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E-raamat: Small and Short-Range Radar Systems

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Radar Expert, Esteemed Author Gregory L. Charvat on CNN and CBS

Author Gregory L. Charvat appeared on CNN on March 17, 2014 to discuss whether Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 might have literally flown below the radar. He appeared again on CNN on March 20, 2014 to explain the basics of radar, and he explored the hope and limitations of the technology involved in the search for Flight 370 on CBS on March 22, 2014.

Get His Book Now

Coupling theory with reality, from derivation to implementation of actual radar systems, Small and Short-Range Radar Systems analyzes and then provides design procedures and working design examples of small and short-range radar systems. Discussing applications from automotive to through-wall imaging, autonomous vehicle, and beyond, the practical text supplies high-level descriptions, theoretical derrivations, back-of-envelope calculations, explanations of processing algorithms, and case studies for each type of small radar system covered, including continuous wave (CW), ultrawideband (UWB) impulse, linear frequency modulation (FM), linear rail synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and phased array. This essential reference:











Explains how to design your own radar devices Demonstrates how to process data from small radar sensors Provides real-world, measured radar data to test algorithms before investing development time

Complete with downloadable MATLAB® scripts and actual radar measurements, Small and Short-Range Radar Systems empowers you to rapidly develop small radar technology for your application.

Arvustused

"This book is absolutely unique in its focus on hands-on construction and demonstration of a variety of small, low-power, short-range radar systems. It is supported by extensive online support resources: measured data sets, MATLAB® analysis software, additional documentation, and demonstration videos. With the aid of this book, anyone with basic electronic circuit skills can construct and operate their own small radar systems and demonstrate essential radar techniques, from such basic operations as moving target detection and speed measurement to sophisticated imaging methods. It is no exaggeration to say that no other book compares with this one. There are many books on radar systems generally and radar signal processing specifically, and also a few books or chapters in edited books that specifically address FMCW radar, but none has the emphasis on practical radar construction with detailed circuit design and experimental data seen in this text. Short-range radars are increasingly ubiquitous, not only in the traditional police, motion sensing, and proximity applications, but increasingly in automotive safety, through-wall imaging, and others. This book is a comprehensive guide to the technology of this increasingly important area." Dr. Mark A. Richards, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

"The book is applications-oriented with just enough information, delivered at just the right points, to give the reader a straightforward, clear understanding and appreciation of radar for practical applications. I can think of no other texts that specifically apply conventional radar theory to general short-range problems. As inexpensive imaging and short-range radars are becoming increasing prevalent, it is important that good texts be available to teach engineers about the right way to go about building radars and optimizing their performance. The selection and presentation of topics is perfect for the modern radar engineer. Proceeding from a general description of radar theory to specific radar systems to particular applications is logical and intuitive. Nothing within the scope of the book is left out: it is very complete. This book is a great reference, one that should be on every radar designers bookshelf. It is segmented enough with self-contained sections to make it easy to find solutions to specific engineering problems down the road. I particularly like the parallel structure of the various radar implementations. Giving the expected performance of each radar system, for example, guides the reader in his/her selection of a particular configuration for a given application. The references are numerous and complete, and the author is well-known as an active contributor in the radar field. In addition, the text provides sufficient theory to justify each next step. Unlike conventional radar texts, Charvats book gives the reader the knowledge and understanding to develop and use radars for practical, everyday applications. The presentation reminds me of a car-repair manual, with careful step-by-step instructions and well-illustrated with highlighted photographs and circuit diagrams, but with just enough math to justify the various approaches used." Prof. Carey Rappaport, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

