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E-raamat: Social Systems Engineering: The Design of Complexity

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Uniquely reflects an engineering view to social systems in a wide variety of contexts of application

Social Systems Engineering: The Design of Complexity brings together a wide variety of application approaches to social systems from an engineering viewpoint. The book defines a social system as any complex system formed by human beings. Focus is given to the importance of systems intervention design for specific and singular settings, the possibilities of engineering thinking and methods, the use of computational models in particular contexts, and the development of portfolios of solutions. Furthermore, this book considers both technical, human and social perspectives, which are crucial to solving complex problems.

Social Systems Engineering: The Design of Complexity provides modelling examples to explore the design aspect of social systems. Various applications are explored in a variety of areas, such as urban systems, health care systems, socio-economic systems, and environmental systems. It covers important topics such as organizational design, modelling and intervention in socio-economic systems, participatory and/or community-based modelling, application of systems engineering tools to social problems, applications of computational behavioral modeling, computational modelling and management of complexity, and more. 

  • Highlights an engineering view to social systems (as opposed to a “scientific” view) that stresses the importance of systems intervention design for specific and singular settings
  • Divulges works where the design, re-design, and transformation of social systems constitute the main aim, and where joint considerations of both technical and social perspectives are deemed important in solving social problems
  • Features an array of applied cases that illustrate the application of social systems engineering in different domains

Social Systems Engineering: The Design of Complexity is an excellent text for academics and graduate students in engineering and social science—specifically, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and management scientists with an interest in finding systematic ways to intervene and improve social systems.

