Preface |
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xix | |
New to This Edition |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
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1 | (20) |
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Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods |
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1 | (20) |
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5 | (1) |
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Social Science as a System of Rules |
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6 | (2) |
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The Scientific Method and Its Application |
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8 | (2) |
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Methodology and the Social Sciences |
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10 | (2) |
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The Methods of Social Science |
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12 | (1) |
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An Example of the Social Science Method |
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13 | (1) |
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Other Social Science Methods |
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14 | (1) |
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Educated Common Sense in the Social Sciences |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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The Interdisciplinary Approach |
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16 | (1) |
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The Impartial Spectator and the Veil of Ignorance |
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17 | (1) |
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Values, Terminology, and Rhetoric |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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Appendix: Historical Roots of Social Science |
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21 | (40) |
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22 | (1) |
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From Philosophy to Social Science |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (19) |
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The Origin of the Human Species |
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25 | (1) |
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Darwin and the Theory of Evolution |
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25 | (3) |
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Recent Developments in Genetics |
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28 | (1) |
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A Revised Theory of Evolution |
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29 | (1) |
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Some Implications of Recent Developments |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Punctuated Equilibrium Versus Gradual Change |
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31 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Human Beings |
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31 | (1) |
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Science, Faith, and Controversy |
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32 | (2) |
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Predecessors of Modern Humans |
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34 | (2) |
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DNA Evidence and the Descent of Humans |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Origins of Western Society |
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43 | (18) |
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From the Stone Age to the Agricultural Age |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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The Cradle of Modern Civilization: Mesopotamia and Egypt |
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44 | (2) |
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Development of Greek Civilization |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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The Middle Ages (AD 476--1453) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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The Development of Modern Economic and Political Institutions |
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55 | (1) |
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From Serfdom to Mercantilism |
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55 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Nation-States |
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56 | (1) |
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The Industrial and Political Revolutions of the 1750s to the 1850s |
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57 | (1) |
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Learning to Live Together |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Part II Culture and the Individual |
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61 | (88) |
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Chapter 4 Society, Culture, and Cultural Change |
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61 | (19) |
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Culture and Multiculturalism |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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The Shared Beliefs in Culture |
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63 | (1) |
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Culture and the Nature of Society |
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63 | (1) |
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Culture and Its Role in Human Societies |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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Culture, Society, and Social Change |
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67 | (1) |
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Popular Theories of Social Change |
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68 | (1) |
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Factors Causing Cultural Change |
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69 | (2) |
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Language and Cultural Change |
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71 | (1) |
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Factors Stabilizing Culture |
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72 | (1) |
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Social Change Versus Social Stability |
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72 | (1) |
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Social Change and Social Problems |
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73 | (1) |
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Cultural Lag and Social Problems |
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73 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Cultural Lag Theory |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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The Interaction of Humans and Society |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Approach to the Study of Society |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society |
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80 | (14) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Determinants of Population Growth |
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82 | (2) |
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The Growth of Population Over Time |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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The Concept of Optimal Population |
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87 | (1) |
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The Question of Population Quality |
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87 | (1) |
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Ecology: The Interaction of Geography, Demography, and Environment |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Conservation and the Price of Gasoline and Oil |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Technology and Society |
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94 | (17) |
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Technology and Social Change |
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94 | (2) |
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The Industrial Revolution |
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96 | (1) |
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The Development of Industrialism in the United States |
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96 | (1) |
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Standardization, Interchangeability, and Mass Production |
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97 | (1) |
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Social and Economic Effects of Interchangeability |
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98 | (1) |
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The Cultural and Social Basis for Technological Progress |
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99 | (1) |
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The Technological Foundation of Globalization |
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100 | (1) |
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Technology and Social Change Revisited |
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100 | (2) |
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Technology, Income Distribution, and Jobs |
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102 | (1) |
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Natural Resources, Economics, and Technology |
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103 | (2) |
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Natural Resources, Technology, and Climate Change |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Technology and Social Change in the Future |
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105 | (1) |
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The Information Revolution |
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106 | (2) |
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Don't Hold Your Breath Expecting Immediate Change |
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108 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Speculating About the Future |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Psychology, Society, and Culture |
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111 | (18) |
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Socialization of the Individual |
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112 | (1) |
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Significance of the Early Years of Childhood |
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112 | (1) |
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Significance of Differences in Individual Environment |
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113 | (1) |