"This textbook fills a large void by providing real world examples of Doppler, ranging, and synthetic aperture radar systems along with extensive examples of radar sensitivity and design parameters. Its coverage of fundamental radar principles in a form directly accessible to students is unique, and provides a needed hands-on based approach to the subject. It enables radar investigations using systems that can be readily built at reasonable cost, straightforward computer analysis code, and well verified test data. Students can use these features to learn radar by example in a manner previously very difficult to accomplish. The material fills a niche not currently found in the literature: real-world examples of small radar systems that can be implemented by students and professionals new to the field. There is a large need for such material in the university and educational community, as most radar courses feature large and complex system designs costing significant amounts of money. This fact tends to produce a large disconnect in student minds between the theory they are learning and actual practice in how to implement this theory. In other words, the student assumes that it must take a team of people and a lot of resources to successfully implement and deploy radar systems. However, the principles of radar work equally well on small systems. The ability to have students assemble, test, and process data from these systems is really invaluable. I have seen this type of hands-on learning provide insights and synthesis of material much quicker than traditional methods of learning important radar principles. Having a textbook with validated examples of small radar systems, and with simple computer code and test data sets to check knowledge of theoretical constructs, provides the needed bridge to this type of learning. The material is most definitely interesting, primarily by virtue of worked-out calculations giving real-world answers to common radar design problems (and then showing processed data examples). There are practically no sources of publicly available test data for SAR algorithms or for FMCW ranging radars. These worked-out examples are therefore unique and badly needed. I am impressed with the breadth of topics covered. For the target audience, this material seems ideally suited and I do not find any significant missing topics. After assimilating this material and working through the exercises, students will be much more ready to tackle the classic radar textbooks (Skolnik, etc.) and will have a much more intuitive feel for core principles." Dr. Philip Erickson, Principal Research Scientist, MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, Massachusetts, USA

"I wish I had a book like this when I was developing short-range radars. The author provides a variety of practical circuits and block diagrams that practicing engineers and students will find useful. The best feature of this book is the wealth of practical information in the form of block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and measurement results that help the reader understand how to turn the theory of small radars into practice. I like the authors approach of providing just enough theory to help the reader understand the operation of short-range radars and to interpret the measurement results. Im not aware of any other book directed solely toward small and short-range radars. I believe this book is complementary to comprehensive treatments such as Principles of Modern Radar by Richards, Scheer, and Holm and Skolniks Radar Handbook." Prof. Daniel Fleisch, Ph.D, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA

"This book presents a nice introduction to short-range radar systems with both theoretical and practical insights. I would recommend it to anyone interested in not only understanding but also building short-range radar systems. The book covers all essential aspects of short-range low-power radar systems. A major strength of the book lies in the combination of both theoretical and practical insights. The examples provided in the book are particularly helpful in not only understanding but also in building actual systems." Prof. Xiaoguang Leo Liu, Ph.D, University of California, Davis, USA

"This book is one of the first to discuss short-range radar (SRR) systems in detail, from both theoretical and practical standpoints. ... The book is a good source of information about radar technology and the latest state of the art in small and shortrange radars." Satyajayant Misra, from IEEE Wireless Communications - June 2015

"Finally, bedtime reading for the radar enthusiast! Readers should not succumb to the unintended implication that this book will put them to sleep. On the contrary, this is an eye-opener. It is an interesting book that is quite easy to dip into. This book is a great reference for a hands-on approach toward understanding, construction, and use of a variety of home-made, short-range radar systems." IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine, August 2016 "This book is absolutely unique in its focus on hands-on construction and demonstration of a variety of small, low-power, short-range radar systems. It is supported by extensive online support resources: measured data sets, MATLAB® analysis software, additional documentation, and demonstration videos. With the aid of this book, anyone with basic electronic circuit skills can construct and operate their own small radar systems and demonstrate essential radar techniques, from such basic operations as moving target detection and speed measurement to sophisticated imaging methods. It is no exaggeration to say that no other book compares with this one. There are many books on radar systems generally and radar signal processing specifically, and also a few books or chapters in edited books that specifically address FMCW radar, but none has the emphasis on practical radar construction with detailed circuit design and experimental data seen in this text. Short-range radars are increasingly ubiquitous, not only in the traditional police, motion sensing, and proximity applications, but increasingly in automotive safety, through-wall imaging, and others. This book is a comprehensive guide to the technology of this increasingly important area." Dr. Mark A. Richards, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