List of Contributors
xi
Preface xiii
Introduction: The Why, What and How of Social Systems Engineering 1(10)
Cesar Garcia-Diaz
Camilo Olaya
Part I SOCIAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING: THE VERY IDEA
11(90)
1 Compromised Exactness and the Rationality of Engineering
13(18)
Steven L. Goldman
1.1 Introduction
13(1)
1.2 The Historical Context
14(6)
1.3 Science and Engineering: Distinctive Rationalities
20(3)
1.4 `Compromised Exactness': Design in Engineering
23(3)
1.5 Engineering Social Systems?
26(5)
References
29(2)
2 Uncertainty in the Design and Maintenance of Social Systems
31(14)
William M. Bulleit
2.1 Introduction
31(2)
2.2 Uncertainties in Simple and Complicated Engineered Systems
33(2)
2.3 Control Volume and Uncertainty
35(2)
2.4 Engineering Analysis and Uncertainty in Complex Systems
37(2)
2.5 Uncertainty in Social Systems Engineering
39(3)
2.6 Conclusions
42(3)
References
42(3)
3 System Farming
45(20)
Bruce Edmonds
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Uncertainty, Complexity and Emergence
46(3)
3.2.1 The Double Complexity of CSS
48(1)
3.3 Science and Engineering Approaches
49(5)
3.3.1 The Impossibility of a Purely Design-Based Engineering Approach to CSS
51(1)
3.3.2 Design vs. Adaptation
52(1)
3.3.3 The Necessity of Strongly Validated Foundations for Design-Based Approaches
53(1)
3.4 Responses to CSS Complexity
54(4)
3.4.1 Formed Methods
54(1)
3.4.2 Statistical Approaches
55(2)
3.4.3 Self-adaptive and Adaptive Systems
57(1)
3.4.4 Participatory Approaches and Rapid Prototyping
57(1)
3.5 Towards Farming Systems
58(2)
3.5.1 Reliability from Experience Rather Than Control of Construction
58(1)
3.5.2 Post-Construction Care Rather Than Prior Effort
58(1)
3.5.3 Continual Tinkering Rather Than One-Off Effort
59(1)
3.5.4 Multiple Fallible Mechanisms Rather Than One Reliable Mechanism
59(1)
3.5.5 Monitoring Rather Than Prediction
59(1)
3.5.6 Disaster Aversion Rather Than Optimizing Performance
59(1)
3.5.7 Partial Rather Than Full Understanding
59(1)
3.5.8 Specific Rather Than Abstract Modelling
60(1)
3.5.9 Many Models Rather Than One
60(1)
3.5.70 A Community Rather Than Individual Effort
60(1)
3.6 Conclusion
60(5)
References
61(4)
4 Policy between Evolution and Engineering
65(26)
Martin F.G. Schaffernicht
4.1 Introduction: Individual and Social System
65(2)
4.2 Policy -- Concept and Process
67(3)
4.3 Human Actors: Perception, Policy and Action
70(3)
4.4 Artefacts
73(3)
4.5 Engineering and Evolution: From External to Internal Selection
76(3)
4.6 Policy between Cultural Evolution and Engineering
79(3)
4.7 Conclusions and Outlook
82(9)
Appendix: Brief Overview of the Policy Literature
83(3)
References
86(5)
5 `Friend' versus `Electronic Friend'
91(10)
Joseph C. Pitt
References
99(2)
Part II METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS
101(96)
6 Interactive Visualizations for Supporting Decision-Making in Complex Socio-technical Systems
103(30)
Zhongyuan Yu
Mehrnoosh Oghbaie
Chen Liu
William B. Rouse
Michael J. Pennock
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.2 Policy Flight Simulators
104(4)
6.2.1 Background
104(1)
6.2.2 Multi-level Modelling
105(1)
6.2.3 People's Use of Simulators
106(2)
6.3 Application 1 -- Hospital Consolidation
108(10)
6.3.1 Model Overview
110(7)
6.3.2 Results and Conclusions
117(1)
6.4 Application 2 -- Enterprise Diagnostics
118(10)
6.4.1 Automobile Industry Application
119(3)
6.4.2 Interactive Visualization
122(3)
6.4.3 Experimental Evaluation
125(1)
6.4.4 Results and Discussion
125(3)
6.4.5 Implications
128(1)
6.5 Conclusions
128(5)
References
129(4)
7 Developing Agent-Based Simulation Models for Social Systems Engineering Studies: A Novel Framework and its Application to Modelling Peacebuilding Activities
133(24)
Peer-Olaf Siebers
Grazziela P. Figueredo
Miwa Hirono
Anya Skatova
7.1 Introduction
133(1)
7.2 Background
134(3)
7.2.1 Simulation
134(1)
7.2.2 Peacebuilding
135(2)
7.3 Framework
137(6)
7.3.1 Toolkit Design
138(4)
7.3.2 Application Design
142(1)
7.4 Illustrative Example of Applying the Framework
143(12)
7.4.1 Peacebuilding Toolkit Design
143(6)
7.4.2 Peacebuilding Application Design
149(4)
7.4.3 Engineering Actions and Interventions in a Peacebuilding Context
153(2)
7.5 Conclusions
155(2)
References
155(2)
8 Using Actor-Network Theory in Agent-Based Modelling
157(22)
Sandra Mendez-Fajardo
Rafael A. Gonzalez
Ricardo A. Barros-Castro
8.1 Introduction
157(1)
8.2 Agent-Based Modelling
158(2)
8.2.1 ABM Approaches
159(1)
