage (Test 3)
37(3)
2.6.4 Only if Supporting an Undertaking or an Economic Activity (Test 4)
40(1)
2.6.5 Impact on Competition (Test 5)
41(8)
2.6.5.1 De Minimis Aid
45(4)
2.6.6 Effect on Trade (Test 6)
49(3)
2.6.7 Cumulative Application of the Tests
52(1)
2.7 The Application of Exemptions-Article 107(2) and (3) of the TFEU
53(7)
2.7.1 De Jure Exemptions-Article 107(2) of the TFEU
53(7)
2.7.1.1 Aid Having a Social Character-Article 107(2)(a) of the TFEU
54(1)
2.7.1.2 Aid to Address Natural Disasters and Exceptional Occurrences-Article 107(2)(b) of the TFEU
55(4)
2.7.1.3 Aid Concerning the Former Division of Germany-Article 107(2)(c) of the TFEU
59(1)
2.8 Discretionary Exemptions-Article 107(3) of the TFEU
60(21)
2.8.1 Article 107(3)(a) of the TFEU-Seriously Underdeveloped Regions
62(1)
2.8.2 Article 107(3)(b) of the TFEU-Projects of Common European Interest and Aid to Remedy a Serious Disturbance in the Economy
63(5)
2.8.2.1 Projects of Common European Interest
64(2)
2.8.2.2 Aid to Remedy a Serious Disturbance in the Economy
66(2)
2.8.3 Article 107(3)(c) of the TFEU-Assisted Regions, Economic Activities and Sectors
68(7)
2.8.4 Article 107(3)(d) of the TFEU-Aid Supporting Culture and Heritage
75(5)
2.8.5 Article 107(3)(e) of the TFEU-Other Categories of Aid Authorised by the Council on a Proposal from the Commission
80(1)
2.9 Block Exemptions
81(3)
2.10 What Happens When State Aid Is Illegal?
84(7)
Chapter 3 The Evolution of Treaty Rules on State Aid 91(64)
3.1 Christopher Columbus, the Pope and the First Regulation of Subsidies
91(1)
3.2 The Development of the Role of the State and the Emergence of the "Subsidising State"
92(2)
3.3 Modern Regulation-From the Havana Charter to the WTO
94(2)
3.4 Modern Regulation-The Parallel Development of the EU State Aid System
96(4)
3.5 The Curious Case of EURATOM
100(3)
3.6 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
103(2)
3.7 The Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement (SCMA)
105(9)
3.7.1 Definitions
110(2)
3.7.2 Scope and Procedures
112(2)
3.8 The Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) Agreement
114(2)
3.9 The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
116(5)
3.10 Clashes Between the WTO and EU Systems-An Excursus into Boeing and Airbus
121(3)
3.10.1 The 2016 Boeing Decision
122(2)
3.10.2 The 2016 Airbus Decision
124(1)
3.11 The EU and WTO Systems-Comparative Strengths and Weaknesses
124(3)
3.12 The Expansion of the EU System via New Trade and Integration Treaties
127(28)
3.12.1 From the Stockholm Convention to the EEA
128(2)
3.12.2 The Europe Agreements
130(2)
3.12.3 Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with the Countries of the Former Soviet Union
132(1)
3.12.4 Stabilisation and Association Agreements in the Balkans
133(3)
3.12.5 The EUROMED Agreements
136(1)
3.12.6 The Energy Community Treaty and CEFTA
137(3)
3.12.7 The Evolving Model-From National Monitoring to Control
140(1)
3.12.8 The Ukrainian, Georgian and Moldovan Association Agreement Requirements
141(4)
3.12.9 What about CETA, TTIP and BREXIT?
145(3)
3.12.10 The New Eurasian Economic Union
148(3)
3.12.11 The New State Aid Dialogue with China
151(4)
Chapter 4 Milestones and Landmark Cases in the Development of State Aid Law and Policy from 1957 to 2017 155(74)
4.1 Introduction
155(1)
4.2 Phase 1-1950s-1970s (Slow Progress and the Pursuit of Policy in a Time of Crisis)
156(12)
4.2.1 Main Trends in the Jurisprudence of This Period
163(5)
4.2.1.1 1961-Aid Is Wider than Subsidy
163(2)
4.2.1.2 1964-The Supremacy of European Law
165(1)
4.2.1.3 1969-1977-Selectivity, the "Effects Doctrine," Advantage and State Resources
165(2)
4.2.1.4 1973-1980-Development of Procedures
167(1)
4.3 Phase 2-The 1980s (The Commission Tightens the Rules in a Recession Period)
168(11)
4.3.1 Main Trends in the Jurisprudence of This Period
175(4)
4.3.1.1 1980-Effect on Trade
175(1)
4.3.1.2 1983-1985-State Resources and First Annulments of Commission Decisions
176(2)
4.3.1.3 1986-Court Endorsement of the Market Investor Principle
178(1)
4.4 Phase 3-The 1990s (Rule-Making and New Issues in a Time of Change)
179(15)
4.4.1 SCMA and Europe Agreements
183(1)
4.4.2 Other Developments in Rule-Making
184(4)
4.4.3 Commission Commences Banking Cases
188(1)
4.4.4 Cases Reinforcing Commission Policy on the Notion of Aid
189(1)
4.4.5 Jurisprudence in the 1990s
189(5)
4.5 Phase 4-2000-2017 (The Millennium Era and State Aid Reform)
194(35)
4.5.1 Enlargement
194(1)