"The book is applications-oriented with just enough information, delivered at just the right points, to give the reader a straightforward, clear understanding and appreciation of radar for practical applications. I can think of no other texts that specifically apply conventional radar theory to general short-range problems. As inexpensive imaging and short-range radars are becoming increasing prevalent, it is important that good texts be available to teach engineers about the right way to go about building radars and optimizing their performance. The selection and presentation of topics is perfect for the modern radar engineer. Proceeding from a general description of radar theory to specific radar systems to particular applications is logical and intuitive. Nothing within the scope of the book is left out: it is very complete. This book is a great reference, one that should be on every radar designers bookshelf. It is segmented enough with self-contained sections to make it easy to find solutions to specific engineering problems down the road. I particularly like the parallel structure of the various radar implementations. Giving the expected performance of each radar system, for example, guides the reader in his/her selection of a particular configuration for a given application. The references are numerous and complete, and the author is well-known as an active contributor in the radar field. In addition, the text provides sufficient theory to justify each next step. Unlike conventional radar texts, Charvats book gives the reader the knowledge and understanding to develop and use radars for practical, everyday applications. The presentation reminds me of a car-repair manual, with careful step-by-step instructions and well-illustrated with highlighted photographs and circuit diagrams, but with just enough math to justify the various approaches used." Prof. Carey Rappaport, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

"This textbook fills a large void by providing real world examples of Doppler, ranging, and synthetic aperture radar systems along with extensive examples of radar sensitivity and design parameters. Its coverage of fundamental radar principles in a form directly accessible to students is unique, and provides a needed hands-on based approach to the subject. It enables radar investigations using systems that can be readily built at reasonable cost, straightforward computer analysis code, and well verified test data. Students can use these features to learn radar by example in a manner previously very difficult to accomplish. The material fills a niche not currently found in the literature: real-world examples of small radar systems that can be implemented by students and professionals new to the field. There is a large need for such material in the university and educational community, as most radar courses feature large and complex system designs costing significant amounts of money. This fact tends to produce a large disconnect in student minds between the theory they are learning and actual practice in how to implement this theory. In other words, the student assumes that it must take a team of people and a lot of resources to successfully implement and deploy radar systems. However, the principles of radar work equally well on small systems. The ability to have students assemble, test, and process data from these systems is really invaluable. I have seen this type of hands-on learning provide insights and synthesis of material much quicker than traditional methods of learning important radar principles. Having a textbook with validated examples of small radar systems, and with simple computer code and test data sets to check knowledge of theoretical constructs, provides the needed bridge to this type of learning. The material is most definitely interesting, primarily by virtue of worked-out calculations giving real-world answers to common radar design problems (and then showing processed data examples). There are practically no sources of publicly available test data for SAR algorithms or for FMCW ranging radars. These worked-out examples are therefore unique and badly needed. I am impressed with the breadth of topics covered. For the target audience, this material seems ideally suited and I do not find any significant missing topics. After assimilating this material and working through the exercises, students will be much more ready to tackle the classic radar textbooks (Skolnik, etc.) and will have a much more intuitive feel for core principles." Dr. Philip Erickson, Principal Research Scientist, MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, Massachusetts, USA

"I wish I had a book like this when I was developing short-range radars. The author provides a variety of practical circuits and block diagrams that practicing engineers and students will find useful. The best feature of this book is the wealth of practical information in the form of block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and measurement results that help the reader understand how to turn the theory of small radars into practice. I like the authors approach of providing just enough theory to help the reader understand the operation of short-range radars and to interpret the measurement results. Im not aware of any other book directed solely toward small and short-range radars. I believe this book is complementary to comprehensive treatments such as Principles of Modern Radar by Richards, Scheer, and Holm and Skolniks Radar Handbook." Prof. Daniel Fleisch, Ph.D, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA

"This book presents a nice introduction to short-range radar systems with both theoretical and practical insights. I would recommend it to anyone interested in not only understanding but also building short-range radar systems. The book covers all essential aspects of short-range low-power radar systems. A major strength of the book lies in the combination of both theoretical and practical insights. The examples provided in the book are particularly helpful in not only understanding but also in building actual systems." Prof. Xiaoguang Leo Liu, Ph.D, University of California, Davis, USA

"This book is one of the first to discuss short-range radar (SRR) systems in detail, from both theoretical and practical standpoints. ... The book is a good source of information about radar technology and the latest state of the art in small and shortrange radars." Satyajayant Misra, from IEEE Wireless Communications - June 2015

"Finally, bedtime reading for the radar enthusiast! Readers should not succumb to the unintended implication that this book will put them to sleep. On the contrary, this is an eye-opener. It is an interesting book that is quite easy to dip into. This book is a great reference for a hands-on approach toward understanding, construction, and use of a variety of home-made, short-range radar systems." IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine, August 2016

"Although the majority of radar systems for applications such as air traffic control, maritime navigation and military surveillance are designed to detect and track targets at long range, there is an important class of radars that work at much shorter ranges. These are becoming more and more attractive for applications that include radar imaging from drone platforms, automotive radar (for collision avoidance and autonomous operation) and through-wall radar. This book therefore fills an important niche. Its author is well-qualified to write such a book, with a wide experience both in academic and industry research and development, as well as in amateur radio.

