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E-raamat: Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation: Design and Construction

(Sustainable Technologies SL, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Formaat: 349 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jun-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351336499
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Small Wind Turbines for Electricity and Irrigation: Design and ConstructionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 349 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jun-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351336499
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This practical book deals with the technology of small-power wind turbines as opposed to widely diffused industrial wind turbines and wind farms. It covers the most common wind turbine technologies in the small power segment: horizontal axis both for electrical generation and water pumping, vertical axis of the Darrieus type, and vertical axis of the Savonius type. With each chapter following the same didactic scheme—a theoretical explanation and practical examples showing calculation procedures—it allows anybody with basic technical knowledge to design and build a small wind turbine for any site. A set of simple spreadsheets is available for download, each providing further examples of how to solve specific design problems and allowing the reader to play with changing parameters and see what-if. This simple trial-and-error learning process allows beginners to develop the feeling of the orders of magnitude involved in the design of a small wind power system, its potential advantages on other alternative solutions, and its limitations under some special circumstances.

Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Author xxi
1 Small Wind Turbines: A Technology for Energy Independence and Sustainable Agriculture 1(18)
1.1 Introduction: Why "Small" Wind Turbines?
1(9)
1.2 Why Not "Big" Wind Turbines?
10(3)
1.3 How Small Are Hence, "Small" Wind Turbines?
13(1)
1.4 Why Small Wind Turbines for Pumping Water?
13(1)
1.5 General Plan of This Book and Acknowledgments
14(2)
Bibliography
16(3)
2 General Theory of Wind-Driven Machines 19(32)
2.1 Betz's Theorem
19(3)
2.2 The Extension of Betz's Theorem to Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
22(3)
2.2.1 Discussion of the Extension of Betz's Theorem to Vertical Axis Turbines
24(1)
2.3 Notions on the Theory of Wing Sections
25(5)
2.4 Action of the Air on a Wing in Motion
30(7)
2.4.1 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients
30(2)
2.4.2 Graphical Representation of the Aerodynamic Coefficients Cx and Cz
32(2)
2.4.2.1 Cartesian Representation of Cx, Cm, and Cz as a Function of the Pitch Angle
32(1)
2.4.2.2 Eiffel's Polar
32(1)
2.4.2.3 Lilienthal's Polar
33(1)
2.4.2.4 Mixed Representations
33(1)
2.4.3 Definitions and Terminology
34(3)
2.4.3.1 Solidity Coefficient, σ
34(1)
2.4.3.2 Specific Speed, λ
34(1)
2.4.3.3 Coefficient of Motor Torque, CM
35(1)
2.4.3.4 Coefficient of Axial Force, CF
35(1)
2.4.3.5 Coefficient of Power, Cp
35(1)
2.4.3.6 Relationships between Dimensionless Coefficients
36(1)
2.4.3.7 Reynolds' Number
37(1)
2.5 Classification of Wind Turbines
37(9)
2.5.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
38(1)
2.5.1.1 Reaction-Driven Turbines
38(1)
2.5.1.2 Aerodynamic Action Turbines
38(1)
2.5.1.3 Hybrid Turbines
38(1)
2.5.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
38(5)
2.5.2.1 Fast Turbines
38(3)
2.5.2.2 Slow Wind Turbines
41(2)
2.5.3 "Undefinable" Wind-Driven Machines
43(1)
