Preface |
|
xiii | |
The book at a glance |
|
xv | |
Law Report abbreviations |
|
xvi | |
|
|
xviii | |
|
|
xlvii | |
|
Part 1 THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM |
|
|
|
1 The nature and development of English law |
|
|
3 | (17) |
|
Classification of English law |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
The development and sources of English law -- generally |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
|
9 | (4) |
|
Relationship of common law and equity |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2 The unwritten constitution |
|
|
20 | (7) |
|
Key events in the development of the constitution |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
Fundamental principles underpinning the constitution |
|
|
23 | (4) |
|
3 The law-making process: legislation and case law |
|
|
27 | (28) |
|
|
27 | (7) |
|
|
34 | (4) |
|
Interpretation of statutes by the judiciary |
|
|
38 | (5) |
|
Case law or judicial precedent |
|
|
43 | (12) |
|
|
55 | (38) |
|
The Senior Court of Judicature (formerly the Supreme Court of Judicature) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
|
58 | (7) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (8) |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
The Central Criminal Court |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
The High Court -- generally |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
The Technology and Construction Court |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
The Court of Appeal -- generally |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Appeals up to the Civil Division |
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
Assistance for transaction of judicial business in the Supreme Court |
|
|
85 | (3) |
|
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
The Court of Justice of the European Communities |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
The role of the European Court at Luxembourg |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
The International Criminal Court |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
The European Court of Human Rights |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
5 Tribunals and judicial review |
|
|
93 | (20) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
The Tribunals and Inquiries Acts |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Judicial control over inferior courts and tribunals |
|
|
102 | (8) |
|
Other controls on decision making |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
6 Alternative dispute resolution |
|
|
113 | (9) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (5) |
|
7 The main legal professions |
|
|
122 | (17) |
|
|
122 | (3) |
|
|
125 | (3) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Lawyers' practising certificates |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Disciplining the legal profession |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
The Judicial Appointments Commission |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
Removal and retirement of judges |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Other important judicial offices |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
|
139 | (7) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Alternative business structures |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Reserved legal activities |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Overriding duties of advocates and litigators |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Rights of audience and employees of the Crown Prosecution Service |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Administration of oaths and the taking of affidavits |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Payment for legal services |
|
|
143 | (3) |
|
|
146 | (20) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Funding the claim -- generally |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
Conditional fee agreements (CFAs) |
|
|
149 | (3) |
|
Alternatives to a claim in court |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
The commencement of proceedings |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
The Defendant's response to the claim |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Requests for further information |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Case management and allocation of cases |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
Court enforcement of timetables |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
162 | (4) |
|
|
166 | (51) |
|
Criminal procedure -- generally |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
Getting the accused into court |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
Procedure at the police station |
|
|
171 | (6) |
|
The trial of criminal proceedings |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Commencing the prosecution |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
Funding the defence -- legal aid |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
Criminal trials and the Human Rights Act 1998 |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Summary trial before magistrates (other than in a youth court) |
|
|
186 | (4) |
|
Proceedings in the youth court |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Trial on indictment in the Crown Court |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
The offence and indictment |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (8) |
|
Committal to the Crown Court for sentence |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Contempt of Court Act 1981 |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Custodial sentences -- generally |
|
|
203 | (4) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Prison sentences of less than 12 months |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Release of offenders from custody |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Binding over to keep the peace |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Binding over of a parent or guardian |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Travel restriction orders |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Anti-social behaviour orders |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Youth crime and disorder: sentencing |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
Restitution of property in criminal cases |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 -- non-disclosure of sentence |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
217 | (10) |
|
The scope of the Convention |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
The European Court of Human Rights |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 |
|
|
218 | (7) |
|
The European Court of Justice and Human Rights |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (36) |
|
|
227 | (19) |
|
|
246 | (3) |
|
Unincorporated associations |
|
|
249 | (5) |
|
Limited liability partnerships (LLPs) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (8) |
|
Part 2 EUROPEAN UNION LAW |
|
|
|
13 The legislative organs of the European Union |
|
|
263 | (8) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
The Treaty on European Union 1992 (Maastricht Treaty) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
The Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
The Treaty of Lisbon 2007 (The European Reform Treaty) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Subsidiarity and its application |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
The institutions of the European Union |
|
|
266 | (5) |
|
14 Sources of European Union law |
|
|
271 | (9) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Sources of European Union law |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Direct effect in the United Kingdom |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Vertical and horizontal effect of EU law |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
National courts and the European Court of Justice |
|
|
276 | (4) |
|
15 Jurisdiction in personam: the Brussels regime |
