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E-raamat: Sociophonetics

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(University of Nevada, Reno), (University of Oregon)
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Combining research in sociolinguistics, phonetics, speech sciences and psycholinguistics, this introduction to sociophonetics explores long-standing questions about the nature of sound change in human language. Written in an engaging style, and including an accompanying website, it will be welcomed by researchers, students and teachers alike.

Sociophonetics focuses on the relationship between phonetic or phonological form on the one hand, and social and regional factors on the other, working across fields as diverse as sociolinguistics, phonetics, speech sciences and psycholinguistics. Covering methodological, theoretical and computational approaches, this engaging introduction to sociophonetics brings new insights to age-old questions about language variation and change, and to the broader nature of language. It includes examples of important work on speech perception, focusing on vowels and sibilants throughout to provide detailed exemplification. The accompanying website provides a range of online resources, including audio files, data processing scripts and links. Written in an accessible style, this book will be welcomed by students and researchers in sociolinguistics, phonetics, speech sciences and psycholinguistics. See book website at http://lingtools.uoregon.edu/sociophonetics/

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A concise introduction to sociophonetics, this book links research in sociolinguistics, phonetics, speech sciences, and psycholinguistics.
List of Figures
viii
Preface xi
Sociophonetic Foundations xi
Format of the Book xiii
Representing Speech in Text xv
Software and Online Support xvi
Looking Ahead xvii
Acknowledgments xviii
1 Sociophonetics = Sociolinguistics + Phonetics
1(11)
1.1 So What Is Sociophonetics?
4(2)
1.2 From Sociolinguistics to Sociophonetics
6(3)
1.3 The Sociophonetic Frontier
9(1)
1.4 Production and Perception: The Two Halves of Sociophonetics
10(1)
Further Reading
11(1)
2 Sociophonetics and Its Methods: Foundations
12(28)
2.1 Acoustics and Phonetics: Doing the "Phonetics" in Sociophonetics
13(6)
2.1.1 Acoustic Properties of the Speech Signal
16(1)
2.1.2 The (Socio)phonetic Nuts and Bolts
17(2)
2.2 Language in Society: Doing the "Socio" in Sociophonetics
19(3)
2.3 Socio + Phonetics
22(3)
2.4 A Closer Look at Vowels and Sibilants
25(7)
2.4.1 A Focus on Vowels
25(2)
2.4.2 Common Vowel Measures
27(2)
2.4.3 A Focus on Sibilants
29(1)
2.4.4 Common Sibilant Measures
30(2)
2.5 Beyond Acoustics
32(6)
2.5.1 Auditory Approaches
33(1)
2.5.2 Sociophonetic Studies of Perception
33(5)
2.6 InClosing
38(1)
Further Reading
39(1)
3 Sociophonetics and Its Methods: Vowels and Sibilants
40(33)
3.1 Analyzing Vowels
40(17)
3.1.1 Token Selection
43(1)
3.1.2 Formant Extraction and Taking Measurements
44(3)
3.1.3 How Many Vowel Tokens Are Enough?
47(2)
3.1.4 Visualization and Plotting
49(3)
3.1.5 Normalization and Other Data Processing
52(3)
3.1.6 Other Considerations: Token-Level vs. Speaker-Level Measures
55(2)
3.1.7 Final Considerations in Vowel Analysis
57(1)
3.2 Analyzing Sibilants
57(14)
3.2.1 Token Selection and Delimitation
58(3)
3.2.2 Taking Measurements
61(4)
3.2.3 Visualizing Sibilant Data
65(4)
3.2.4 Normalization? And Other Considerations
69(2)
3.3 In Closing
71(1)
Further Reading
72(1)
4 Sociophonetics and Regional Variation: A New Dialectology?
73(23)
4.1 Dialectology
74(5)
4.1.1 Sociophonetic Dialectology
77(2)
4.2 Sociolinguistic Research on Regional Variation
79(2)
4.3 Sociophonetic Research on Regional Variation
81(6)
4.4 Perception and Regional Variation
87(6)
4.5 Complicating Space
93(1)
4.6 In Closing
94(1)
Further Reading
95(1)
5 Sociophonetics and Social Factors
96(30)
5.1 Social Variability in Phonetics
97(2)
5.2 Four Social Factors of Central Importance
99(1)
5.2.1 Socioeconomic Status
100(6)
5.2.2 Gender/Sex
106(3)
5.2.3 Ethnicity
109(4)
5.2.4 Age
113(3)
5.3 Sociophonetic Studies of Social Factors
116(4)
5.4 Perception and Social Factors
120(4)
5.5 Complicating the Four Social Factors
124(1)
5.6 In Closing
124(1)
Further Reading
125(1)
6 Sociophonetics, Style and Identity
126(1)
6.1 Language and Individual Variation
127(3)
6.2 Individual Variation in Phonetics
130(2)
6.3 Individual Variation in Sociolinguistics: Style
132(2)
6.3.1 Three Major Sociolinguistic Models of Style
134(2)
6.3.2 What Is and Is Not Style?
136(1)
6.4 The "Third Wave"
137(5)
6.5 Language and Social Identity
142(3)
6.6 Sibilants and Style
145(4)
6.7 Perception and Social Identity
149(6)
6.8 In Closing
155(1)
Further Reading
155(1)
7 Sociophonetics and Sound Change
156(22)
7.1 Theories on Sound Change over Time
157(7)
7.2 The Labovian Project: Language Variation and Change
164(5)
7.3 Understanding the Present and the Past Together
169(1)
7.4 Sociophonetic Contributions to Sound Change
170(5)
7.5 Future Theories of Sound Change
175(1)
7.6 In Closing
176(1)
Further Reading
177(1)
8 Sociophonetics and Its Methodological Future
178(30)
8.1 Balancing Traditional and New Approaches
179(2)
8.2 From Manual to Automatic Approaches
181(2)
8.3 Establishing Best Practices for Reliable Data
183(3)
8.4 Considering Sociophonetic Data from a Corpus-based Perspective
186(2)
8.5 Advantages of Computational Methods
188(2)
8.6 The State of the Art
190(16)
8.6.1 Forced Alignment
191(4)
8.6.2 Automatic Acoustic Analyses
195(4)
8.6.3 The Promise of Speech Recognition
199(3)
8.6.4 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Their Applications
202(4)
8.7 In Closing
206(1)
Further Reading
207(1)
9 In Closing
208(46)
9.1 From Advancing Methods to Advancing Knowledge
208(2)
9.2 Sociophonetics and Linguistic Theory
210(1)
9.3 The Future of Sociophonetics
211(2)
9.4 In Conclusion
213(1)
References
214(40)
Index 254
Tyler Kendall is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Oregon. He is the creator of several speech archives, software programs and corpora, including the Sociolinguistic Archive and Analysis Project. He is author of the book Speech Rate, Pause, and Sociolinguistic Variation (2013). Valerie Fridland is Professor at University of Nevada, Reno. Recent publications appear in Journal of Phonetics, Language Variation and Change, and American Speech. She is lead editor of Speech in the Western States Volumes I, II and III, and writes monthly for Psychology Today.
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