2.5.4 Comparison between Different Types of Wind Turbines
44(2)
2.6 Accessory Devices of Wind Turbines
46(1)
2.7 Exercises
47(2)
2.7.1 Application of Betz's Theorem
47(1)
2.7.2 Application of Dimensionless Coefficients
47(2)
Bibliography
49(2)
3 Simplified Aerodynamic Theory for the Design of the Rotor's Blades 51(28)
3.1 Definition of the Problem
51(4)
3.1.1 Speed Loss Coefficient, a
53(1)
3.1.2 Coefficient of Specific Local Speed, λr
54(1)
3.1.3 Coefficient of Angular Speed, a'
54(1)
3.2 The Theory of the Annular Flow Tube with Vortical Trail
55(8)
3.3 The Theory of the Aerodynamic Forces on the Element of Blade
63(9)
3.3.1 Optimum Variation of the Angle theta
69(2)
3.3.2 Optimum Variation of the Product σlC2
71(1)
3.3.3 Optimum Blade for Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency
71(1)
3.4 Conclusions
72(3)
3.4.1 Variation of the Chord
72(1)
3.4.2 Relationship between Solidity, Specific Speed, and Efficiency of the Turbine
72(2)
3.4.2.1 Solidity and Specific Speed
73(1)
3.4.2.2 Solidity and Aerodynamic Efficiency
74(1)
3.4.3 Influence of the Fineness Coefficient of the Airfoil
74(1)
3.5 Practical Exercises
75(2)
3.5.1 Influence of the Induced Drag
75(5)
3.5.1.1 Classical Windmill for Water Pumping
75(1)
3.5.1.2 Multi-Blade Turbine
76(1)
3.5.1.3 A Three-Blade Fast Turbine
76(1)
3.5.1.4 Practical Conclusions
77(1)
Bibliography
77(2)
4 Practical Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines 79(34)
4.1 Generalities
79(1)
4.2 The Method to Design the Rotor
80(10)
4.2.1 Pre-Dimensioning of the Diameter and Number of Blades
80(1)
4.2.1.1 Pre-Dimensioning Fast Turbines
80(1)
4.2.1.2 Pre-Dimensioning of Slow Turbines
81(1)
4.2.2 Dimensioning of the Yaw System: Vane or Rotor Conicity
81(3)
4.2.2.1 Orientation by Means of a Vane
82(1)
4.2.2.2 Orientation by Conicity
82(1)
4.2.2.3 Orientation by Means of a Servomotor
83(1)
4.2.3 Selection of the Most Suitable Airfoil for the Blades
84(4)
4.2.4 Division of the Blade in N Discrete "Differential Elements"
88(1)
4.2.5 Calculation of the Chord and Pitch Angle for Each Discrete Element
88(2)
4.2.5.1 Calculation of the Optimum Chord and Pitch Angle for Each Discrete Element
88(1)
4.2.5.2 Calculation of Sub-optimum Blades in Order to Facilitate the Handcrafted Construction
89(1)
4.2.6 Discrete Integration of the Tangential and Axial Forces along the Blade
90(1)
4.3 Analysis of the Aerodynamic Features and Construction Choices of the Rotor
90(13)
4.3.1 Fixed Pitch Rotor
91(6)
4.3.1.1 Fixed Speed Rotor and Unlimited (or Very High Limit) Speed of Rotation
92(1)
4.3.1.2 Fixed Pitch Rotor with Passive Stall and Constant Speed
92(3)
4.3.1.3 Fixed Pitch Rotor Controlled by Active Stall and Variable Speed
95(1)
4.3.1.4 Fixed Pitch Rotor Controlled by Aerodynamic Brakes
95(2)
4.3.2 Variable Pitch Rotor
97(4)
4.3.2.1 Variation of the Pitch by Means of Servomechanisms
97(1)
4.3.2.2 Variation of the Pitch by Means of Centrifugal Force
97(3)
4.3.2.3 Pitch Control by Aerodynamic Moment
100(1)
4.3.3 Yaw Systems and Variation of the Exposed Surface
101(2)
4.4 Selecting the Materials and Techniques for the Blades' Manufacture
103(3)
4.4.1 Wood
103(1)
4.4.2 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRPR)
103(1)
4.4.3 Aluminum Alloys
103(1)
4.4.4 Sail Rotor
104(2)
4.4.5 Wooden Frame Covered with Tarpaulin, or Plastic Foil, or Thin Metal Sheet
106(1)
4.5 Practical Examples
106(5)
4.5.1 Low-Cost Rotor with Profiled Sail
106(3)
4.5.1.1 Definition of the Problem
106(1)
4.5.1.2 Pre-dimensioning
107(1)
4.5.1.3 Yaw System
107(1)
4.5.1.4 Selection of the Airfoil
108(1)
4.5.1.5 Dimensioning of the Blade
108(1)
4.5.2 Design of an Optimum 3-Bladed Rotor for Electrical Generation
109(14)