The authors background gives the book a strong practical approach, though not at the expense of rigour. It includes plenty of practical designs and examples of results, encouraging the reader to build and test the designs. It is organised in ten chapters: Chapter 1 covers the basics of radar; Chapters 2 and 3 describe Continuous Wave (CW) and Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars; Chapter 4 covers Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging; Chapters 5, 6 and 7 treat, respectively, small SAR systems, phased array radar and ultrawideband (UWB) impulse radar; Chapters 8, 9 and 10 cover different applications of short-range radars police Doppler and motion sensors, automotive radar and through-wall radars. Authors from General Motors contributed to Chapter 9, thus ensuring that it is up-to-date and relevant.

A supporting website provides MATLAB® simulation scripts and video demonstrations and every encouragement to contact the author to provide feedback and to ask questions.

In summary, this is a rather unusual and attractive book that can be confidently recommended. It may be of particular value in the design of laboratory exercises for undergraduate and masters-level students, but also to those in academia and industry who research and develop radars in these new and increasingly important domains." H.D. Griffiths, from The Aeronautical Journal, August 2019

List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxix
Foreword xxxi
About the Series xxxiii
Preface xxxv
Acknowledgments xxxvii
About the Author xxxix
Chapter 9 Contributing Authors xli
1 Radio Direction and Ranging (RADAR)
1(36)
1.1 Radio Transmitters and Receivers
2(23)
1.1.1 Generating Electromagnetic Fields and Maxwell's Equations
2(4)
1.1.1.1 Far Field and Near Field
4(1)
1.1.1.2 Polarization
5(1)
1.1.1.3 Constitutive Parameters or the Medium in Which a Wave Propagates
5(1)
1.1.1.4 Electric and Magnetic Antennas
5(1)
1.1.1.5 Most-used Solution to the Wave Equation for Radar Systems
5(1)
1.1.2 Transmission Lines
6(2)
1.1.2.1 Scattering Parameters
8(1)
1.1.3 Characteristics of Antennas
8(5)
1.1.4 Friis Transmission Equation
13(1)
1.1.5 Radio Receivers
14(10)
1.1.5.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receivers
14(1)
1.1.5.2 Heterodyne Receivers and the Frequency Mixer
15(3)
1.1.5.3 Single Sideband (SSB) Receivers
18(4)
1.1.5.4 Noise Figure
22(1)
1.1.5.5 Receiver Sensitivity
23(1)
1.1.6 Radio Transmitters
24(1)
1.2 Radio Direction and Ranging (Radar)
25(6)
1.2.1 Pulsed Radar System
26(3)
1.2.2 Phase Coherent Radar System
29(13)
1.2.2.1 A Simple Phase Coherent Radar System
29(1)
1.2.2.2 Pulsed Phase Coherent Radar Systems
30(1)
1.3 Estimating Radar Performance Using the Radar Range Equation
31(2)
1.4 Small and Short-Range Radars
33(4)
I Short-Range Radar Systems and Implementations 37(206)
2 Continuous Wave (CW) Radar
39(30)
2.1 CW Radar Architecture
39(3)
2.2 Signal Processing for CW Doppler Radar
42(3)
2.2.1 Frequency Counter
43(1)
2.2.2 Frequency-to-Voltage Converter
43(1)
2.2.3 Discrete Fourier Transform
44(1)
2.3 The Radar Range Equation for CW Doppler Radar
45(1)
2.4 Examples of CW Radar Systems
45(13)
2.4.1 The MIT Independent Activities Period (IAP) Radar in Doppler Mode
46(6)