|
|
280 | (21) |
|
The meaning of jurisdiction |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
The liberality and simplicity of the common law of jurisdiction |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
The development of the Brussels regime |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Actions in personam where the defendant is 'domiciled' in the EU |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
The interpretation of the Regulation |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
The scope of the Brussels I Regulation |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
The concept of 'domicile' under the Brussels regime |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
The central jurisdictional rules under the Regulation |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Prorogation of jurisdiction |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Insurance contracts: Articles 8--14 |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Consumer contracts: Articles 15--17 |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Employment contracts: Articles 18--21 |
|
|
297 | (4) |
|
Part 3 THE LAW OF CONTRACT |
|
|
|
16 Making the contract I: offer and acceptance |
|
|
301 | (18) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
The essentials of a valid contract |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Classification of contracts |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
The formation of a contract |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Offer and invitation to treat |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
308 | (6) |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
17 Making the contract II: consideration and estoppel |
|
|
319 | (19) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Consideration in relation to formation of a contract -- generally |
|
|
320 | (10) |
|
Consideration viewed in relation to the discharge or variation of a contract |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Common law -- the rule of accord and satisfaction |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
Equity -- the rule of promissory estoppel |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
Discharge of contract by performance -- relevance of the High Trees case |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Equitable estoppel -- other applications |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Intention to create legal relations |
|
|
334 | (4) |
|
18 Making the contract III: formalities and capacity |
|
|
338 | (9) |
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Consequences of the defective contracts of minors |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Mental disorder and drunkenness |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
19 Reality of consent: mistake, misrepresentation and duress |
|
|
347 | (14) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Non-identical bilateral (or mutual) mistake |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Bilateral identical (or common) mistake |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Documents mistakenly signed |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Meaning of representation |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
Types of actionable misrepresentation and remedies in general |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
361 | (22) |
|
Inducements and terms -- generally |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Inducements and terms distinguished |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Conditions and warranties |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Innominate or intermediate terms |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Implied terms -- generally |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Implied terms in consumer law -- sale of goods |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Implied conditions as to fitness |
|
|
368 | (2) |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Fitness and satisfactory quality |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Implied terms in consumer law -- the supply of goods and services |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Supply of goods other than by sale |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Contracts for the transfer of property in goods |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Contracts for work and materials |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Contracts for the hire of goods |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Exclusion clauses -- supply of goods |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Exclusion clauses -- supply of services |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
The Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
21 Exclusion clauses and other unfair terms |
|
|
383 | (13) |
|
Exclusion clauses -- the issue of communication |
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
Construction of exclusion clauses |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
The doctrine of fundamental breach |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
The approach of Parliament to exclusion clauses |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Exclusion clauses applicable if reasonable |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
Provisions against evasion of liability |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Unfair contract terms regulations |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
22 Illegality, public policy and competition law |
|
|
396 | (21) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Public policy -- the contribution of the judiciary: illegal contracts |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Public policy and the judiciary -- void contracts |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Contracts in restraint of trade -- generally |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Voluntary contractual restraints of trade on employees generally |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Contractual restraints on employees through the period of notice |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Non-contractual restraints on employees: confidential information |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Employee restraints arising from agreements between manufacturers and traders |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Restraints imposed on the vendor of a business |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Restrictions on shareholder-employees |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Restrictions accepted by distributors of merchandise |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Involuntary restraints of trade |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Consequences where the contract is contrary to public policy: severance |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Public policy: the contribution of Parliament |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Wagering contracts: insurance and dealing in differences |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (6) |
|
The European Community approach to restrictive practices |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
|
417 | (13) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Construction of the contract as entire |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Acceptance of partial performance |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Full performance prevented by the promisee |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Appropriation of payments |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Contracts for personal service |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Destruction of the subject matter of the contract |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Non-occurrence of an event |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Commercial purpose defeated |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Situations in which the doctrine does not apply |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Consequences of frustration |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Anticipatory breach and supervening events |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Effect of breach on a contract |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Other matters relevant to breach |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Affirming or discharging the contract |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