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Effects of Extreme Isolation on Children |
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114 | (1) |
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Personality and Its Development |
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115 | (1) |
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The Nature/Nurture Debate |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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The Well-Adjusted Individual |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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The Freudian Concept of Personality |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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Intelligence, Personal Adjustment, and Normality |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (4) |
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Intelligence and Personal Adjustment |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Deviance, Crime, and Society |
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129 | (20) |
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129 | (1) |
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Conflicting Norms and Tension |
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130 | (1) |
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Norms, Crime, and the Rule of Law |
|
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131 | (1) |
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When Norms Conflict: Straight Outta Compton |
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132 | (2) |
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Major Theories on Deviance |
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134 | (1) |
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Psychological and Biological Explanations of Deviance |
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135 | (1) |
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Genetic and Biological Predisposition to Deviance |
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135 | (1) |
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Sociobiology and Deviance |
|
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135 | (1) |
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Sociological Explanations of Deviance |
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136 | (2) |
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Economic Explanations of Deviance |
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138 | (1) |
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Summary of Various Perspectives on Deviance |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Problem 1 Is the United States Trying to Exert Too Much Control Over Individuals? |
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139 | (3) |
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Problem 2 Is Justice Applied Equally to All in the United States? |
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|
142 | (2) |
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Problem 3 Deciding the Purpose of the Justice and Criminal System |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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|
147 | (1) |
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|
148 | (1) |
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Part III Institutions and Society |
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|
149 | (104) |
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149 | (22) |
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Variations in the Family Pattern |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Functions of the Family in Society |
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154 | (1) |
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Matching Family Patterns With Family Functions |
|
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155 | (1) |
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Number and Stability of Mates |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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Other Western Family Characteristics and Functions of the Family |
|
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157 | (1) |
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The Family in the United States Today |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Family Disorganization and Divorce |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
169 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (17) |
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172 | (1) |
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The Great Religions of Today |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (2) |
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The Role of Religion in Society |
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183 | (1) |
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Religion as a Source of Moral Values and Social Change |
|
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184 | (1) |
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Impact of Religion on Education, the Arts, and Literature |
|
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184 | (1) |
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Interfaith Efforts for Peace |
|
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185 | (1) |
|
The Potential Conflict Between Religion and Government |
|
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
|
Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
186 | (1) |
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|
186 | (2) |
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188 | (19) |
|
Schools as Agencies of Social Control |
|
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189 | (1) |
|
The Dual Thrust of US Education |
|
|
189 | (1) |
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Education and US Democracy |
|
|
189 | (1) |
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The Development of US Education |
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190 | (2) |
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Democratic Structure of the US School System |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Formalization of the School System |
|
|
192 | (3) |
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Examining the School System |
|
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195 | (1) |
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Technological Change and Teaching |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Private Schools and Home Schooling |
|
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196 | (1) |
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Charter Schools, Privatization, and the Problem of School Finance |
|
|
196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Multiculturalism, Collaborative Learning, and Institutional Fairness |
|
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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The Search for Excellence |
|
|
200 | (1) |
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Changes in the College Curriculum |
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201 | (1) |
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Is the US Educational System Equal? |
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202 | (1) |
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How Much Education Should the Average Citizen Receive? |
|
|
203 | (1) |
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Interaction of Economics, Politics, and Social Institutions |
|
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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|
205 | (1) |
|
Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
205 | (1) |
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|
205 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Social and Economic Stratification |
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|
207 | (16) |
|
Types of Social Stratification |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (1) |
|
Who Are the Upwardly Mobile? |
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213 | (1) |
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Education and Social Mobility |
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214 | (1) |
|
Class Consciousness in the United States |
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215 | (1) |
|
Class Consciousness, Marx, and Weber |
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216 | (1) |
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Economic and Social Inequality |
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216 | (1) |
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Causes of Income Inequality |
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217 | (1) |
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Jobless Recovery and Globalization |
|
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217 | (1) |
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|
218 | (1) |
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Increasing Social and Economic Inequality |
|
|
219 | (1) |
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Policies to Reduce Inequality |
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|
220 | (1) |
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Some Conclusions About the US Class System |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
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221 | (1) |
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|
222 | (1) |
|
Chapter 13 Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination |
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223 | (30) |
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223 | (1) |
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Questions of Ethnic and Racial Superiority |
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224 | (1) |
|
Ethnic and Racial Prejudice and Discrimination |
|
|
225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (7) |
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Systemic Racism and Microaggressions |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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Arab Americans and Americans of Middle Eastern Descent |
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239 | (1) |
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Immigration and Minorities |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (2) |
|
Physical Disabilities Discrimination |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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|
250 | (1) |
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|
250 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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|
251 | (1) |
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|
251 | (2) |
|
Part IV Politics and Society |
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|
253 | (61) |
|
Chapter 14 The Functions and Forms of Government |
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253 | (20) |
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The Primary Functions of Government |
|
|
254 | (1) |
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Maintaining Internal Order and External Security |
|
|
254 | (1) |
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|
254 | (1) |