2.4.1.1 Expected Performance of the MIT 'Coffee Can' Radar in Doppler Mode
47(3)
2.4.1.2 Working Example of the MIT 'Coffee Can' Radar in Doppler Mode
50(2)
2.4.2 An X-band CW Radar System
52(6)
2.4.2.1 Expected Performance of the X-band CW Radar System
54(1)
2.4.2.2 Working Example of the X-band CW Radar System
55(3)
2.5 Harmonic Radar
58(7)
2.5.1 CW Harmonic Radar System at 917 MHz
58(11)
2.5.1.1 Implementation
58(2)
2.5.1.2 Harmonic Radar Tags
60(5)
2.5.1.3 Results
65(1)
2.6 Summary
65(4)
3 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Radar
69(68)
3.1 FMCW Architecture and Signal Processing
69(5)
3.1.1 FMCW Architecture
70(1)
3.1.2 Mathematics of FMCW Radar
71(1)
3.1.3 Signal Processing for FMCW Radar and the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
72(2)
3.1.3.1 Frequency Counter and Frequency-to-Voltage Converters
72(1)
3.1.3.2 Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
72(1)
3.1.3.3 Coherent Change Detection (CCD)
73(1)
3.2 FMCW Performance
74(2)
3.2.1 The Radar Range Equation for FMCW Radar
74(1)
3.2.2 Range Resolution
75(1)
3.3 Examples of FMCW Radar Systems
76(56)
3.3.1 X-Band UWB FMCW Radar System
76(8)
3.3.1.1 Expected Performance of the X-Band UWB FMCW Radar System
78(1)
3.3.1.2 Working Example of the X-Band UWB FMCW Radar System
79(5)
3.3.2 The MIT Coffee Can Radar System in Ranging Mode
84(6)
3.3.2.1 Expected Performance of the MIT Coffee Can Radar System in Ranging Mode
88(1)
3.3.2.2 Working Example of the MIT Coffee Can Radar System in Ranging Mode
89(1)
3.3.3 Range-Gated UWB FMCW Radar System
90(49)
3.3.3.1 Analog Range Gate
92(8)
3.3.3.2 S-Band Implementation
100(5)
3.3.3.3 Expected Performance of the Range-Gated S-Band FMCW Radar System
105(6)
3.3.3.4 Working Example of the Range-Gated S-Band FMCW Radar System
111(3)
3.3.3.5 X-Band Implementation of a Range-Gated FMCW Radar System
114(2)
3.3.3.6 Expected Performance of the Range-Gated X-Band FMCW Radar System
116(1)
3.3.3.7 Working Example of the Range-Gated X-Band FMCW Radar System
117(15)
3.4 Summary
132(5)
4 Synthetic Aperture Radar
137(16)
4.1 Measurement Geometry
138(1)
4.2 The Range Migration Algorithm (RMA)
139(7)
4.2.1 Simulation of a Point Scatterer
140(1)
4.2.2 Cross Range Fourier Transform
140(3)
4.2.3 Matched Filter
143(1)
4.2.4 Stolt Interpolation
143(2)
4.2.5 Inverse Fourier Transform to Image Domain
145(1)
4.3 Simulation of Multiple Point Targets
146(1)
4.4 Estimating Performance
147(3)
4.4.1 The Radar Range Equation Applied to SAR
148(1)
4.4.2 Resolution of SAR Imagery
149(1)
4.5 Additional Processing
150(2)
4.5.1 Calibration
150(1)
4.5.2 Coherent Background Subtraction and Coherent Change Detection (CCD)
151(1)
4.5.3 Motion Compensation
151(1)
4.6 Summary
152(1)
5 Practical Examples of Small Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Systems
153(32)
5.1 UWB FMCW X-Band Rail SAR Imaging System
153(8)
5.1.1 Expected Performance
154(3)
5.1.1.1 Maximum Range and Minimum Target RCS
155(2)
5.1.1.2 Range Resolution Estimate
157(1)
5.1.2 Implementation
157(1)
5.1.3 Measured Results
158(3)
5.1.3.1 Resolution
158(1)
5.1.3.2 Sensitivity
159(1)
5.1.3.3 Imagery
160(1)
5.2 MIT Coffee Can Radar in Imaging Mode
161(7)
5.2.1 Expected Performance
166(1)
5.2.1.1 Maximum Range and Minimum Target RCS
167(1)
5.2.1.2 Range Resolution Estimate