4.5.2 Banking Crisis
195(2)
4.5.3 Recovery of Illegal State Aid
197(1)
4.5.4 Pre-2005 Rule-Making
198(2)
4.5.5 Taxation Issues
200(6)
4.5.5.1 The AZORES Case
200(2)
4.5.5.2 The Basque Case
202(1)
4.5.5.3 The Gibraltar Case
203(1)
4.5.5.4 Tax Ruling Investigations
204(2)
4.5.6 Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI)
206(5)
4.5.7 State Aid Action Plan, New Economic Approach and State Aid Modernisation (SAM) Initiative
211(9)
4.5.7.1 Progress of Rule-Making-Especially GBER
214(5)
4.5.7.2 Notion of Aid
219(1)
4.5.8 Data
220(1)
4.5.9 Other Jurisprudence
221(12)
4.5.9.1 The Adria-Wien Pipeline Case (2001)
221(1)
4.5.9.2 Preussen Elektra (2001)
222(1)
4.5.9.3 The Chronopost Case (2003)
222(1)
4.5.9.4 The British Aggregates Association Cases (2006-2012)
223(1)
4.5.9.5 The Lufthansa Case (2013) on the Role of National Courts
224(1)
4.5.9.6 The Irish Travel Tax Case (2016) Concerning Recovery
225(4)
Chapter 5 The Process and Progress of State Aid Reforms 229(24)
5.1 Introduction
229(1)
5.2 The First Phase of Reform 1996-2005 (the "Irish Initiative")
230(3)
5.3 The State Aid Action Plan
233(10)
5.3.1 The New Economic Approach
235(3)
5.3.2 De Minimis Adjustments
238(1)
5.3.3 Increased Monitoring
239(1)
5.3.4 The SGEI Package
239(1)
5.3.5 Further Development of Block Exemptions
240(3)
5.3.6 Simplification
243(1)
5.4 The State Aid Modernisation Programme (2012-2016)
243(10)
5.4.1 GBER 2014 in Context
246(1)
5.4.2 Extending the GBER
247(1)
5.4.3 The 2016 Notice on the Notion of Aid
248(5)
Chapter 6 State Aid Regulation and Other EU Policies 253(74)
6.1 Introduction
253(1)
6.2 State Aid Law and Policy and EU Policies on Energy, Steel and Environment
254(27)
6.2.1 Aid to the Coal Sector
255(3)
6.2.2 Aid to the Steel Sector
258(2)
6.2.3 Aid for Environmental Protection and Energy
260(21)
6.3 Regional Development and Cohesion
281(14)
6.3.1 The State Aid Dimension of Regional Development and Cohesion Policy
283(1)
6.3.2 The Relevant State Aid Rules
284(8)
6.3.3 State Aid and Structural Funds
292(3)
6.4 Banking Regulation and the Response to the International Financial Crisis
295(10)
6.5 EU Taxation Policy and the Pursuit of State Aid Tax Measures
305(22)
Chapter 7 Assessment, Conclusions and Future Directions 327(54)
7.1 Introduction
327(1)
7.2 Political Assessment
328(13)
7.2.1 Politics and Regulation
328(2)
7.2.2 The Erosion of the Sovereignty of National Industrial Policies and the EU State Aid Control Regime
330(5)
7.2.3 The Erosion of the Sovereignty of National Direct Taxation and the EU State Aid Control Regime
335(3)
7.2.4 Political Factors in Decision-Making
338(3)
7.3 The Evolution of Legal Rules
341(13)
7.3.1 Legal Certainty and Definitional Clarity
341(1)
7.3.2 Legal Certainty and the Absence of a State Aid Definition
342(2)
7.3.3 The European Commission&aposs Review of Existing Aids and Legal Certainty
344(1)
7.3.4 Legal Certainty and the Security of Undertakings vis-a-vis the Recovery of Illegal State Aid
345(1)
7.3.5 The Promotion of Legal Certainty via State Aid Reforms
346(2)
7.3.6 Whither Legal Certainty in the EU State Aid Regime?
348(1)
7.3.7 Uniform Application, Enforcement Practice and Deterrent Effect
349(5)
7.4 Economic Issues and Impacts
354(18)
7.4.1 The Economic Rationale for Government Supports to Undertakings
354(4)
7.4.2 The Underdevelopment of Economic Analysis in the Application of State Aid Law and Policy and the Argument for Change
358(1)
7.4.3 The Traditional Economic Approach of the European Commission
359(3)
7.4.4 The Beginnings of the "New Economic Approach"
362(1)
7.4.5 The Development of a More Economic Based Assessment of State Aids
363(1)
7.4.6 Regulation as a Contribution to Competition Nationally and Internationally
364(3)
7.4.7 Regulation as a Contribution to International Trade and Investment
367(3)
7.4.8 The (Mostly Economic) Challenges of Regulation in Transition Economies
370(2)
7.5 Administration of the System
372(4)
7.5.1 Capacity of the European Commission in the EU System to Regulate in Accordance with Substantive Law
372(4)
7.6 Overall Conclusions
376(3)
7.7 Future Directions
379(2)
Annexes 381(24)
Annex 1 Main Provisions of EU Law: Articles 106 to 109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
383(4)
Annex 2 Extracts from the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement, 1994
387(14)
Annex 3 References and Citations
401(4)
Bibliography 405(8)
Table of European Court Cases 413(20)
Table of Legislation 433(12)
Index 445