4.5.2.1 Definition of the Problem
109(2)
4.5.2.2 First Step: General Size of the Turbine and Orientation Vane, Generating the Optimum Blade Shape
111(1)
4.5.2.3 Second Step: Performance of the Optimum Blade
111(1)
4.5.2.4 Third Step: Evaluating Alternatives
111(1)
Bibliography
111(2)
5 Practical Design of Aerodynamic Action Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 113(20)
5.1 General Considerations about Vertical Axis Turbines
113(2)
5.2 Simplified Theory of the Darrieus Turbines
115(8)
5.3 Design of H-Type Darrieus Turbines
123(4)
5.3.1 Pre-dimensioning of H-Type Darrieus Turbines
123(1)
5.3.2 Choosing the Airfoil for the Rotor
124(1)
5.3.3 Calculating the Coefficient a for Different Arbitrary Values of λ' and Determination of the Forces, Torque, Cp, and λ
124(3)
5.4 Analysis of the Aerodynamic Features and Constructive Choices of the Rotor
127(1)
5.4.1 Speed Control
127(1)
5.4.2 Production of the Blades
127(1)
5.5 Practical Example: Making a Low-Cost Darrieus Rotor
128(2)
5.5.1 Definition of the Problem
128(1)
5.5.2 Pre-dimensioning
128(1)
5.5.3 Selection of the Airfoil
129(1)
5.5.4 Dimensioning of the Blade
129(1)
5.6 Exercise
130(1)
Bibliography
131(2)
6 Practical Design of Savonius Turbines and Derived Models 133(12)
6.1 Generalities
133(8)
6.2 Practical Calculation of Savonius Rotors
141(2)
6.2.1 Determine the Power Obtainable from a Given Speed of Wind
141(1)
6.2.2 Determine the Torque
142(1)
6.2.3 Determine the Necessary Torque for Driving the Pump
142(1)
6.2.4 Calculation of the Mass Flow
143(1)
6.2.5 Curve of Mass Flow as a Function of the Wind Speed, V
143(1)
Bibliography
143(2)
7 Engineering of the Support Structures for Wind Turbines 145(22)
7.1 Generalities
145(1)
7.2 Calculation Procedure of a Wind Turbine's Support Structure
146(14)
7.2.1 Determination of the Loads
146(2)
7.2.1.1 Maximum Load on the Hub under Limited Operational Conditions
147(1)
7.2.1.2 Maximum Load on the Hub with Blocked Rotor
147(1)
7.2.1.3 Load Acting on the Support Structure
148(1)
7.2.2 Choice of the Pole
148(5)
7.2.2.1 Standard Steel Poles
148(3)
7.2.2.2 Wooden Poles
151(2)
7.2.2.3 Prefabricated Concrete Poles
153(1)
7.2.3 Sizing of the Foundations
153(1)
7.2.4 Guyed Masts and Towers
154(6)
7.2.4.1 Generalities
154(1)
7.2.4.2 A Simplified Calculation Method: Range of Validity and Description
155(3)
7.2.4.3 Wind-Induced Vibrations and Fatigue Stress
158(2)
7.2.5 Foldable or Hinged Poles
160(1)
7.3 Practical Exercises
160(5)
7.3.1 Design of the Support Pole and Foundation Block of a Wind Turbine
160(3)
7.3.2 Wooden and Concrete Poles
163(1)
7.3.3 Guyed Mast
163(1)
7.3.4 von Karman Vortexes and Resonance Phenomena
164(1)
Bibliography
165(2)
8 Probability Distribution of the Wind Speed and Preliminary Design of Wind Power Installations 167(34)
8.1 Generalities
167(2)
8.2 Employing "Typical Meteorological Years" from Actual Weather Stations or from Specialized Companies
169(2)
8.3 How to Design Your Own Anemometric Campaign
171(7)
8.3.1 Basic Notions of Metrology: Accuracy, Precision, and Repeatability
171(2)
8.3.2 Definitions of Accurateness, Precision, and Repeatability
173(1)
8.3.3 Error Propagation
173(5)
8.3.3.1 Definition N. 1
174(1)
8.3.3.2 Definition N. 2
174(1)
8.3.3.3 Rules of Error Propagation
175(1)
8.3.3.4 Conventions for the Correct Expression of Measured Values, or of Values Calculated from Measures, and Their Errors
175(1)
8.3.3.5 Estimation of the Errors in the Calculation of the Energy Productivity from Meteorological Data
176(2)
8.4 Employing Data of Average Speed and Statistical Functions
178(6)
8.4.1 Rayleigh's Function of Probability Distribution
179(1)
8.4.1.1 Example of Use of Rayleigh's Distribution