167(1)
5.2.2 Implementation
167(1)
5.2.3 Measured Results
168(1)
5.3 Range-Gated FMCW Rail SAR Imaging Systems
168(14)
5.3.1 X-Band
169(5)
5.3.1.1 Implementation
169(1)
5.3.1.2 Expected Performance
169(3)
5.3.1.3 Measured Results
172(2)
5.3.2 S-Band
174(17)
5.3.2.1 Implementation
175(1)
5.3.2.2 Expected Performance
175(4)
5.3.2.3 Measurements
179(3)
5.4 Summary
182(3)
6 Phased Array Radar
185(32)
6.1 Near Field Phased Array Radar
185(3)
6.2 Near Field Beamforming Using SAR Imaging Algorithms
188(3)
6.3 Performance of Small Phased Array Radar Systems
191(2)
6.3.1 The Radar Range Equation for Phased Array Radar Systems
191(1)
6.3.2 Resolution of Near Field Phased Array Imagery
192(1)
6.4 Processing
193(3)
6.4.1 Calibration
195(1)
6.4.2 Coherent Background Subtraction and Coherent Change Detection (CCD)
195(1)
6.5 An S-Band Switched Array Radar Imaging System
196(17)
6.5.1 System Implementation
196(5)
6.5.2 Performance Estimate
201(4)
6.5.3 Free Space Results
205(13)
6.5.3.1 Simulated Sidelobes
205(1)
6.5.3.2 Measured Sidelobes
205(2)
6.5.3.3 Resolution
207(1)
6.5.3.4 Low RCS imagery
208(4)
6.5.3.5 Demonstrations
212(1)
6.6 MIT IAP Phased Array Radar Course
213(1)
6.7 Summary
214(3)
7 Ultrawideband (UWB) Impulse Radar
217(26)
7.1 Architectures for UWB Impulse Radar
218(2)
7.1.1 Basic UWB Impulse Radar System
218(1)
7.1.2 UWB Impulse Radar Using Frequency Conversion
219(1)
7.2 Signal Processing for UWB Impulse Radar
220(3)
7.2.1 Computing Range to Target
221(1)
7.2.2 Calibration
221(1)
7.2.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar
222(1)
7.2.4 Coherent Change Detection (CCD)
222(1)
7.3 Expected Performance of UWB Impulse Radar Systems
223(1)
7.3.1 The Radar Range Equation for UWB Impulse Radar
223(1)
7.3.2 Range Resolution for UWB Impulse Radar
224(1)
7.4 UWB Impulse Radar Systems
224(15)
7.4.1 X-Band UWB Impulse Radar System
224(10)
7.4.1.1 Implementation
224(6)
7.4.1.2 Expected Performance
230(1)
7.4.1.3 Ranging Example
231(3)
7.4.2 X-Band Impulse SAR Imaging System
234(13)
7.4.2.1 Implementation
234(1)
7.4.2.2 Expected Performance
235(1)
7.4.2.3 Impulse SAR Data Acquisition and Processing
236(2)
7.4.2.4 Imaging Example
238(1)
7.5 Summary
239(4)
II Applications 243(130)
8 Police Doppler Radar and Motion Sensors
245(16)
8.1 The Gunnplexer
245(2)
8.2 Police Doppler Radar
247(10)
8.2.1 K-Band Police Doppler Radar
250(3)
8.2.1.1 Estimated Performance
250(2)
8.2.1.2 Experimental Results
252(1)
8.2.2 Digital Signal Processing for an Old X-Band Police Doppler Radar Gun
253(9)
8.2.2.1 Expected Performance
254(1)
8.2.2.2 Working Example
254(3)
8.3 Doppler Motion Sensors
257(2)
8.4 Summary
259(2)
9 Automotive Radar
261(82)
Shuqing Zeng
James N. Nickolaou
9.1 Challenges in Automotive Domain
262(13)
9.1.1 The Automotive Domain Surrounding Sensing
263(3)
9.1.2 Performance Limitations of Today's Automotive SRRs
266(4)
9.1.3 Challenges with Vehicle Integration
270(1)
9.1.4 SRR Packaging Challenges
270(1)
9.1.5 Automotive 77 Ghz vs. 24 Ghz Radar Bands
271(1)
9.1.6 Cost and Long Term Reliability
272(1)
9.1.7 Regulatory Issues
273(1)
9.1.8 Blockage
274(1)
9.2 Elements of Automotive Radar
275(6)
9.2.1 Antenna
276(1)
9.2.2 Analog Front End
277(2)
9.2.3 Radar Processor
279(2)
9.3 Waveforms for Automotive Radar
281(11)