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Safeguarding Individual Freedoms |
|
|
254 | (2) |
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Regulating Business's and Individuals' Actions |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Promoting the General Welfare |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Debates About the Nature of Government |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Political Theory and Government |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Three Views of the Nature of Government |
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|
257 | (4) |
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Elements of Truth in Each of the Views |
|
|
261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (4) |
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265 | (5) |
|
Governments Are Far From Simple |
|
|
270 | (1) |
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|
270 | (1) |
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|
271 | (1) |
|
Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Governments of the World |
|
|
273 | (18) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
The French Parliamentary System |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
The French Executive Branch |
|
|
276 | (1) |
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|
276 | (1) |
|
Chinese Governmental History |
|
|
276 | (1) |
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|
277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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|
279 | (1) |
|
Modern Nigeria's Government: The Fourth Republic |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Difficulties Facing Nigeria |
|
|
281 | (1) |
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|
282 | (1) |
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|
282 | (3) |
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|
285 | (3) |
|
Some Lessons About Governments |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Future Changes in Governments |
|
|
288 | (1) |
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|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Chapter 16 Democratic Government in the United States |
|
|
291 | (23) |
|
Historical Development of US Government |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
The Structure of US Government |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Structure of the National Government |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
The Nature of Our National Government |
|
|
295 | (9) |
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304 | (1) |
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|
304 | (1) |
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|
305 | (2) |
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|
307 | (2) |
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|
309 | (1) |
|
The Military-Industrial Complex and Pressure Groups |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
Evaluation of the Democratic Political Process |
|
|
311 | (1) |
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|
312 | (1) |
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|
312 | (1) |
|
Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Part V Economics and Society |
|
|
314 | (37) |
|
Chapter 17 The Organization of Economic Activities |
|
|
314 | (16) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
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|
315 | (1) |
|
Economics and the Social Sciences |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Economic Wants and Economic Goods |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
The Other Economic Problem |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
The Evolution of Economic Systems |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
From Feudalism to Mercantilism |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
From Mercantilism to a Pragmatic Market Economy |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
Planned and Unplanned Economies |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
How Planned Economies Are Supposed to Work |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Why Central Planning Did Not Meet Its Goals |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
How Market Economies Are Supposed to Work |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
Modern Economies Are Pragmatic Market Economies |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Chapter 18 The Economy, Government, and Economic Challenges Facing the United States |
|
|
330 | (21) |
|
Government's Indirect Role in the Economy |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
The Problem of Regulating the Economy |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Whose Desires Does the Government Reflect? |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Fluctuating Attitudes Toward Regulation |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Government's Direct Role in the Economy |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Where the Government Spends Its Money |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Where Government Gets Its Money |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Alternative Methods of Supply in a Pragmatic Market Economy |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Some Controversial Roles of the Government |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Income Redistribution Through Government |
|
|
336 | (3) |
|
Governments Macroeconomic Role |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Monetary and Fiscal Policy |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Economic Challenges Facing the United States in the Future |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
The Globalization Challenge |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
The Income Inequality Challenge |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
The Climate Change Challenge |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (76) |
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Chapter 19 International Political Relations |
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351 | (21) |
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The State in International Relations |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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The Establishment and Disappearance of Nation-States |
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354 | (1) |
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The Rise of the European Union |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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Power in the World Community |
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357 | (1) |
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The Nature and Sources of National Power |
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358 | (1) |
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The End of US Hegemony and the Rise of Chinese Military Power |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (1) |
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Geography and Foreign Policy |
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364 | (1) |
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Values, Ideologies, and Foreign Policy |
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364 | (2) |
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The United States in the World Community |
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366 | (1) |
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The President and Foreign Policy |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Chapter 20 International Economic Relations |
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372 | (14) |
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What Makes International Trade Different? |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rate Systems |
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373 | (3) |
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Balance of Payments and Balance of Trade |
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376 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade |
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377 | (1) |
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Three Advantages of Trade |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Why Economists Generally Support Free Trade |
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378 | (1) |
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Why You Can't Get the Advantages Without the Disadvantages |
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379 | (1) |
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Restrictions on International Trade |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (1) |
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Removing Trade Restrictions |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Globalization, Trade Imbalances, and Exchange Rates |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 The Political Economies of Developing Countries |
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386 | (20) |
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Problems of Developing Countries |
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388 | (1) |
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The Political Consensus Problem |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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Mission Impossible: Advice to a Potential Leader |
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394 | (1) |
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Options of Developing Countries |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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Who Will Be the Next Leader? |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (2) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
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|
404 | (1) |
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|
405 | (1) |
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Chapter 22 International Institutions and the Search for Peace |
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|
406 | (21) |
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|
408 | (1) |
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|
408 | (1) |
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Approaches to the Problem of War |
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|
409 | (2) |
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|
411 | (1) |
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|
412 | (2) |
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The UN's Role in Keeping the Peace |
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|
414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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|
417 | (2) |
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Trouble Spots of the World |
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|
419 | (5) |
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|
424 | (1) |
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|
424 | (1) |
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|
425 | (1) |
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Questions for Review and Discussion |
|
|
425 | (1) |
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|
426 | (1) |
Index |
|
427 | |