24 Remedies and limitation of actions |
|
|
430 | (15) |
|
|
430 | (8) |
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
Remedies agreed by the parties |
|
|
441 | (4) |
|
|
|
25 The law of torts: general principles |
|
|
445 | (19) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Parties in the law of torts |
|
|
447 | (7) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (4) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Nature of vicarious liability |
|
|
458 | (4) |
|
Liability for torts of independent contractors |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
|
464 | (36) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
The duty of care -- generally |
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
|
468 | (8) |
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
Consumer Protection Act 1987 |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (5) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Defective Premises Act 1972 |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
|
492 | (8) |
|
27 Torts relating to property |
|
|
500 | (22) |
|
|
500 | (6) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (7) |
|
The Rule in Rylands v Fletcher |
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
Wrongful interference with goods |
|
|
517 | (5) |
|
|
522 | (24) |
|
|
522 | (4) |
|
Arrest and the tort of trespass to the person |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Remedies available against false imprisonment |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (4) |
|
|
531 | (11) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (3) |
|
29 Defences and remedies in tort |
|
|
546 | (25) |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
|
549 | (7) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (6) |
|
Damage after successive accidents |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
565 | (6) |
|
Part 5 THE LAW OF PROPERTY |
|
|
|
|
571 | (60) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
|
576 | (4) |
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
A leasehold or a term of years |
|
|
589 | (5) |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
Tenants' rights to acquire the freehold of houses and blocks of flats |
|
|
596 | (4) |
|
|
600 | (6) |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
608 | (3) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (8) |
|
Registration of land charges |
|
|
619 | (4) |
|
Mortgages of personal chattels |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Mortgages of choses in action |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (3) |
|
Assignments of choses in action |
|
|
627 | (4) |
|
|
|
31 Criminal law: general principles |
|
|
631 | (13) |
|
Crime and civil wrongs distinguished |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Terminology and outcome of criminal and civil proceedings |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Nulla poena sine lege -- no punishment unless by law |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Constituent elements of a criminal offence |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Omissions or failure to act |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
The mens rea -- generally |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
Mens rea in statutory offences |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
The mental element -- corporations |
|
|
640 | (4) |
|
|
644 | (21) |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (5) |
|
|
650 | (3) |
|
Causing death by dangerous or careless driving |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Violent offences which are not fatal |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Statutory offences against the person |
|
|
655 | (6) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
The Computer Misuse Act 1990 |
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
33 Age and responsibility: general defences |
|
|
665 | (14) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
670 | (3) |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (3) |
|
|
|
34 The contract of employment |
|
|
679 | (5) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
What constitutes an employment relationship? |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Specific occupations with special status |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
Contractual terms of employment |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
35 Workplace discrimination |
|
|
684 | (51) |
|
Statutory controls on contract |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Recruitment and selection of employees |
|
|
685 | (13) |
|
Protection during employment |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
The contract of employment |
|
|
698 | (8) |
|
|
706 | (5) |
|
Equal treatment in terms and conditions of employment as between men and women in the same employment |
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
Workers on fixed-term contracts |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
Discrimination once in employment |
|
|
716 | (3) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Suspension from work on medical grounds |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Family-friendly provisions |
|
|
720 | (6) |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Health and safety at work |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Health and safety in the office |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
Trade union membership and activities |
|
|
732 | (3) |
|
36 Termination of contract of employment |
|
|
735 | (25) |
|
Unfair dismissal -- generally |
|
|
735 | (13) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (6) |
|
Written statement of reasons for dismissal |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
The employment contract and shop workers |
|
|
755 | (2) |
|
Taking a dispute to the Employment Tribunal after 6 April 2009 |
|
|
757 | (3) |
|
Part 8 CASES AND MATERIALS |
|
|
|
1 The nature and development of English law |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
3 The law-making process: legislation and case law |
|
|
761 | (4) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
5 Tribunals and judicial review |
|
|
766 | (4) |
|
7 The main legal professions |
|
|
770 | (2) |
|
|
772 | (3) |
|
|
775 | (3) |
|
14 Sources of European Union law |
|
|
778 | (2) |
|
15 Jurisdiction in personam: the Brussels regime |
|
|
780 | (3) |
|
16 Making the contract I: offer and acceptance |
|
|
783 | (12) |
|
17 Making the contract II: consideration and estoppel |
|
|
795 | (14) |
|
18 Making the contract III: formalities and capacity |
|
|
809 | (2) |
|
19 Reality of consent: mistake, misrepresentation and duress |
|
|
811 | (12) |
|
|
823 | (8) |
|
21 Exclusion clauses and other unfair terms |
|
|
831 | (6) |
|
22 Illegality, public policy and competition law |
|
|
837 | (9) |
|
|
846 | (7) |
|
24 Remedies and limitation of actions |
|
|
853 | (7) |
|
25 Law of torts: general principles |
|
|
860 | (12) |
|
|
872 | (10) |
|
27 Torts relating to property |
|
|
882 | (10) |
|
|
892 | (8) |
|
29 Defences and remedies in tort |
|
|
900 | (12) |
|
|
912 | (12) |
|
31 Criminal law: general principles |
|
|
924 | (8) |
|
|
932 | (6) |
|
33 Age and responsibility: general defences |
|
|
938 | (5) |
|
35 Workplace discrimination |
|
|
943 | (4) |
|
36 Termination of contract of employment |
|
|
947 | (3) |
Glossary of commonly used legal words and phrases |
|
950 | (2) |
Index |
|
952 | |