9.3.1 Doppler Shift
282(1)
9.3.2 Linear Frequency Modulation
283(2)
9.3.3 Frequency Shift Keying
285(2)
9.3.4 Hybrid Waveform of FSK and LFM
287(1)
9.3.5 Pulse Compression LFM Waveform
288(4)
9.4 Range and Range Rate Estimation
292(7)
9.4.1 Target Detection
292(3)
9.4.2 Matched Filter and Ambiguity Function
295(2)
9.4.3 Estimation Accuracy
297(2)
9.5 Direction Finding
299(7)
9.5.1 Linear Array Antenna
300(1)
9.5.2 Digital Beamforming
301(2)
9.5.3 Monopulse
303(1)
9.5.4 Simultaneous Processing for Range, Doppler, and Angle
304(2)
9.6 Fusion of Multiple Sensors
306(23)
9.6.1 Automotive Sensor Technology
307(1)
9.6.1.1 Ultrasonic
308(1)
9.6.1.2 Lidar
310(1)
9.6.1.3 Camera
311(2)
9.6.2 Fusion Algorithm
313(1)
9.6.2.1 Architecture Aspect
313(1)
9.6.2.2 Error Model of the Sensor
315(1)
9.6.2.3 Data Association
317(1)
9.6.2.4 Optimization
320(1)
9.6.2.5 Dynamic Models
322(1)
9.6.2.6 Algorithm Summary
325(1)
9.6.3 Online Automatic Registration
326(3)
9.7 Case Studies of ADAS Fusion System
329(6)
9.7.1 Adaptive Cruise Control
330(3)
9.7.2 Forward Collision Warning and Braking
333(2)
9.8 Radars and the Urban Grand Challenge
335(3)
9.9 Summary
338(5)
10 Through-Wall Radar
343(30)
10.1 Radar Range Equation for Through-Wall Radar
345(1)
10.2 Through-Wall Models
346(8)
10.2.1 1D Model for Simulating Range Profiles
346(3)
10.2.2 2D Model for Simulating Rail SAR Imagery
349(1)
10.2.3 2D Model for Switched or Multiple Input Multiple Out-put Arrays
350(4)
10.3 Examples of Through-Wall Imaging Systems
354(14)
10.3.1 S-Band Range Gated FMCW Rail SAR
356(3)
10.3.1.1 Implementation
356(1)
10.3.1.2 Expected Performance
356(1)
10.3.1.3 Results
357(2)
10.3.2 S-Band Switched Array
359(5)
10.3.2.1 Implementation
360(1)
10.3.2.2 Expected Performance
360(1)
10.3.2.3 Results
360(4)
10.3.3 Real-Time Through-Wall Radar Imaging System
364(4)
10.3.3.1 Implementation
365(1)
10.3.3.2 Expected Performance
366(1)
10.3.3.3 Results
366(2)
10.4 Summary
368(5)
Index 373
Gregory L. Charvat, Ph.D is co-founder of Butterfly Network Inc., visiting researcher at the Camera Culture Group MIT Media Lab, academic advisor to startups, and editor of the Gregory L. Charvat Series on Practical Approaches to Electrical Engineering. He was a technical staff member at MIT Lincoln Laboratory from September 2007 to November 2011, where his work on through-wall radar won best paper at the 2010 MSS Tri-Services Radar Symposium and is an MIT Office of the Provost 2011 research highlight. He has taught short radar courses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where his Build a Small Radar Sensor course was the top-ranked MIT professional education course in 201l and has become widely adopted by other universities, laboratories, and private organizations. He has developed numerous rail SAR imaging sensors, phased array radar systems, and impulse radar systems; holds several patents; and has developed many other radar sensors and radio and audio equipment. He earned a Ph.D in electrical engineering in 2007, MSEE in 2003, and BSEE in 2002 from Michigan State University, and is a senior member of the IEEE, where he served on the steering committee for the 2010 and 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology and chaired the IEEE AP-S Boston Chapter from 2010-2011.