180(1)
8.4.2 Weibull's Probability Function
180(4)
8.5 Variation of the Wind Speed with the Height above Ground
184(4)
8.6 Practical Exercise N. 1
188(8)
8.6.1 Estimating the Energy Productivity with the Help of a Wind Map and Weibull's Function
188(2)
8.6.2 Calculating the Energy Productivity with Anemometric Data Provided by the Local Meteorological Service
190(2)
8.6.3 When Both Mesoscale and Anemometric Data Are Available
192(1)
8.6.4 Conclusions
193(3)
8.7 Practical Exercise N. 2
196(3)
8.7.1 Overrating: A Common Practice in the Wind Power Industry
196(2)
8.7.2 Practical Example
198(1)
8.7.3 Conclusions from the Example
198(1)
Bibliography
199(2)
9 Sizing Energy Storage Systems 201(12)
9.1 Stand-alone Wind Power Generators
201(1)
9.2 Stationary Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage
201(5)
9.2.1 The Charge-Discharge Capacity
202(1)
9.2.2 The Discharge Depth
203(1)
9.2.3 Self-Discharge Percentage
203(1)
9.2.4 Choosing the Most Suitable Battery for a Given Scope
204(2)
9.2.5 Influence of Temperature and Discharge Rate
206(1)
9.3 Examples of Stand-alone Wind Power System Design
206(6)
9.3.1 Feasibility of Using of Standard Automotive Batteries for Stationary Applications
206(4)
9.3.1.1 Automotive Batteries
207(1)
9.3.1.2 Stationary Batteries
208(1)
9.3.1.3 Selection Factors
208(1)
9.3.1.4 Size of the Wind Turbine
209(1)
9.3.2 Example of Stand-alone Wind Power System Design with Stationary Batteries
210(5)
9.3.2.1 Maximum Durability Criterion
211(1)
9.3.2.2 Minimum Size Criterion
211(1)
9.3.2.3 Worst Month
211(1)
9.3.2.4 Size of the Turbine
211(1)
Bibliography
212(1)
10 Design of Wind Pumping Systems 213(46)
10.1 Water and Energy
213(2)
10.2 Water Pumps and Wind Turbines
215(11)
10.2.1 Generalities
215(1)
10.2.2 Centrifugal Pumps
215(1)
10.2.3 Positive Displacement Pumps
216(10)
10.2.3.1 Piston Pumps
218(1)
10.2.3.2 Diaphragm Pumps
219(1)
10.2.3.3 Peristaltic Pumps
220(3)
10.2.3.4 Rope Pumps
223(1)
10.2.3.5 Bladder Pumps
224(1)
10.2.3.6 Bellow Pumps
225(1)
10.3 Matching Hydraulic Pumps to Wind Turbines
226(15)
10.3.1 Minimizing a
227(1)
10.3.2 Maximizing k
228(1)
10.3.3 Regulation of the Torque between the Extreme Values Mmin and Mmax
229(1)
10.3.4 Systems for the Conversion and Transmission of the Motion
230(9)
10.3.4.1 Sizing the Transmission between the Wind Turbine and the Pump
232(7)
10.3.5 Minimizing Water Hammering in the Pipeline and Check Valves
239(2)
10.3.5.1 Numerical Example
240(1)
10.4 Examples of Design of Wind-Powered Pumping Systems
241(15)
10.4.1 Example: Design of a Wind-Driven Pumping System in an Isolated Area
241(5)
10.4.1.1 Determination of the Average Pumping Power
241(1)
10.4.1.2 Sizing the Turbine
242(2)
10.4.1.3 Determination of the Storage Volume
244(2)
10.4.2 Example of the Design of a Wind Pumping System for Industrial Agriculture
246(4)
10.4.2.1 Determination of the Average Power for Pumping
247(1)
10.4.2.2 Size of the Turbine
248(1)
10.4.2.3 Finding the Optimum Turbine
249(1)
10.4.3 Tailoring a Wind Pumping System for a Given Context
250(10)
10.4.3.1 Determining the Necessary Power for the Windmill
250(1)
10.4.3.2 Choosing and Sizing the Wind Turbine
251(1)
10.4.3.3 Designing the Pump and the Rotor to Match Each Other
252(4)
10.5 Conclusions
256(1)
Bibliography
256(3)
11 Unconventional Wind-Driven Machines 259(22)
11.1 Introduction
259(1)
11.2 High Altitude Concepts
260(3)
11.2.1 Kites
260(1)
11.2.2 Blimps
261(1)
11.2.3 Autogiros or Flying Electric Generators
262(1)
11.2.4 Tethered Aircraft
263(1)
11.3 Claims of Efficiency Higher than Betz's Theorem
263(2)
11.3.1 Saphonian 3D-Oscillating Membrane
264(1)
11.3.2 Ducted Turbines
264(1)