8.2.2 Agent Interactions
160(1)
8.3 Actor-Network Theory
160(2)
8.4 Towards an ANT-Based Approach to ABM
162(1)
8.4.1 ANT Concepts Related to ABM
162(1)
8.5 Design Guidelines
163(1)
8.6 The Case of WEEE Management
163(11)
8.6.1 Contextualizing the Case Study
67(101)
8.6.2 ANT Applied to WEEE Management in Colombia
168(3)
8.6.3 ANT--ABM Translation Based on the Case Study
171(102)
8.6.4 Open Issues and Reflections
173(1)
8.7 Conclusions
174(5)
References
175(4)
9 Engineering the Process of Institutional Innovation in Contested Territory
179(18)
Russell C. Thomas
John S. Gero
9.1 Introduction
179(2)
9.2 Can Cyber Security and Risk be Quantified?
181(2)
9.2.1 Schools of Thought
181(2)
9.3 Social Processes of Innovation in Pre-paradigmatic Fields
183(3)
9.3.1 Epistemic and Ontological Rivalry
183(1)
9.3.2 Knowledge Artefacts
184(1)
9.3.3 Implications of Theory
184(2)
9.4 A Computational Model of Innovation
186(1)
9.4.1 Base Model: Innovation us Percolation
186(4)
9.4.2 Full Model: Innovation with Knowledge Artefacts
190(4)
9.4.3 Experiment
194(1)
9.5 Discussion
194(93)
Acknowledgements
194(1)
References
195(2)
Part III CASES AND APPLICATIONS
197(2)
10 Agent-Based Explorations of Environmental Consumption in Segregated Networks
199(16)
Adam Douglas Henry
Heike I. Brugger
10.1 Introduction
199(4)
10.1.1 Micro-drivers of Technology Adoption
201(1)
10.1.2 The Problem of Network Segregation
202(1)
10.2 Model Overview
203(3)
10.2.1 Synopsis of Model Parameters
204(1)
10.2.2 Agent Selection by Firms
205(1)
10.2.3 Agent Adoption Decisions
206(1)
10.3 Results
206(6)
10.3.1 Influence of Firm Strategy on Saturation Times
207(1)
10.3.2 Characterizing Adoption Dynamics
208(2)
10.3.3 Incentivizing Different Strategies
210(2)
10.4 Conclusion
212(3)
Acknowledgements
212(1)
References
213(2)
11 Modelling in the `Muddled Middle': A Case Study of Water Service Delivery in Post-Apartheid South Africa
215(20)
Jai K. Clifford-Holmes
Jill H. Slinger
Chris de Wet
Carolyn G. Palmer
11.1 Introduction
215(1)
11.2 The Case Study
216(1)
11.3 Contextualizing Modelling in the `Muddled Middle' in the Water Sector
217(2)
11.4 Methods
219(1)
11.5 Results
220(8)
11.6 Discussion
228(7)
Acknowledgements
230(1)
References
231(4)
12 Holistic System Design: The Oncology Carinthia Study
235(32)
Markus Schwaninger
Johann Klocker
12.1 The Challenge: Holistic System Design
235(1)
12.2 Methodology
236(2)
12.3 Introduction to the Case Study: Oncology Carinthia
238(23)
12.3.1 Setting the Stage
238(1)
12.3.2 Framing: Purpose and Overall Goals (F)
239(1)
12.3.3 Mapping the System at the Outset (M)
240(2)
12.3.4 A First Model (M) and Assessment (A)
242(3)
12.3.5 The Challenge Ahead
245(1)
12.3.6 A First Take on Design (D): Ascertaining Levers
246(2)
12.3.7 From Design (D) to Change (C)
248(1)
12.3.8 Progress in Organizational Design (D)
249(9)
12.3.9 The Evolution of Oncology Carinthia (C)
258(1)
12.3.10 Results
259(2)
12.4 Insights, Teachings and Implications
261(6)
Acknowledgements
263(1)
Appendix: Mathematical Representations for Figures 12.5, 12.6 and 12.7
263(1)
A1 VSM, for any System-in-Focus (one level of recursion; ref. Figure 12.5)
263(1)
A2 Recursive Structure of the VSM (ref. Figure 12.6)
264(1)
A3 Virtual Teams (ref. Figure 12.7)
264(1)
References
265(2)
13 Reinforcing the Social in Social Systems Engineering -- Lessons Learnt from Smart City Projects in the United Kingdom
267(24)
Jenny O'Connor
Zeynep Gurguc
Koen H. van Dam
13.1 Introduction
267(3)
13.1.1 Cities as Testbeds
268(1)
13.1.2 Smart Cities as Artificial Systems
268(1)
13.1.3
Chapter Structure
269(1)
13.2 Methodology
270(1)
13.3 Case Studies
271(12)
13.3.1 Glasgow
271(3)
13.3.2 London
274(3)
13.3.3 Bristol
277(2)
13.3.4 Peterborough
279(4)
13.4 Discussion
283(4)
13.4.1 Push/Pull Adoption Model
283(1)
13.4.2 Civic Engagement
284(1)
13.4.3 Solutions and Problems
285(1)
13.4.4 Metrics, Quantification and Optimization
285(1)
13.4.5 Project Scope and Lifecycles
286(1)
13.4.6 Collaboration and Multidisciplinarity
286(1)
13.4.7 Knowledge-Sharing
287(1)
13.5 Conclusion
287(4)
References
288(3)
Index 291
César García-Díaz, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. César's expertise is in the field of agent-based social simulation.

Camilo Olaya, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. Camilo is a researcher in model-based engineering of private and public systems with more than 15 years of experience in this field.
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