11.4 Old Technologies Pretending to Be New
265(6)
11.4.1 Spiral Surface Rotor
265(1)
11.4.2 Savonius-Like Rotors
265(1)
11.4.2.1 The Wind Tree
265(1)
11.4.2.2 Twisted Savonius Rotors
265(1)
11.4.3 Variations of the Pannemone
266(3)
11.4.3.1 The Cycloturbine
267(1)
11.4.3.2 The Giromill (a.k.a. Gyromill, a.k.a. Cyclogiro)
268(1)
11.4.3.3 The Vertical Axis Disc Turbine
268(1)
11.4.3.4 The Costes Wind Motor
268(1)
11.4.3.5 The Lafond Turbine
268(1)
11.4.4 Einfield-Andreau Pneumatic Gear
269(1)
11.4.5 Darrieus Turbine with Its Axis in Horizontal Position
270(1)
11.5 Non-Turbines
271(5)
11.5.1 Beating Wing
271(1)
11.5.2 Linear Motion Rolling Blades
272(1)
11.5.3 von Karman Vortex Resonators
273(1)
11.5.4 Delta Wing Vortex
273(1)
11.5.5 Artificial Tornado
274(1)
11.5.5.1 Wind-Induced Tornado
274(1)
11.5.5.2 Heat-Induced Tornado
274(1)
11.5.6 Magnus Effect: Flettner and Thom Rotors
275(1)
11.5.7 Artificial Wind
275(1)
11.5.7.1 Solar-Induced Updraft a.k.a. Solar Chimney
275(1)
11.5.7.2 Evaporative-Induced Downdraft
275(1)
11.6 Practical Exercises
276(4)
11.6.1 Do Vortex Converters Have Any Potential Advantage on Wind Turbines?
276(2)
11.6.2 Check the Maximum Cp of the Pannemone Presented in Section 11.4.3.3
278(2)
Bibliography
280(1)
12 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Blunt Bodies and Airfoils 281(39)
12.1 Generalities
281(1)
12.2 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Extruded Profiles
281(1)
12.3 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Blunt and Streamlined Bodies
282(1)
12.4 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils
283(37)
12.4.1 Clark Y Airfoil
284(3)
12.4.2 Wortmann FX77-W153 Airfoil
287(3)
12.4.3 Eppler E220 Airfoil
290(1)
12.4.4 Airfoil NREL S822
290(3)
12.4.5 Airfoil NREL S819
293(7)
12.4.6 GOE 417-A Airfoil (Cambered Plate)
300(1)
12.4.7 Airfoil Eppler E377 (Modified)
300(3)
12.4.8 Simmetric Airfoil Eppler E169 (14.4%)
303(17)
Bibliography 320(1)
Index 321
Mario Alejandro Rosato is an electrical, electronic, and environmental engineer. He graduated in 1988 with a thesis on the construction of a low-cost small-sized wind turbine meant to supply electricity to rural schools in the Argentine Patagonia. In 1992 the first version of this book was published in Spain, which was much focused on self-construction of wind turbines in developing countries. In 2003 he won the John Hogg Award with a simple program, based on a spreadsheet, for the design of wind turbines meant for alternative marine propulsion. In 2010, the renewed interest of the Italian public opinion on small-sized wind turbines led him to start teaching about the subject at the University Consortium of Pordenone and other private institutes. In 2012 he was engaged by Acca Software, the Italian leader in software and technical training for engineers, to record a video course on how to select commercial wind turbines and design the whole system. In 2014, with the help of his wife Giovanna, he decided to translate the original book into Italian but, given the technological evolution in nearly one quarter of century, he finally decided to write a completely new book from a scratch.

The current edition is a not a mere translation to English of the Italian one. The Author included an additional chapter and further improvements of the pre-existing ones, and has adapted the content to meet the different needs of people living both in industrialized and in developing countries. The formulas and design method are presented together with some hints on how to implement them in standard spreadsheets without the need to resort to expensive simulation software.
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